Home The Response Phase of the Disaster Management Life Cycle Revisited Within the Context of “Disasters Out of the Box”
Article
Licensed
Unlicensed Requires Authentication

The Response Phase of the Disaster Management Life Cycle Revisited Within the Context of “Disasters Out of the Box”

  • Hans De Smet EMAIL logo , Bert Schreurs and Jan Leysen
Published/Copyright: May 28, 2015

Abstract

Since the second half of the latest century the disaster landscape has experienced important changes. Disasters are not only increasing in quantity, they are also qualitatively different and seem to distress humanity to a considerably higher degree than in the past. This evolution does not only deeply affect modern societies; it might also have a disruptive impact on the intervening units of emergency management organizations. Recent disaster research mainly focuses on mitigation efforts, risk reduction and resilient societies. Though, despite good mitigation efforts and up-to-date preparation initiatives, still millions of people are affected and thousands killed annually by some kind of disaster. As a consequence, disaster response remains a vital aspect of disaster management and will even become more important in the future taking into consideration the changing disaster landscape. On that account, our study aims to remodel the response phase of the disaster management life cycle, focusing on a new and fresh approach. We consider the response phase as an unfolding global process and its ensuing sub-processes rather than just an enumeration of potential activities.


Corresponding author: Hans De Smet, Department of Economics, Management and Leadership, Royal Military Academy – Av de la Renaissance, 30 Brussels 1000, Belgium, Tel.: +0032/2/44.14030, e-mail:

References

Arnold, J. A., S. Arad, J. A. Rhoades and F. Drasgow (2000) “The Empowering Leadership Questionnaire: The Construction and Validation of a New Scale for Measuring Leader Behaviors,” Journal of Organizational Behavior, 21(3):249–269.10.1002/(SICI)1099-1379(200005)21:3<249::AID-JOB10>3.0.CO;2-#Search in Google Scholar

Auf der Heide, E. (2004) “Common Misconceptions about Disasters: Panic, the’Disaster Syndrome,’ and Looting.” In: (M. O’Leary, ed.) The First 72 Hours: A Community Approach to Disaster Preparedness, Lincoln (Nebraska): iUniverse, Inc, pp. 340–380.Search in Google Scholar

Barton A.H. 1969. Communities in Disaster: A Sociological Analysis of Collective Stress Situations. New York: Doubleday Anchor Book.Search in Google Scholar

Bass, B. M. and B. J. Avolio (1990) Transformational Leadership Questionnaire: Manual for the Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire. Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologists Press.Search in Google Scholar

Bauman, S. (2012) Emerging Forms of Awareness about Forgiveness and Leadership. An Analysis of What High Profile Leaders Think. Emerging Forms of Awareness about Forgiveness and Leadership. An Analysis of What High Profile Leaders Think. Antioch University.Search in Google Scholar

Betts, K. R. (2012) “Conflict in Multiteam Situations.” In: (S. J. Zaccaro, M. A. Marks and L. A. DeChurch, eds.) Multiteam Systems. An Organization Form for Dynamic and Complex Environments, New York: Routledge, pp. 289–322.Search in Google Scholar

Boin, A. and P. Lagadec (2000) “Preparing for the Future: Critical Challenges in Crisis Management,” Journal of Contingencies and Crisis Management, 8(4):185–191.10.1111/1468-5973.00138Search in Google Scholar

Boin, A. and A. McConnel (2007) “Preparing for Critical Infrastructure Breakdowns: The Limits of Crisis Management and the Need for Resilience,” Journal of Contingencies and Crisis Management, 15(1):50–59.10.1111/j.1468-5973.2007.00504.xSearch in Google Scholar

Boin, A. and P. ‘t Hart (2003) “Public Leadership in Times of Crisis: Mission Impossible?” Public Administration Review, 63(5):544–553.10.1111/1540-6210.00318Search in Google Scholar

Carr, L. (1932) “Disasters and the Sequance-Pattern Concept of Social Change,” American Journal of Sociology, 38(2):207–218.10.1086/216030Search in Google Scholar

Carter, W. N. (1991) Emergency Management: An Emergency Manager’s Handbook. Manila: Asian Development Bank.Search in Google Scholar

Chapman, D. W. (1962) “A Brief Introduction to Contemorary Disaster Research.” In: (G. W. Baker and D. W. Chapman, eds.) Man and Society in Disaster. New York: Basic Books Publishing Co., Inc., pp. 3–22.Search in Google Scholar

Clarke, M. (2002) “Panic: Myth or Reality?” Contexts, 1(3):21–26.10.1525/ctx.2002.1.3.21Search in Google Scholar

Cocking, C. and J. Drury (2014) “Talking about Hillsborough:’Panic’ as Discourse in Survivors’ Account of the 1989 Football Stadium Disaster,” Journal of Community & Applied Social Psychology, 24(2):86–99.10.1002/casp.2153Search in Google Scholar

Coetzee, C. and D. van Niekerk (2012) “Tracking the Evolution of the Disaster Management Cycle: A General System Theory Approach,” Jàmbá: Journal of Disaster Risk Studies, 4(1):1–9.10.4102/jamba.v4i1.54Search in Google Scholar

Comfort, L. K. (1994) “Risk and Resilience: Interorganizational Learning Following the Northridge Earthquake of 17 Januari 1994,” Journal of Contingencies and Crisis Management, 2(3):157–170.10.1111/j.1468-5973.1994.tb00038.xSearch in Google Scholar

Coppola, D. P. (2011) Introduction to International Disaster Management. Burlington, MA: Elsevier Inc.10.1016/B978-0-12-382174-4.00018-5Search in Google Scholar

Cosgrave, J. (1996) “Decision Making in Emergencies,” Disaster Prevention and Management, 5(4):28–35.10.1108/09653569610127424Search in Google Scholar

Craik, K. J. W. (1943) The Nature of Explanation. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.Search in Google Scholar

Cronstedt, M. (2002) “Prevention, Preparedness, Response, Recovery – An Oudated Concept,” The Australian Journal of Emergency Management, 17(2):10–13.Search in Google Scholar

Cutter, S. L. (2005) “Pragmatism and Relevance: A Response to Wolf R. Dombrowski.” In: (E. L. Quarantelli and R. W. Perry, eds.) What is a Disaster? New Answers to Old Questions. Philadelphia: Xlibris Cooperation, pp. 104–106.Search in Google Scholar

De Dreu, C. K. W. and L. R. Weingart (2003) “Task versus Relationship Conflict, Team Performance, and Team Member Satisfaction: A Meta-Analysis,” Journal of Applied Psychology, 88(4):741–749.10.1037/0021-9010.88.4.741Search in Google Scholar

De Smet, H., J. Leysen and P. Lagadec (2011) The Response Phase of the Disaster Life Cycle Revisited. Paper presented at IIE 61st Annual Conference and Expo, Take your Career to new Heights., May, 21–25th at Reno, Nevada.Search in Google Scholar

De Smet, H., P. Lagadec and J. Leysen (2012) “Disasters Out of the Box: A New Ballgame?” Journal of Contingencies and Crisis Management, 20:138–148.10.1111/j.1468-5973.2012.00666.xSearch in Google Scholar

De Smet, H., B. Schreurs and J. Leysen (2014) “Facing the Actual Disaster Landscape. A Trend Towards more Disasters Out of the Box?” In: (D. Etkin and B. L. Murphy, eds.) Disaster and Emergency Management in Canada. Vancouver, CA: CRHNET, 1–31.Search in Google Scholar

DeChurch, L. A., C. S. Burke, M. L. Shuffler, R. Lyons, D. Doty and E. Salas (2011) “A Historiometric Analysis of Leadership in Mission Critical Multiteam Environments,” The Leadership Quarterly, 22(1):152–169.10.1016/j.leaqua.2010.12.013Search in Google Scholar

Deitrick, L. D., T. P. Roberts and S. T. Campbell (2012) Leadership and Decision-Making in Crisis. Paper presented at International Society for Third-Sector Research, at Siena, Italy.Search in Google Scholar

Dynes, R. R. (1970) Organized Behavior in Disaster. Lexington, MA: Lexington Books.Search in Google Scholar

Dynes, R. R. (2003) “Finding Order in Disorder: Continuities in the 9-11 Response,” International Journal of Mass Emergencies and Disasters, 21(3):9–23.10.1177/028072700302100302Search in Google Scholar

Ennis, R. H. (1997) “Incorporating Critical Thinking in the Curriculum: An introduction to Some Basic Issues,” Inquiry, 16(3):1–9.Search in Google Scholar

Eshghi, K. and R. C. Larson (2008) “Disaster: Lessons from the Past 105 Years,” Disaster Prevention and Management, 17(1):62–82.10.1108/09653560810855883Search in Google Scholar

FEMA (1995) Introduction to Emergency Management (Student Manual 230). Emmitsburg, MD: Emergency Management Institute.Search in Google Scholar

Fritz, C. E. and J. H. Mathewson (1957) Convergence Behaviour in Disasters: A Problem in Social Control. Washington: National Academy of Sciences – National Research Council.Search in Google Scholar

Gephart, R. P. Jr. (2004) “Qualitative Research and the Academy of Management Journal,” Academy of Management Journal, 47(4):454–462.10.5465/amj.2004.14438580Search in Google Scholar

Giddens, A. (1987) Social Theory and Modern Sociology. Stanford California: Stanford University Press.Search in Google Scholar

Granot, H. (1998) “The Dark Side of Growth and Industrial Disasters since the Second World War,” Disaster Prevention and Management, 7(3):195–204.10.1108/09653569810223281Search in Google Scholar

Gundel, S. (2005) “Towards a New Typology of Crises,” Journal of Contingencies and Crisis Management, 13(3):106–115.10.1111/j.1468-5973.2005.00465.xSearch in Google Scholar

Gunn, S. W. A. (1992) “The Scientific Basis of Disaster Management,” Disaster Prevention and Management, 1(3):16–21.10.1108/09653569210018672Search in Google Scholar

Haas, J. E., R. W. Kates and M. J. Bowden (1977) Reconstruction Following Disaster. Cambridge Massachusetts: The MIT Press.Search in Google Scholar

Haddow, G. D., J. A. Bullock and D. P. Coppola (2011) Introduction to Emergency Management. Burlington, MA: Elsevier Inc.Search in Google Scholar

Harris, S. R. (2010) What Is Constructionism? Navigating Its Use in Sociology. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner Publishers.10.1515/9781685854393Search in Google Scholar

Helsloot, I., A. Boin, B. Jacobs and L. K. Comfort (2012) “The New Challenges of Mega-Crises.” In: (I. Helsloot, A. Boin, B. Jacobs and L. K. Comfort, eds.) Mega-Crises: Understanding the Prospects, Nature, Characteristics and the Effects of Cataclysmic Events. Springfield, IL: Charles C Thomas Publisher Ltd, pp. 5–11.Search in Google Scholar

Hills, A. (1998) “Seduced by Recovery: The Consequences of Misunderstanding Disaster,” Journal of Contingencies and Crisis Management, 6(3):162–170.10.1111/1468-5973.00085Search in Google Scholar

Hogg, S. J. (1980) “Reconstruction Following Seismic Disaster in Venzon, Friuli,” Disasters, 4(2):173–185.10.1111/j.1467-7717.1980.tb00271.xSearch in Google Scholar

Holstein, J. A. and J. F. Gubrium (2004) “The Active Interview.” In: (D. Silverman, eds.) Qualitative Research: Theory, Method and Practice, London: SAGE Publications, pp. 140–161.Search in Google Scholar

House, R. J., P. J. Hanges, P. W. Dorfman and V. Gupta (2004) Culture, Leadership, and Organizations. The GLOBE Study of 62 Societies. Thousand Oaks: SAGE Publications, Inc.Search in Google Scholar

International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (2007) “World Disaster Report 2007: Focus on discrimination.” In: (Y. Klynman, N. Kouppari and M. Mukhier, eds.) Satigny/Vernier, Switzeland: ATAR Roto Presse, pp. 1–238.Search in Google Scholar

International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (2012) World Disaster Report 2012: Focus on Forced Migration and Displacement. R. Zetter, ed. Geneva, Switzeland: International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies, pp. 1–310.Search in Google Scholar

James, E. H., L. P. Wooten and K. Dushek (2011) “Crisis Management: Informing a New Leadership Research Agenda,” The Academy of Management Annals, 5(1):455–493.10.5465/19416520.2011.589594Search in Google Scholar

Jones, N. A., H. Ross, T. Lyam, P. Perez and A. Leitch (2011) “Mental Models: An Interdisciplinary Synthesis of Theory and Models,” Ecology and Society, 16(1):46.10.5751/ES-03802-160146Search in Google Scholar

Keyton, J., D. J. Ford and F. L. Smith (2012) “Communication, Collaboration, and Identification as Facilitators and Constraints of Multiteam Systems.” In: (S. J. Zaccaro, M. A. Marks and L. A. DeChurch, eds.) Multiteam Systems. An Organization Form for Dynamic and Complex Environments, New York: Routledge, pp. 173–190.Search in Google Scholar

Kirschenbaum, A. (2004) Chaos Organization and Disaster Management. New York: Marcel Dekker Inc.Search in Google Scholar

Klann, G. (2003) Crisis Leadership. Using Military Lessons, Organizational Experiences, and the Power of Influence to Lessen the Impact of Chaos on the People you Lead. Greensboro, NC: Center for Creative Leadership.Search in Google Scholar

Kreps, G. A. and S. L. Bosworth (2006) “Organizational Adaption to Disaster.” In: (H. Rodríguez, E. L. Quarantelli and R. R. Dynes, eds.) Handbook of Disaster Research. New York: Springer Science + Business Media LLC, pp. 297–315.Search in Google Scholar

Lagadec, P. (2009a) “A New Cosmology of Risks and Crises: Time for a Radical Shift in Paradigm and Practice.” Review of Policy Research, 473–486.10.1111/j.1541-1338.2009.00396.xSearch in Google Scholar

Lagadec, P. (2009b) The Mega-crisis Unknown Territory. In Search of Conceptual and Strategic Breakthroughs. Paper presented at Working Conference on Mega-crises, at The Hague, The Netherlands.Search in Google Scholar

Lagadec, P. and P. Carli (2005) “Crossing the Rubicon,” Crisis Response Journal, 39–41.Search in Google Scholar

Lanir, Z. (1989) “The Reasonable Choice of Disaster: The Shooting Down of the Libyan Airliner on 21 February 1973,” Journal of Strategic Studies, 12(4):479–493.10.1080/01402398908437392Search in Google Scholar

LaPorte, T. R. (2007) “Critical Infrastructure in the Face of a Predatory Future: Preparing for Untoward Surprise,” Journal of Contingencies and Crisis Management, 15(1):60–64.10.1111/j.1468-5973.2007.00505.xSearch in Google Scholar

Leonard, H. B. D. and A. M. Howitt (2007) “Against Desperate Peril: High Performance in Emergency Preparation and Response.” In: (D. E. Gibbons, ed.) Communicable Crises: Prevention, Response, and Recovery in the Global Arena. Charlotte, NC: AIP, Information Age Publishing, Inc, pp. 1–25.Search in Google Scholar

Lewis, J., P. O’Keefe and K. N. Westgate (1976) A Philosophy of PLanning. Bradford, Yorkshire: Disaster Research Unit, University of Bradford.Search in Google Scholar

Lindell, M. K. and R. W. Perry (1992) Behavioral Foundations of Community Emergency Planning. Washington, DC: Hemisphere Publishing Corporation.Search in Google Scholar

Lorinkova, N. M., M. J. Pearsall and H. P. Sims Jr. (2013) “Examining the Differential Longitudinal Performance of Directive versus Empowering Leadership in Teams,” Academy of Management Journal, 56(2):573–596.10.5465/amj.2011.0132Search in Google Scholar

Mac Donald, L. M. (2005) Curse of the Narrows. New York: Walker & Company.Search in Google Scholar

Maier, N. R. F. (1963) Problem Solving Discussions and Conferences: Leadership Methods and Skills. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.Search in Google Scholar

Marks, M. A., L. A. DeChurch, J. E. Mathieu, F. J. Panzer and A. Alonso (2005) “Teamwork in Multiteam Systems,” Journal of Applied Psychology, 90(5):964–971.10.1037/0021-9010.90.5.964Search in Google Scholar

Mathieu, J. E., M. A. Marks and S. J. Zaccaro (2001) “Multiteam Systems.” In: (N. Anderson, D. Ones, H. K. Sinangil and C. Viswesvaran, eds.) International Handbook of Work and Organizational Psychology, London: Sage, pp. 289–313.10.4135/9781848608368.n16Search in Google Scholar

McBean, G. A. (2012) “Integrating Risk Reduction Towards Sustainable Development,” Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability, 4(1):122–127.10.1016/j.cosust.2012.01.002Search in Google Scholar

McConnel, A. and L. Drennan (2006) “Mission Impossible? Planning and Preparing for Crisis,” Journal of Contingencies and Crisis Management, 14(2):59–70.10.1111/j.1468-5973.2006.00482.xSearch in Google Scholar

Melick, M. E. (1985) “The Health of Postdisaster Populations: A Review of Literature and Case Study.” In: (J. Laube and S. Murphy, eds.) Perspectives on Disaster Recovery. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts, pp. 179–209.Search in Google Scholar

Menninger, W. (1952) “Psychological Reactions in an Emergency (flood),” American Journal of Psychiatry, 109(2):128–130.10.1176/ajp.109.2.128Search in Google Scholar

Mongillo, J. and L. Zierdt-Warshaw (2009) Encyclopedia of Environmental Science. Santa Barbara, CA: Greenwood Press.Search in Google Scholar

National Governors’ Association (1978) Emergency Preparedness Project – Final Report. Washington DC: Government Printing Office.Search in Google Scholar

Neal, D. M. (1997) “Reconsidering the Phases of Disaster,” International Journal of Mass Emergencies and Disasters, 15(2):239–264.10.1177/028072709701500202Search in Google Scholar

OECD (2003) Emerging Risks in the 21th century: An Agenda for Action., -291. Paris: Organisation for Economic Co-Operation and Development.Search in Google Scholar

O’Rand, A. M. and M. L. Krecker (1990) “Concepts of the Life Cycle: Their History, Meanings, and Uses in the Social Sciences,” Annual Review of Sociology, 16:241–262.10.1146/annurev.so.16.080190.001325Search in Google Scholar

Perrow, C. (1999) “Organizing to Reduce the Vulnerabilities of Complexity,” Journal of Contingencies and Crisis Management, 7(3):150–155.10.1111/1468-5973.00108Search in Google Scholar

Perry, R. W. and M. K. Lindell (2003) “Understanding Citizens Response to Disasters with Implications for Terrorism,” Journal of Contingencies and Crisis Management, 11(2):49–60.10.1111/1468-5973.1102001Search in Google Scholar

Phillips, B. D. (1991) Post-Disaster Sheltering and Housing of Hispanics, the Elderly and the Homeless. Dallas: Southersn Methodist University, Department of Sociology.Search in Google Scholar

Powell, J. W. (1954) An Introduction to the National History of Disaster. Baltimore: University of Maryland Disaster Research Project.Search in Google Scholar

Prince, S. H. (1920) Catastrophe and Social Change. New York: Columbia University, Department of Political Science.Search in Google Scholar

Quarantelli, E. L. (1954) “The Nature and Conditions of Panic,” American Journal of Sociology, 60(3):267–275.10.1086/221536Search in Google Scholar

Quarantelli, E. L. (1982a) Sheltering and Housing after Major Community Disasters: Case Studues and General Observations. Columbus, Ohia: The Ohio State University.Search in Google Scholar

Quarantelli, E. L. (1982b) What is a Disaster? An Agent Specific or an All Disaster Approach to Socio-Behavioral Aspects of Earthquakes? Paper presented at Third International Conference on Social and Economic Aspects of Earthquakes, June, 29th–July, 2nd, at Ljubljana, YU, Yugoslavia.Search in Google Scholar

Quarantelli, E. L. (1988) “Disaster Crisis Management: A Summary of Research Findings,” Journal of Management Studies, 25(4):373–385.10.1111/j.1467-6486.1988.tb00043.xSearch in Google Scholar

Quarantelli, E. L. (1995) “What is a Disaster?” International Journal of Mass Emergencies and Disasters, 13(3):221–229.Search in Google Scholar

Quarantelli, E. L. (1996) “The Future is Not the Past Repeated: Projecting Disasters in the 21st Century from Current Trends,” Journal of Contingencies and Crisis Management, 4(4): 228–240.10.1111/j.1468-5973.1996.tb00097.xSearch in Google Scholar

Raab, J., J. Soeters, P. C. van Fenema and E. J. de Waard (2009) “Structure in Temporaty Organization.” In: (P. Kenis, M. Janowicz-Panjaitan and B. Cambré, eds.) Temporary Organizations. Prevalence, Logic and Effectiveness. Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar Publishing Limited, pp. 171–200.Search in Google Scholar

Rasmussen, J. and R. Batstone (1989) Why Do Complex Organisational Systems Fail? World Bank Environmental Working Paper.Search in Google Scholar

Revell, S. M. H. (2013) “Making Meaning in Qualitative Research With Conversational Partnerships: A Methodological Discussion,” Advances in Nursing Science, 36(2):54–65.10.1097/ANS.0b013e3182901fdbSearch in Google Scholar

Richardson, B. K. (2005) “The Phases of Disaster as a Relationship Between Structure and Meaning: A Narrative Analysis of the 1947 Texas City Explosion,” International Journal of Mass Emergencies and Disasters, 23(3):27–54.10.1177/028072700502300302Search in Google Scholar

Ripley, A. (2008) The Unthinkable: Who Survives When Disaster Strkes – and Why. New York: Crown Publisher.Search in Google Scholar

Robert, B. and C. Lajtha (2002) “A New Approach to Crisis Management,” Journal of Contingencies and Crisis Management, 10(4):181–191.10.1111/1468-5973.00195Search in Google Scholar

Rosenthal, U. (1998) “Future Disasters, Future Definitions.” In: (E. L. Quarantelli, ed.) What is a Disaster? Perspectives on the Question. New York, NY: Routledge, pp. 146–159.Search in Google Scholar

Rosenthal, U. (2009, October) “21st Century Mega-crises: New Challenges to Crisis Management,” Magazine for National Safety & Security and Crisis Management, Special Issue: 4–6.Search in Google Scholar

Rubin, H. J. and I. S. Rubin (2005) Qualitative Interviewing: The Art of Hearing Data. London: SAGE Publications, Inc.10.4135/9781452226651Search in Google Scholar

Sapirstein, G. (2006) “Social Resilience: The Forgotten Dimension of Disaster Risk Reduction,” Journal of Disaster Risk Studies, 1(1):54–63.10.4102/jamba.v1i1.8Search in Google Scholar

Scanlon, J. (1992) Disaster Preparedness: Some Myths and Misconceptions. Easingwold: Home Office Emergency Planning College.Search in Google Scholar

Simpson, J., G. Fougere and R. McGee (2013) “A Wicked Problem: Early Childhood Safety in the Dynamic, Interactive Environment of Home,” International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 10(5):1647–1664.10.3390/ijerph10051647Search in Google Scholar

Smith, D. (2005) “In the Eyes of the Beholder? Making Sense of the System(s) of Disaster(s).” In: (E. L. Quarantelli and R. W. Perry, eds.) What is a Disaster? New Answers to Old Questions. Philadelphia: Xlibris Coorporation, pp. 201–236.Search in Google Scholar

Stoddard, E. R. (1968) Conceptual Models of Human Behavior in Disaster. El Paso: Texas Western Press.Search in Google Scholar

Townsend, F. F. (2006) The Federal Response to Hurricane Katrina – Lessons Learned. Washington, DC: U.S. Executive Office of the President, pp. 1–228.Search in Google Scholar

Uitdewilligen, S. and M. J. Waller (2012) “Adaptation in Multiteam Systems: The Role of Temporal Semistructures,” In: (S. J. Zaccaro, M. A. Marks and L. A. DeChurch, eds.) Multiteam Systems. An Organization Form for Dynamic and Complex Environments. New York: Routledge, pp. 365–394.Search in Google Scholar

Van Heerden, I. (2006) The Storm: What went Wrong and Why During Hurricane Katrina – the Inside Story from One Louisiana Scientist. New York: Penguin Group (USA) Inc.Search in Google Scholar

Vroom, V. H. and P. W. Yetton (1973) Leadership and Decision Making. Pittsburgh, PA: University of Pittsburg Press.10.2307/j.ctt6wrc8rSearch in Google Scholar

Wack, P. (1985) “Scenarios: Uncharted Waters Ahead,” Harvard Business Review, 63:72–89.Search in Google Scholar

Weber, M. (1947) The Theory of Social and Economic Organization (translated by A. M. Henderson and Talcott Parsons). New York: Free Press.Search in Google Scholar

Weichselgartner, J. (2001) “Disaster Mitigation: The Concept of Vulnerability Revisited,” Disaster Prevention and Management, 10(2):85–95.10.1108/09653560110388609Search in Google Scholar

Weick, K. E. (1985) “Cosmos vs. chaos: Sense and Nonsense in Electronic Contexts,” Organizational Dynamics, 14(2):51–64.10.1016/0090-2616(85)90036-1Search in Google Scholar

Weick, K. E. (1993) “The Collapse of Sensemaking in Organizations: The Mann Gulch Disaster,” Administrative Science Quarterly, 38:628–652.10.2307/2393339Search in Google Scholar

Wildavsky, A. B. (1988) Searching for Safety. New Brunswick: Transaction Publishers.Search in Google Scholar

Wooten, L. P. and E. H. James (2008) “Linking Crisis Management and Leadership Competencies: The Role of Human Resource Development,” Advances in Developing Human Resources, 10(3):352–379.10.1177/1523422308316450Search in Google Scholar

Zaccaro, S. J., M. A. Marks and L. A. DeChurch (2012) “Multiteam Systems: An Introduction.” In: (S. J. Zaccaro, M. A. Marks and L. A. DeChurch, eds.) Multiteam Systems. An Organization Form for Dynamic and Complex Environments. New York: Routledge, pp. 3–32.Search in Google Scholar

Published Online: 2015-5-28
Published in Print: 2015-6-1

©2015 by De Gruyter

Downloaded on 15.9.2025 from https://www.degruyterbrill.com/document/doi/10.1515/jhsem-2015-0005/html
Scroll to top button