Home “Understanding and treating baras (vitiligo) in unani medicine: historical perspectives, pathophysiology, and therapeutic approaches”
Article
Licensed
Unlicensed Requires Authentication

“Understanding and treating baras (vitiligo) in unani medicine: historical perspectives, pathophysiology, and therapeutic approaches”

  • Nadeem A. Shah ORCID logo , Rayees A. Mir and Sabba Saltanat EMAIL logo
Published/Copyright: September 30, 2024

Abstract

Vitiligo, also known as baras in Unani medicine, causes patches of depigmented skin due to the loss of melanocytes. According to ancient Unani scholars, factors like excessive phlegm in the blood and weakened color-controlling power were believed to be the cause. This study dives into the historical insights of luminaries like Majūsī and Hakim Akbar Arzānī, alongside modern medical understanding. It explores the pathophysiology, epidemiology, and clinical features of vitiligo, while also addressing confusing definitions, dietary influences, and demographic patterns. We take a close look at the classification, prognosis, and investigative methods. The aim of this research is to bring together traditional and modern perspectives to fully understand vitiligo, covering its cultural, historical, and scientific aspects. By incorporating epidemiological data, dietary considerations, and insights into the underlying mechanisms, we enhance diagnostic and treatment approaches. In conclusion, this study establishes a cohesive connection between the historical wisdom of Unani medicine and the current scientific discourse on vitiligo. By merging these perspectives, we gain a comprehensive understanding of the condition, enabling a more holistic approach to diagnosis and management. As dermatological research continues to evolve, the integration of traditional and modern insights becomes crucial in effectively addressing complex skin disorders like vitiligo.


Corresponding author: Sabba Saltanat, Department of Kulliyat-e-tib, N.I.U.M, Bangalore, India, E-mail:

  1. Research ethics: Not applicable.

  2. Informed consent: Not applicable.

  3. Author contributions: All authors have accepted responsibility for the entire content of this manuscript and approved its submission.

  4. Use of Large Language Models, AI and Machine Learning Tools: None declared.

  5. Conflict of interests: The authors state no conflict of interest.

  6. Research funding: None declared.

  7. Data availability: Not applicable.

References

1. Taïeb, A, Picardo, M. The definition and assessment of Vitiligo: a consensus report of the Vitiligo European Task Force. Pigm Cell Res 2007;20:27–35. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0749.2006.00355.x.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

2. Krüger, C, Schallreuter, KU. Cumulative life course impairment in vitiligo. In: dermatological diseases and cumulative life course impairment. Basel, Switzerland: Karger Publishers; 2013, 44:102–17 pp.10.1159/000350010Search in Google Scholar PubMed

3. Lerner, AB, Case, JD. Part III: general considerations of skin pigmentation: pigment cell regulatory factors. J Invest Dermatol 1959;32:211–21. https://doi.org/10.1038/jid.1959.38.Search in Google Scholar

4. Central Council for Research in Unani Medicine. Monograph on bars (vitiligo). Central council for research in unani medicine, dept. Of ayurveda, yoga & naturopathy, unani, siddha and homoeopathy. Govt. of India: Ministry of Health & Family Welfare; 2006.Search in Google Scholar

5. Majūsī, A. Kāmil us sana’ah (urdu translation by kantoori GH). New Delhi: Idara Kitab us Shifa; 2010.Search in Google Scholar

6. Khan, HMA. Aksee-re-Azam (Al Akseer) (Urdu Translation by Kabeeruddin HM). New Delhi: Idara Kitab us Shifa; 2011.Search in Google Scholar

7. Bergqvist, C, Ezzedine, K. Vitiligo: a review. Dermatology 2020;236:571–92. https://doi.org/10.1159/000506103.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

8. Shah, H, Mehta, A, Astik, B. Clinical and sociodemographic study of vitiligo. Ind J Dermatol, Venereol Leprol 2008;74:701. https://doi.org/10.4103/0378-6323.45144.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

9. Mozzanica, N, Frigerio, U, Finzi, AF, Cattaneo, A, Negri, M, Scaglione, F, et al.. T cell subpopulations in vitiligo: a chronobiologic study. J Am Acad Dermatol 1990;22:223–30. https://doi.org/10.1016/0190-9622(90)70029-h.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

10. Reghu, R, James, E. Epidemiological profile and treatment pattern of vitiligo in a tertiary care teaching hospital. Children 2011;2:2–5.Search in Google Scholar

11. Parsad, D, Sendhil, MK. Depigmentary and hypopigmentary disorders. In: Sacchidanand, S, editor. IADVL textbook of dermatology, 4th ed. Mumbai: Bhalani Publishing House; 2015;1295–326 pp.Search in Google Scholar

12. Abmbz, R. Al hawi fit tib (Urdu Translation by Jaafri HSAH, Siddiqui DMY) Vol.23, part-2. AMU,Aligarh: Bahtmam Saba publishers Aligarh; 1994:23–8 pp.Search in Google Scholar

13. Dutta, RR, Kumar, T, Ingole, N. Diet and vitiligo: the story so far. Cureus 2022;14. https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.28516.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

14. Chen, SJ, Hseu, YC, Gowrisankar, YV, Chung, YT, Zhang, YZ, Way, TD, et al.. The anti-melanogenic effects of 3-O-ethyl ascorbic acid via Nrf2-mediated α-MSH inhibition in UVA-irradiated keratinocytes and autophagy induction in melanocytes. Free Radic Biol Med 2021;173:151–69. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2021.07.030.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

15. Misri, R, Mahajan, K. Role of diet in vitiligo. In: Comprehensive textbook on vitiligo. Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press; 2020:277–80 pp.10.1201/9781315112183-43Search in Google Scholar

16. Khan, HMA. Bayaz-e-Ajmal. New Delhi: Aijaz Publishing House; 1995:154 p.Search in Google Scholar

17. Martis, J, Bhat, R, Nandakishore, B, Shetty, JN. A clinical study of vitiligo. Ind J Dermatol, Venereol Leprol 2002;68:92.Search in Google Scholar

18. Kang, S, Amagai, M, Bruckner, AL, Enk, AH, Margolis, DJ, McMichael, AJ, et al.. Fitzpatrick’s dermatology, 9th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill edu; 2019.Search in Google Scholar

19. Ezzedine, K, Lim, HW, Suzuki, T, Katayama, I, Hamzavi, I, Lan, CC, et al.. Revised classification/nomenclature of vitiligo and related issues: the vitiligo global issues consensus conference. Pigm Cell & Melanoma Res 2012;25:E1–3. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1755-148x.2012.00997.x.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

20. Behl, PN, Aggarwal, A, Srivastava, G. Vitiligo. In: Behl, PN, Srivastava, G, editors. Practice of Dermatology, 9 th ed. New Delhi: CBS Publishers; 2003:238–41 pp.Search in Google Scholar

21. Tabri, A. Al Moaljate Buqratiya(Urdu translation by CCRUM) part 2nd. New Delhi: Central Council for Research in Unani Medicine; 1997:199–200 pp.Search in Google Scholar

22. Deo, SS, Bhagat, AR, Shah, RN. Study of oxidative stress in peripheral blood of Indian vitiligo patients. Ind Dermatol Online J 2013;4:279. https://doi.org/10.4103/2229-5178.120637.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

23. Sravani, PV, Babu, NK, Gopal, KV, Rao, GR, Rao, AR, Moorthy, B, et al.. Determination of oxidative stress in vitiligo by measuring superoxide dismutase and catalase levels in vitiliginous and non-vitiliginous skin. Indian J Dermatol, Venereol Leprol 2009;75:268. https://doi.org/10.4103/0378-6323.48427.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

24. Van Geel, N, Speeckaert, R, Pigmentary Disorders, A, Griffiths, CEM, Barker, J, Bleiker, T, et al.. Rook’s textbook of dermatology.9th ed. Oxford: WileyBlackwell;2016:88.1–55. p.10.1002/9781118441213.rtd0089Search in Google Scholar

25. Morohashi, M, Hashimoto, K, Goodman, TF, Newton, DE, Rist, T. Ultrastructural studies of vitiligo, Vogt-Koyanagi syndrome, and incontinentia pigmenti achromians. Arch Dermatol 1977;113:755–66. https://doi.org/10.1001/archderm.113.6.755.Search in Google Scholar

26. Hara, M, Toyoda, M, Yaar, M, Bhawan, J, Avila, EM, Penner, IR, et al.. Innervation of melanocytes in human skin. J Exp Med 1996;184:1385–95. https://doi.org/10.1084/jem.184.4.1385.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

27. Alzolibani, A. Genetic epidemiology and heritability of vitiligo in the Qassim region of Saudi Arabia. Acta Dermatol Alp Panonica Adriat 2009;18:119–25.Search in Google Scholar

28. Birlea, SA, Gowan, K, Fain, PR, Spritz, RA. Genome-wide association study of generalized vitiligo in an isolated European founder population identifies SMOC2, in close proximity to IDDM8. J Invest Dermatol 2010;130:798–803. https://doi.org/10.1038/jid.2009.347.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

29. Jin, Y, Birlea, SA, Fain, PR, Gowan, K, Riccardi, SL, Holland, PJ, et al.. Genome-wide analysis identifies a quantitative trait locus in the MHC class II region associated with generalized vitiligo age of onset. J Invest Dermatol 2011;131:1308–12. https://doi.org/10.1038/jid.2011.12.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

30. Dutta, AK, Mandal, SB. A clinical study of 650 cases of vitiligo. Ind J Dermatol 1969;14:103–11.Search in Google Scholar

31. Falabella, R. Surgical approaches for stable vitiligo. Dermatol Surg 2005;31:1277–84. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1524-4725.2005.31203.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

32. LeWitt, T, Tauscher, R, Obiofuma, G, Peterson, J, Haddadin, R, Kundu, RV. Ocular manifestations of vitiligo: a systematic review. BMC Ophthalmol 2023;23:1–0. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12886-023-02777-9.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

33. Le Poole, IC, Van Den Wijngaard, RM, Westerhof, W, Das, PK. Presence of T cells and macrophages in inflammatory vitiligo skin parallels melanocyte disappearance. Am J Pathol 1996;148:1219.Search in Google Scholar

34. Begum, SH, Waheed, MA. In vitro assessment of’ T’lymphocyte functioning in vitiligo. Support for autoimmune hypothesis concerning the disease. Acta Derm Venereol 1992;72:266–7. https://doi.org/10.2340/0001555572266267.Search in Google Scholar

35. Dutta, AK, Dutta, PK. Pigmentary disorders. In: Textbook and atlas of dermatology. Valia R.G. Bombay: Bhalani Publishing House; 1994:500–86 pp. chapter 22.Search in Google Scholar

36. Lee, AY, Youm, YH, Kim, NH, Yang, H, Choi, WI. Keratinocytes in the depigmented epidermis of vitiligo are more vulnerable to trauma (suction) than keratinocytes in the normally pigmented epidermis, resulting in their apoptosis. Br J Dermatol 2004;151:995–1003. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2133.2004.06136.x.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

37. Moellmann, G, Klein-Angerer, S, Scollay, DA, Nordlund, JJ, Lerner, AB. Extracellular granular material and degeneration of keratinocytes in the normally pigmented epidermis of patients with vitiligo. J Invest Dermatol 1982;79:321–30. https://doi.org/10.1111/1523-1747.ep12500086.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

38. Schallreuter, KU, Pittekow, MR, Wood, JM. EF-hands calcium binding regulates the thioredoxin reductase/thioredoxin electron transfer in human keratinocytes. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1989;162:1311–6. https://doi.org/10.1016/0006-291x(89)90816-4.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

39. Tabri, AASR. Firdous ul hikmat (Urdu Translation Sambhali HMAS). New Delhi: Idara Kitab us Shifa; 2017.Search in Google Scholar

40. Razi, AMZ. Kitab al Mansoori (urdu translation). New Delhi: Central council for research in Unani medicine; 1991:207 p.Search in Google Scholar

41. Rushd, AWMI. Kitabul kulliyat (urdu translation), 2nd ed. New Delhi: Central council for research in Unani medicine; 1987:109–10 pp.Search in Google Scholar

42. Qamari, AM. Minhaj ul ilaj (urdu translation of Ghina Muna). New Delhi: CCRUM, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Govt. of India; 2008:458–62 pp.Search in Google Scholar

43. Jurjani, AH. Zakheera khawārizm shahi (urdu translated by khan HH). New Delhi: Idara Kitab us Shifa; 2010.Search in Google Scholar

44. Baghdadi, IH. Kitab al mukhtarat fit tib. New Delhi: CCRUM, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Govt. of India; 2007, 4.Search in Google Scholar

45. Sina, I. Al qanoon fit tib. (Urdu Translation by Kantoori GH). New Delhi: Idara Kitab us Shifa; 2010.Search in Google Scholar

46. Arzani, MA. Mufarrah Al quloob (urdu translation ikseer al quloob). New Delhi: CCRUM; 2002.Search in Google Scholar

47. Arzani, A. Tibbe akbar (urdu translation by hussain HM). New Delhi: Idara Kitab us Shifa; 2005.Search in Google Scholar

48. Arshad, J. Jild wa tazeeniyat. New Delhi: Hidayat Publishers and Distributors; 2024.Search in Google Scholar

49. Arun, N, Singh, DP. Punica granatum: a review on pharmacological and therapeutic properties. J Pharmaceut Sci Res;3:1240–5.Search in Google Scholar

50. Fakudze, NT, Aniogo, EC, George, BP, Abrahamse, H. The therapeutic efficacy of punica granatum and its bioactive constituents with special reference to photodynamic therapy. Plants 2022;11:2820. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11212820.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

51. Fischer, UA, Carle, R, Kammerer, DR. Identification and quantification of phenolic compounds from pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) peel, mesocarp, aril and differently produced juices by HPLC-DAD–ESI/MSn. Food Chem 2011;127:807–21. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2010.12.156.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

52. Usha, T, Middha, SK, Sidhalinghamurthy, KR. Pomegranate peel and its anticancer activity: a mechanism-based review. Plant-Deriv Bioact: Chem Mode of Action 2020:223–50. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-2361-8_10.Search in Google Scholar

53. Middha, SK, Usha, T, Pande, V. HPLC evaluation of phenolic profile, nutritive content, and antioxidant capacity of extracts obtained from Punica granatum fruit peel. Adv Pharmacol Sci 2013b;1–6:296236. https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/296236.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

54. Sahu, J, Koley, KM, Sahu, B. Attribution of antibacterial and antioxidant activity of Cassia tora extract toward its growth promoting effect in broiler birds. Vet World 2017;10:221. https://doi.org/10.14202/vetworld.2017.221-226.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

55. Dighe, NS, Pattan, SR, Nirmal, SA, Dhasade, VV, Dake, SG, Shelar, MU, et al.. A review on phytochemical and pharmacological profile of Cassia tora Linn. Res J Pharmacogn Phytochem 2009;1:173–6.Search in Google Scholar

56. Shadab, M, Shamsi, S, Ahmad, I. Cassia tora Linn: a medicinal herb for skin diseases. J Emerging Technol Innovative Res 2019;6:97–104.Search in Google Scholar

57. Badgujar, SB, Patel, VV, Bandivdekar, AH, Mahajan, RT. Traditional uses, phytochemistry and pharmacology of Ficus carica: a review. Pharmaceut Biol 2014;52:1487–503. https://doi.org/10.3109/13880209.2014.892515. Ficus carica [Internet]. [cited 2023 Aug 16]. Available from: https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/ficus-carica/.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

58. Ficus carica “celeste” – fig tree by agri-starts inc: agriexpo. [Internet]. [cited 2023 Aug 16]. Available from: https://www.agriexpo.online/prod/agri-starts-inc/product-178060-75130.html.Search in Google Scholar

59. Badgujar, SB, Patel, VV, Bandivdekar, AH, Mahajan, RT. Traditional uses, phytochemistry and pharmacology of Ficus carica: a review. Pharmaceut Biol 2014;52:1487–503. https://doi.org/10.3109/13880209.2014.892515.Search in Google Scholar

60. Gani, G, Fatima, T, Qadri, T, Beenish Jan, N, Bashir, O. Phytochemistry and pharmacological activities of fig (Ficuscarica): a review. Inter J Res Pharm Pharmaceut Sci. 2018;3:80–2.Search in Google Scholar

61. Kabeeruddin, M. Makhzanul mufradat. New Delhi: Idara Kitabul Shifa; 2007.Search in Google Scholar

62. Tariq, N, Ahmad, HD. Tajul Mufradat khwasul advia. Hussain, SA, editor. New Delhi: Idara kitab us shifa; 2010.Search in Google Scholar

63. Chauhan, DM. Chakshushaya/Jasmeejaz (cassia absus)- ayurvedic properties & dosage. 2022 [Internet] [cited 2023 Aug 16]. Available from: https://www.planetayurveda.com/library/chakshushaya-jasmeejaz-cassia-absus/.Search in Google Scholar

64. Cassia absus [Internet]. [cited 2023 Aug 16]. Available from: https://www.indiamart.com/proddetail/cassia-absus-7870319430.html.Search in Google Scholar

65. Ahmad, S, Hassan, A, Abbasi, WM, Rehman, T. Phytochemistry and pharmacological potential of Cassia absus–a review. J Pharm Pharmacol 2018;7:27–41. https://doi.org/10.1111/jphp.12816.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

66. Anonymous. The Unani pharmacopoeia of India. New Delhi: Goi (AYUSH); 2007.Search in Google Scholar

67. Bi, S, Akhtar, J, Bashir, F, Alvi, R. Pharmacological investigations of Babchi (Psoralea corylifolia Linn)–An important drug of Unani system of medicine. Int J Unani and Integr Med 2020;4:32–6. https://doi.org/10.33545/2616454x.2020.v4.i1a.123.Search in Google Scholar

68. Li, CC, Wang, TL, Zhang, ZQ, Yang, WQ, Wang, YF, Chai, X, et al.. Phytochemical and pharmacological studies on the genus psoralea: a mini review. Evid base Compl Altern Med 2016;2016. https://doi.org/10.1155/2016/8108643.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

69. Roy, A, Bharadvaja, N. A review on pharmaceutically important medical plant: plumbago zeylanica. J Ayurveda Holist Med 2017;3:225–8. https://doi.org/10.31254/jahm.2017.3411.Search in Google Scholar

70. Tilak, JC, Adhikari, S, Devasagayam, TP. Antioxidant properties of Plumbago zeylanica, an Indian medicinal plant and its active ingredient, plumbagin. Redox Rep 2004;9:219–27. https://doi.org/10.1179/135100004225005976.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

71. Yoon, J, Sun, YW, Kim, T-H. Complementary and alternative medicine for vitiligo. Online, cited2020-07-05; Available from URL: https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/24976/intech-complementary_and_alternative_medicine_for_Vitiligo.pdf.Search in Google Scholar

72. Al-Snafi, AE. The therapeutic importance of cassia occidentalis-an overview. Indian J Pharm Sci Res 2015;5:158–71.Search in Google Scholar

73. Usmani, QI, Jahan, N, Aleem, M, Hasan, SA. Aatrilal (Ammi majus L.), an important drug of Unani system of medicine: a review. J Ethnopharmacol 2021;276. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2021.114144.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

74. Al-Hadhrami, RM, Al Muniri, RM, Hossain, MA. Evaluation of antimicrobial and cytotoxic activities of polar solvent extracts from leaves of Ammi majus used by the omanis. Pac Sci Rev A: Nat Sci Eng 2016;18:62–5. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psra.2016.08.002.Search in Google Scholar

75. El-Mofty, AM. A preliminary clinical report on the treatment of leucodermia with Ammimajus Linn. J Egypt Med Assoc 1948;31:651–65.Search in Google Scholar

76. Shoja, MM, Tubbs, RS, Bosmia, AN, Fakhree, MA, Jouyban, A, Balch, MW, et al.. Herbal diuretics in medieval Persian and Arabic medicine. J Altern Compl Med 2015;21:309–20. https://doi.org/10.1089/acm.2015.0031.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

77. Bora, P. Polyphenols in medicinal plants.Search in Google Scholar

78. Kumar, R, Tyagi, S. A review on natural treatment’s of vitiligo. Asian J Pharmaceut Res 2020;10:263–7. https://doi.org/10.5958/2231-5691.2020.00046.5.Search in Google Scholar

79. Lakhani, DM, Deshpande, AS. Various treatments for vitiligo: problems associated and solutions. J Appl Pharmaceut Sci 2014;4:101–5.Search in Google Scholar

80. Yoon, J, Sun, YW, Kim, T-H. (25) (PDF) A systemic review on vitiligo (baraṣ) & role of Unani medicines towards its treatment. Complementary andalternative medicine for vitiligo. Online, cited2020-07-05. https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/24976/intech-complementary_and_alternative_medicine_for_Vitiligo.pdf. [Accessed 30 Apr 2024].Search in Google Scholar

81. S Kataki, M, B Kakoti, B. Women’s Ginseng (Angelica sinensis): an ethnopharmacological dossier. Current Traditional Med 2015;1:26–40. https://doi.org/10.2174/2215083801999150527114546.Search in Google Scholar

82. Anonymous. The Unani pharmacopoeia of India.Part I. New Delhi: Central Council forResearch in Unani Medicine; 2007, Vol. I.Search in Google Scholar

83. Zahara, K, Tabassum, S, Sabir, S, Arshad, M, Qureshi, R, Amjad, MS, et al.. A review of therapeutic potential of Saussurea lappa-An endangered plant from Himalaya. Asian Pac J Tropical Med 2014;7:S60–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1995-7645(14)60204-2.Search in Google Scholar

84. Nadkarni, KM. Indian plants and drugs. NewDelhi: Ajay Book Serv 2010.Search in Google Scholar

85. Bhowmik, D, Chiranjb, 1, Yadav, J, Tripathi, KK, Kumar, S. Herbal remedies of Azadirachta indica and its M edicinalApplication. J Chem Pharmaceut Res 2010;2:62–72.Search in Google Scholar

86. Soni, P, Patidav, R, Soni, V, Soni, S, A review on traditionaland alternative treatment for skin disease: vitiligo. (25) (PDF) A review on leucoderma and reported herbs for its treatment. Int J Pharm and Biol Arch,2010, 1, 220–7. . https://www.researchgate.net/publication/235963366_A_REVIEW_ON_LEUCODERMA_AND_REPORTED_HERBS_FOR_ITS_TREATMENT [Accessed 30 Apr 2024].Search in Google Scholar

87. Kirtikar, KR, Basu, BD. Indian medicinal plants. Allahabad: Lalit Mohan Publication; 1918.10.5962/bhl.title.137025Search in Google Scholar

88. Neag, MA, Mocan, A, Echeverría, J, Pop, RM, Bocsan, CI, Crişan, G, et al.. Berberine: botanical occurrence, traditional uses, extraction methods, and relevance in cardiovascular, metabolic, hepatic, and renal disorders. Front Pharmacol 2018;9:557. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2018.00557.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

89. Shadab, M, Shamsi, S. Design and development of Unani emulgel for vitiligo. J Ayurveda Integr Med 2020;11:199–205. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaim.2018.01.006.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

90. Patil, D, Ansari, A, Patil, A. Pharmacognostic evaluation and fingerprint profile of raw materials and formulation of Sufoof-e-bars: a remedy for vitiligo. J Pharmacogn Phytochem 2023;12:09–16. https://doi.org/10.22271/phyto.2023.v12.i5a.14707.Search in Google Scholar

91. Tariq, SS, Akhtar, MW. Effect of Unani formulation in bars (vitiligo): a case study. Int J AYUSH Case Rep 2022;6:57–62.Search in Google Scholar

92. Qarabadeen-e-Qadri, AA. Central council for research in Unani medicine. Govt. of India: New Delhi (India): Ministry of Health and Family Welfare; 2009.Search in Google Scholar

93. Lateef, A. Qarabadeen-e-Majeedi. In All India Unani tibbi conference. New Delhi; 1951.Search in Google Scholar

94. Azmi, WA. Murakkabat advia. Part II. New Delhi: Idara kitabul shifa; 2010.Search in Google Scholar

95. Qarabadeen-e-Azam, AK. Central council for research in unani medicine. New Delhi; 2009:33 p.Search in Google Scholar

96. Arzani, A. Tibb-e-Akbar(urdu translation). Delhi: Idara-e-Kitab us shifa; 1904:756–8 pp.Search in Google Scholar

97. Shah, A, Ghani, N, Shen, MX, Qiu, RZ, Fan, HW, Li, YB. Dietary management in vitiligo: role of antioxidants. J Ethnopharmacol 2021;274. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2021.114034.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

98. Malik, R, Qureshi, A, Ahmad, M. Gut microbiota and vitiligo: the impact of diet on skin health. Front Nutr 2022;9:720830.Search in Google Scholar

99. Rizvi, S, Ahmed, F, Anwar, M. Efficacy of Babchi oil in vitiligo: a clinical study. J Herb Med 2020;23:100365.Search in Google Scholar

100. Ahmed, S, Niazi, A, Khan, I. Synergistic effect of Unani herbs and corticosteroids in the treatment of vitiligo. Compl Ther Med 2021;58:102717.Search in Google Scholar

101. Khan, M, Raza, S, Aftab, A. Integrating Unani and modern medicine in vitiligo treatment: a review. J Integr Med 2023;21:130–8.Search in Google Scholar

102. Patel, V, Singh, P. The combined use of Unani herbs and UVB therapy in vitiligo: a randomized controlled trial. Photodermatol Photoimmunol Photomed 2022;38:456–62.Search in Google Scholar

Received: 2024-07-09
Accepted: 2024-09-12
Published Online: 2024-09-30

© 2024 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston

Downloaded on 7.9.2025 from https://www.degruyterbrill.com/document/doi/10.1515/jcim-2024-0240/pdf?lang=en
Scroll to top button