The role of complementary medicine in the holistic, patient-centered recovery from anorexia nervosa – a narrative review

References

1. Treasure, J, Duarte, TA, Schmidt, U. Eating disorders. Lancet 2020;395:899–911. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736-20-30059-3.Search in Google Scholar

2. American Psychiatric Association. Feeding and eating disorders. In: Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, 5th ed. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association; 2013:329–54 pp.10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596Search in Google Scholar

3. Qian, J, Wu, Y, Liu, F, Zhu, Y, Jin, H, Zhang, H, et al.. An update on the prevalence of eating disorders in the general population: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eat Weight Disord 2022;27:415–28. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40519-021-01162-z.Search in Google Scholar

4. Steinhausen, HC. The outcome of anorexia nervosa in the 20th century. Am J Psychiatr 2002;159:1284–93. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.159.8.1284.Search in Google Scholar

5. Berrettini, W. The genetics of eating disorders. Psychiatry 2004;1:18–25.Search in Google Scholar

6. Kaye, WH, Bulik, CM, Plotnicov, K, Thornton, L, Devlin, B, Fichter, MM, et al.. The genetics of anorexia nervosa collaborative study: methods and sample description. Int J Eat Disord 2008;41:289–300. https://doi.org/10.1002/eat.20509.Search in Google Scholar

7. Bulik, CM, Sullivan, PF, Wade, TD, Kendler, KS. Twin studies of eating disorders: a review. Int J Eat Disord 2000;27:1–20.10.1002/(SICI)1098-108X(200001)27:1<1::AID-EAT1>3.3.CO;2-HSearch in Google Scholar

8. Kaye, WH, Wierenga, CE, Bailer, UF, Simmons, AN, Bischoff-Grethe, A. Nothing tastes as good as skinny feels: the neurobiology of anorexia nervosa. Trends Neurosci 2013;36:110–20. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tins.2013.01.003.Search in Google Scholar

9. Lilenfeld, LRR. Personality and temperament. Curr Top Behav Neurosci 2011;6:3–16.10.1007/7854_2010_86Search in Google Scholar

10. Vander Wal, JS, Gibbons, JL, del P Grazioso, M. The sociocultural model of eating disorder development: application to a Guatemalan sample. Eat Behav 2008;9:277–84. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eatbeh.2007.10.002.Search in Google Scholar

11. Fazeli, PK, Klibanski, A. Anorexia nervosa and bone metabolism. Bone 2014;66:39–45. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bone.2014.05.014.Search in Google Scholar

12. Mehler, PS, Brown, C. Anorexia nervosa – medical complications. J Eat Disord 2015;3:1–8. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40337-015-0040-8.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

13. Seitz, J, Herpertz-Dahlmann, B, Konrad, K. Brain morphological changes in adolescent and adult patients with anorexia nervosa. J Neural Transm 2016;123:949–59. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00702-016-1567-9.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

14. Westmoreland, P, Krantz, MJ, Mehler, PS. Medical complications of anorexia nervosa and bulimia. Am J Med 2016;129:30–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amjmed.2015.06.031.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

15. Resmark, G, Herpertz, S, Herpertz-Dahlmann, B, Zeeck, A. Treatment of anorexia nervosa – new evidence-based guidelines. J Clin Med 2019;8:153. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm8020153.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

16. Garber, AK, Cheng, J, Accurso, EC, Adams, SH, Buckelew, SM, Kapphahn, CJ, et al.. Short-term outcomes of the study of refeeding to optimize inpatient gains for patients with anorexia nervosa: a multicenter randomized clinical trial. JAMA Pediatr 2021;175:19–27. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapediatrics.2020.3359.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

17. Teo, DESY, Teong, VWL, Ramachandran, R, Lim, SL, Lin, CX. Characteristics and outcome of patients with anorexia nervosa on medical nutritional therapy: an institutional study with review of literature. Singap Med J 2024;65:564–70. https://doi.org/10.4103/singaporemedj.smj-2022-062.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

18. Dellava, JE, Hamer, RM, Kanodia, A, Reyes-Rodríguez, ML, Bulik, CM. Diet and physical activity in women recovered from anorexia nervosa: a pilot study. Int J Eat Disord 2011;44:376–82. https://doi.org/10.1002/eat.20865.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

19. Pettersson, C, Svedlund, A, Wallengren, O, Swolin-Eide, D, Karlsson, GP, Ellegård, L. Dietary intake and nutritional status in adolescents and young adults with anorexia nervosa: a 3-year follow-up study. Clin Nutr 2021;40:5391–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clnu.2021.08.014.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

20. Kass, AE, Kolko, RP, Wilfley, DE. Psychological treatments for eating disorders. Curr Opin Psychiatr 2013;26:549–55. https://doi.org/10.1097/yco.0b013e328365a30e.Search in Google Scholar

21. Lock, J, Le Grange, D. Family-based treatment: where are we and where should we be going to improve recovery in child and adolescent eating disorders. Int J Eat Disord 2019;52:481–7. https://doi.org/10.1002/eat.22980.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

22. Galsworthy-Francis, L, Allan, S. Cognitive behavioural therapy for anorexia nervosa: a systematic review. Clin Psychol Rev 2014;34:54–72. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2013.11.001.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

23. Muratore, AF, Attia, E. Psychopharmacologic management of eating disorders. Curr Psychiatry Rep 2022;24:345–51. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11920-022-01340-5.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

24. Fornaro, M, Mondin, AM, Billeci, M, Fusco, A, De Prisco, M, Caiazza, C, et al.. Psychopharmacology of eating disorders: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. J Affect Disord 2023;338:526–45. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2023.06.068.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

25. Marvanova, M, Gramith, K. Role of antidepressants in the treatment of adults with anorexia nervosa. Ment Heal Clin 2018;8:127–37. https://doi.org/10.9740/mhc.2018.05.127.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

26. Caldiroli, A, Affaticati, LM, Capuzzi, E, La Tegola, D, Colmegna, F, Clerici, M, et al.. The potential use of daridorexant in eating disorders: beyond the treatment of insomnia? Int Clin Psychopharmacol 2025;40:115–18. https://doi.org/10.1097/yic.0000000000000552.Search in Google Scholar

27. Sala, M, Keshishian, A, Song, S, Moskowitz, R, Bulik, CM, Roos, CR, et al.. Predictors of relapse in eating disorders: a meta-analysis. J Psychiatr Res 2023;158:281–99. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2023.01.002.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

28. Miskovic-Wheatley, J, Bryant, E, Ong, SH, Vatter, S, Le, A, Stephen, T, et al.. National Eating Disorder Research Consortium. Eating disorder outcomes: findings from a rapid review of over a decade of research. J Eat Disord 2023;11:1–25.10.1186/s40337-023-00801-3Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

29. Khalsa, SS, Portnoff, LC, McCurdy-McKinnon, D, Feusner, JD. What happens after treatment? A systematic review of relapse, remission, and recovery in anorexia nervosa. J Eat Disord 2017;5:1–12. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40337-017-0145-3.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

30. Berends, T, van Meijel, B, Nugteren, W, Deen, M, Danner, UN, Hoek, HW, et al.. Rate, timing and predictors of relapse in patients with anorexia nervosa following a relapse prevention program: a cohort study. BMC Psychiatry 2016;16:316. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-016-1019-y.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

31. Andrés-Pepiñá, S, Plana, MT, Flamarique, I, Romero, S, Borràs, R, Julià, L, et al.. Long-term outcome and psychiatric comorbidity of adolescent-onset anorexia nervosa. Clin Child Psychol Psychiatr 2020;25:33–44. https://doi.org/10.1177/1359104519827629.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

32. Fogarty, S, Smith, CA, Hay, P. The role of complementary and alternative medicine in the treatment of eating disorders: a systematic review. Eat Behav 2016;21:179–88. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eatbeh.2016.03.002.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

33. Hoenders, R, Ghelman, R, Portella, C, Simmons, S, Locke, A, Cramer, H, et al.. A review of the WHO strategy on traditional, complementary, and integrative medicine from the perspective of academic consortia for integrative medicine and health. Front Med 2024;11:1395698. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmed.2024.1395698.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

34. Halmi, KA. The multimodal treatment of eating disorders. World Psychiatry 2005;4:69–73.Search in Google Scholar

35. Hart, S, Marnane, C, McMaster, C, Thomas, A. Development of the “Recovery from Eating Disorders for Life” food guide (REAL food guide) – a food pyramid for adults with an eating disorder. J Eat Disord 2018;6:3–11. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40337-018-0192-4.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

36. Monteleone, AM, Pellegrino, F, Croatto, G, Carfagno, M, Hilbert, A, Treasure, J, et al.. Treatment of eating disorders: a systematic meta-review of meta-analyses and network meta-analyses. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2022;142:104857. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2022.104857.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

37. Zakers, A, Cimolai, V. Complementary and integrative medicine and eating disorders in youth: traditional yoga, virtual reality, light therapy, neurofeedback, acupuncture, energy psychology techniques, art therapies, and spirituality. Child Adolesc Psychiatr Clin 2023;32:421–50. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chc.2022.08.014.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

38. Foroughi, N, Zhu, KCY, Smith, C, Hay, P. The perceived therapeutic benefits of complementary medicine in eating disorders. Compl Ther Med 2019;43:176–80. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ctim.2019.01.025.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

39. Jowik, K, Tyszkiewicz-Nwafor, M, Słopień, A. Anorexia nervosa – what has changed in the state of knowledge about nutritional rehabilitation for patients over the past 10 years? A review of literature. Nutrients 2021;13:3819. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13113819.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

40. Ruusunen, A, Rocks, T, Jacka, F, Loughman, A. The gut microbiome in anorexia nervosa: relevance for nutritional rehabilitation. Psychopharmacology (Berlin) 2019;236:1545–58. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-018-5159-2.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

41. Nguyen, N, Woodside, DB, Lam, E, Quehenberger, O, German, JB, Shih, PAB. Fatty acids and their lipogenic enzymes in anorexia nervosa clinical subtypes. Int J Mol Sci 2024;25:5516. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25105516.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

42. Hanachi, M, Dicembre, M, Rives-Lange, C, Ropers, J, Bemer, P, Zazzo, JF, et al.. Micronutrients deficiencies in 374 severely malnourished anorexia nervosa inpatients. Nutrients 2019;11:792. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11040792.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

43. Golden, NH, Iglesias, EA, Jacobson, MS, Carey, D, Meyer, W, Schebendach, J, et al.. Alendronate for the treatment of osteopenia in anorexia nervosa: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2005;90:3179–85. https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2004-1659.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

44. Fernstrom, JD. Large neutral amino acids: dietary effects on brain neurochemistry and function. Amino Acids 2013;45:419–30. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00726-012-1330-y.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

45. Young, SN. How to increase serotonin in the human brain without drugs. J Psychiatry Neurosci 2007;32:394–9.Search in Google Scholar

46. Olivier, DK, van Wyk, BE. Bitterness values for traditional tonic plants of Southern Africa. J Ethnopharmacol 2013;147:676–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2013.03.059.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

47. Arumugam, V, Vijayakumar, V, Balakrishnan, A, Bhandari, RB, Boopalan, D, Ponnurangam, R, et al.. Effects of ashwagandha (Withania somnifera) on stress and anxiety: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Explore 2024;20:103062. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.explore.2024.103062.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

48. Ng, QX, Venkatanarayanan, N, Ho, CYX. Clinical use of Hypericum perforatum (St John’s wort) in depression: a meta-analysis. J Affect Disord 2017;210:211–21. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2016.12.048.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

49. Cases, J, Ibarra, A, Feuillère, N, Roller, M, Sukkar, SG. Pilot trial of Melissa officinalis L. leaf extract in the treatment of volunteers suffering from mild-to-moderate anxiety disorders and sleep disturbances. Med J Nutrition Metab 2011;4:211–8. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12349-010-0045-4.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

50. Ngan, A, Conduit, R. A double-blind, placebo-controlled investigation of the effects of Passiflora incarnata (passionflower) herbal tea on subjective sleep quality. Phyther Res 2011;25:1153–9. https://doi.org/10.1002/ptr.3400.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

51. Jin, YR, Jin, J, Piao, XX, Jin, NG. The effect of Taraxacum officinale on gastric emptying and smooth muscle motility in rodents. Neuro Gastroenterol Motil 2011;23:766–e333. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2982.2011.01704.x.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

52. Della Porta, M, Maier, JA, Cazzola, R. Effects of Withania somnifera on cortisol levels in stressed human subjects: a systematic review. Nutrients 2023;15:5015. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15245015.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

53. Curzio, O, Billeci, L, Belmont, V, Colantonio, S, Cotrozzi, L, De Pasquale, CF, et al.. Horticultural therapy May reduce psychological and physiological stress in adolescents with anorexia nervosa: a pilot study. Nutrients 2022;14:5198. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14245198.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

54. Gong, M, Dong, H, Tang, Y, Huang, W, Lu, F. Effects of aromatherapy on anxiety: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. J Affect Disord 2020;274:1028–40. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2020.05.118.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

55. Cho, K, Kim, M. Effects of aromatherapy on depression: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Gen Hosp Psychiatry 2023;84:215–25. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2023.08.003.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

56. Candido, ACR, Ferraz, SD, Uggioni, MLR, Zanevan, IR, Colonetti, L, Grande, AJ, et al.. Omega-3 as an adjuvant in the treatment eating and psychological symptoms in patients with anorexia nervosa: a systematic review and meta-analyses. J Hum Nutr Diet 2023;36:1970–81. https://doi.org/10.1111/jhn.13187.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

57. Harrison, TM, Brown, R, Bonny, AE, Manos, BE, Bravender, T. Omega-3 fatty acids and autonomic function in adolescents with anorexia: a randomized trial. Pediatr Res 2022;92:1042–50. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41390-022-02058-z.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

58. Dhopatkar, N, Keeler, JL, Mutwalli, H, Whelan, K, Treasure, J, Himmerich, H. Gastrointestinal symptoms, gut microbiome, probiotics and prebiotics in anorexia nervosa: a review of mechanistic rationale and clinical evidence. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2023;147:105959. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psyneuen.2022.105959.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

59. Garber, AK, Sawyer, SM, Golden, NH, Guarda, AS, Katzman, DK, Kohn, MR, et al.. A systematic review of approaches to refeeding in patients with anorexia nervosa. Int J Eat Disord 2016;49:293–310. https://doi.org/10.1002/eat.22482.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

60. Achamrah, N, Coëffier, M, Rimbert, A, Charles, J, Folope, V, Petit, A, et al.. Micronutrient status in 153 patients with anorexia nervosa. Nutrients 2017;9:225. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu9030225.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

61. Katz, RL, Keen, CL, Litt, IF, Hurley, LS, Kellams-Harrison, KM, Glader, LJ. Zinc deficiency in anorexia nervosa. J Adolesc Health Care 1987;8:400–6. https://doi.org/10.1016/0197-0070-87-90227-0.Search in Google Scholar

62. Safai-Kuttl, S. Oral zinc supplementation in anorexia nervosa. Acta Psychiatr Scand 1990;92:14–7.10.1111/j.1600-0447.1990.tb11077.xSearch in Google Scholar

63. Hermens, DF, Simcock, G, Dutton, M, Bouças, AP, Can, AT, Lilley, C, et al.. Anorexia nervosa, zinc deficiency and the glutamate system: the ketamine option. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2020;101:109921. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pnpbp.2020.109921.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

64. Veronese, N, Solmi, M, Rizza, W, Manzato, E, Sergi, G, Santonastaso, P, et al.. Vitamin D status in anorexia nervosa: a meta-analysis. Int J Eat Disord 2015;48:803–13. https://doi.org/10.1002/eat.22370.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

65. Pertile, RAN, Brigden, R, Raman, V, Cui, X, Du, Z, Eyles, D. Vitamin D: a potent regulator of dopaminergic neuron differentiation and function. J Neurochem 2023;166:779–89. https://doi.org/10.1111/jnc.15829.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

66. Jongkees, BJ, Hommel, B, Kühn, S, Colzato, LS. Effect of tyrosine supplementation on clinical and healthy populations under stress or cognitive demands – a review. J Psychiatr Res 2015;70:50–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2015.08.014.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

67. Lu, X, Liu, Y, Hao, L, Li, J, Hua, L. Effects of probiotic supplementation on intestinal flora, brain-gut peptides and clinical outcomes in children with anorexia nervosa. Br J Nutr 2025;133:491–6. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0007114525000169.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

68. Lee, B, Kwon, CY, Lee, SH, Chang, GT. Herbal medicine for the treatment of anorexia in children: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Pharmacol 2022;13:839668. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2022.839668.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

69. Bin Park, S, Yoon, JH, Kim, EH, Jin, H, Yoon, SW. Traditional herbal medicine for anorexia in patients with cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Front Pharmacol 2023;14:1203137. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2023.1203137.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

70. Aronson, JK, editor. Asteraceae. In: Meyler’s side effects of drugs: the international encyclopedia of adverse drug reactions and interactions, 16th ed. Amsterdam: Elsevier; 2006:358–66 pp.10.1016/B0-44-451005-2/01093-7Search in Google Scholar

71. Lopresti, AL, Smith, SJ, Malvi, H, Kodgule, R. An investigation into the stress-relieving and pharmacological actions of an ashwagandha (Withania somnifera) extract. Medicine (Baltim) 2019;98:e17186. https://doi.org/10.1097/md.0000000000017186.Search in Google Scholar

72. Karadag, E, Samancioglu, S, Ozden, D, Bakir, E. Effects of aromatherapy on sleep quality and anxiety of patients. Nurs Crit Care 2017;22:105–12. https://doi.org/10.1111/nicc.12198.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

73. Nguyen, NPK, Tran, KN, Nguyen, LTH, Shin, HM, Yang, IJ. Effects of essential oils and fragrant compounds on appetite: a systematic review. Int J Mol Sci 2023;24:7962. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24097962.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

74. Lenval, F. Impact of an olfactory sensory therapeutic group for adolescent patients with restrictive anorexia nervosa. Pilot Study (Sens’Orality) 2023. ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT04883554. Updated Setember 29, [Internet]. [cited 2025 May 6];Available from https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT04883554.Search in Google Scholar

75. Fogarty, S, Harris, D, Zaslawski, C, McAinch, AJ, Stojanovska, L. Acupuncture as an adjunct therapy in the treatment of eating disorders: a randomised cross-over pilot study. Compl Ther Med 2010;18:233–40. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ctim.2010.09.006.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

76. Hart, S, Field, T, Hernandez-Reif, M, Nearing, G, Shaw, S, Schanberg, S, et al.. Anorexia nervosa symptoms are reduced by massage therapy. Eat Disord 2001;9:289–99. https://doi.org/10.1080/106402601753454868.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

77. Wang, WL, Hung, HY, Chen, YR, Chen, KH, Yang, SN, Chu, CM, et al.. Effect of foot reflexology intervention on depression, anxiety, and sleep quality in adults: a meta-analysis and metaregression of randomized controlled trials. Evidence-Based Complement Altern Med 2020;2020:2654353. https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/2654353.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

78. Akbari, M, Golitaleb, M, Farahani, M, Nikbakht, D, Shahrodi, M, Davodabady, F, et al.. Effects of reflexology on anorexia and sleep quality in patients undergoing chemotherapy: a randomized clinical trial. Iran J Nurs Midwifery Res 2024;29:337–42.10.4103/ijnmr.ijnmr_62_23Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

79. Smith, C, Fogarty, S, Touyz, S, Madden, S, Buckett, G, Hay, P. Acupuncture and acupressure and massage health outcomes for patients with anorexia nervosa: findings from a pilot randomized controlled trial and patient interviews. J Alternative Compl Med 2014;20:103–12. https://doi.org/10.1089/acm.2013.0142.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

80. Landgren, K. Ear acupuncture as an adjunct in a treatment protocol for anorexia nervosa: utilization rate and nurses’ experience. Acupunct Med 2022;40:322–32. https://doi.org/10.1177/09645284211056948.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

81. Lucas, G, Sin, J, Cini, E, Röhricht, F. Body-oriented therapies for the treatment of eating disorders: a systematic review. Compl Ther Clin Pract 2025;60:101997. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ctcp.2025.101997.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

82. Buoli, M, Legnani, F, Mastroianni, M, Affaticati, LM, Capuzzi, E, Clerici, M, et al.. Effectiveness of yoga as a complementary therapy for anorexia nervosa: a systematic review. Int J Yoga 2023;17:155–62.10.4103/ijoy.ijoy_191_24Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

83. Dunne, JP, Shindul-Rothschild, J, White, L, Lee, CS, Wolfe, BE. Mindfulness in persons with anorexia nervosa and the relationships between eating disorder symptomology, anxiety and pain. Eat Disord 2021;29:497–508. https://doi.org/10.1080/10640266.2019.1688009.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

84. Dikmeer, N, Alan, BE, Özdemir, DF. The role of mindfulness on the psychological aspects of anorexia nervosa. Clin Child Psychol Psychiatr 2024;29:15–29. https://doi.org/10.1177/13591045231190675.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

85. Sala, M, Ram, SS, Vanzhula, IA, Levinson, CA. Mindfulness and eating disorder psychopathology: a meta-analysis. Int J Eat Disord 2020;53:834–51. https://doi.org/10.1002/eat.23247.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

86. Carei, TR, Fyfe-Johnson, AL, Breuner, CC, Brown, MA. Randomized controlled clinical trial of yoga in the treatment of eating disorders. J Adolesc Health 2010;46:346–51. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2009.08.007.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

87. Adi, Z, Barnea-Melamed, S, Meisman, A, Ofei-Tenkorang, NA, O’Donnell, J, Altaye, M, et al.. Yoga as an intervention to promote bone and mental health in adolescent females with anorexia nervosa: a pilot study. Eat Disord 2023;31:526–32.10.1080/10640266.2023.2196493Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

88. Gueguen, J, Piot, MA, Orri, M, Gutierre, A, Le Moan, J, Berthoz, S, et al.. Group qigong for adolescent inpatients with anorexia nervosa: incentives and barriers. PLoS One 2017;12:e0170885. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0170885.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

89. Liu, X, Li, R, Cui, J, Liu, F, Smith, L, Chen, X, et al.. The effects of Tai chi and qigong exercise on psychological status in adolescents: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Psychol 2021;12:746975. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.746975.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

90. Noda, T, Isobe, M, Mishima, R, Tose, K, Kawabata, M, Aso, T, et al.. Neural correlates of a mindfulness-based intervention in anorexia nervosa. BJPsych Open 2023;9:e22. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjo.2022.637.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

91. Sala, M, Levinson, CA, Kober, H, Roos, CR. A pilot open trial of a digital mindfulness-based intervention for anorexia nervosa. Behav Ther 2023;54:637–51. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.beth.2023.01.003.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

92. Wang, C, Bannuru, R, Ramel, J, Kupelnick, B, Scott, T, Schmid, CH. Tai Chi on psychological well-being: systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Complement Med Ther 2010;10:23. https://doi.org/10.1186/1472-6882-10-23.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

93. Dujany, R. Manual prático de homeopatia, 3rd ed. Lisboa: Editorial Estampa; 1996.Search in Google Scholar

94. Bach, E, Wheeler, FJ. The bach flower remedies, 1st ed. New York City: McGraw Hill; 1998.Search in Google Scholar

95. Thaler, K, Kaminski, A, Chapman, A, Langley, T, Gartlehner, G. Bach flower remedies for psychological problems and pain: a systematic review. BMC Complement Med Ther 2009;9:16. https://doi.org/10.1186/1472-6882-9-16.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central