Antimalarial properties and preventive effects on mitochondrial dysfunction by extract and fractions of Phyllanthus amarus (Schum. and Thonn) in Plasmodium berghei-infected mice
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John Oludele Olanlokun
,
Cecilia Opeyemi Babarinde
Abstract
Objectives
Broad spectrum antimalarial drugs without deleterious effects on mitochondria are scarce. It is in this regard that we investigated the potency of methanol extract and solvent fractions of Phyllanthus amarus on chloroquine-susceptible and resistant strains of Plasmodium berghei, toxicity and its consequential effects on mitochondrial permeability transition (mPT) pore opening.
Methods
Malaria was induced in male Swiss mice with susceptible (NK 65) strain, divided into groups (n=5) and treated with 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg of methanol extract, n-hexane, dichloromethane, ethylacetate and methanol fractions daily for seven days. Percentage parasitemia and parasite clearance were determined microscopically. The two most potent fractions were tested on resistant (ANKA) strains. Heme and hemozoin contents were determined spectrophotometrically. The mPT, mitochondrial ATPase (mATPase) and lipid peroxidation (mLPO) were determined spectrophotometrically. Similar groups of animals were used for toxicity studies.
Results
Dichloromethane fraction (400 mg/kg) had the highest antimalarial curative effect via least parasitemia (0.49) and high clearance (96.63) compared with the negative control (10.08, 0.00, respectively), had the highest heme and least hemozoin contents (16.23; 0.03) compared with the negative control (8.2, 0.126, respectively). Malaria infection opened the mPT, caused significant increase in mLPO and enhanced mATPase; while dichloromethane fraction reversed these conditions. Serum ALT, AST, ALP, GGT, urea and creatinine of dichloromethane fraction-treated mice decreased relative to control. No significant lesion was noticed in liver and kidney tissue sections.
Conclusions
Dichloromethane fraction of Phyllanthus amarus had the highest antimalarial activity with the highest mito-protective effect and it was well tolerated without toxic effects.
Acknowledgments
The authors acknowledge Professor O.G. Ademowo of Institute of Advanced Medical Research and Training (IAMRAT), College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, for supplying both chloroquine susceptible and resistant strains of Plasmodium berghei. We also appreciate Mr. Eric Sabo who operated the ultra centrifuge.
Research funding: None declared.
Author contributions: JOO conceived this idea and designed this experiment, wrote the manuscript, COB treated the animals and ran the assays, OOO supplied equipment for the study. All authors read and approved the manuscript.
Competing interests: Authors declared that there is no conflict of interest.
Ethical approval: This research involves the use of and the handling of experimental animals was conform with the World Medical Association Declaration of Helsinki regarding ethical conduct of research involving experimental animals.
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© 2020 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston
Articles in the same Issue
- Frontmatter
- Editorial
- Irrational pharmacy practice and inadequate health care services in Bangladesh: a lesson learned from COVID-19 pandemic
- Review
- Evidence that Ginkgo Biloba could use in the influenza and coronavirus COVID-19 infections
- Original Articles
- Heart rate variability during cardiovascular reflex testing: the importance of underlying heart rate
- Electrocardiographic abnormalities among late-stage non-dialysis chronic kidney disease patients
- Effect of Vitamin D status on QTc interval in type 2 diabetes mellitus
- Caffeic and chlorogenic acids modulate altered activity of key enzymes linked to hypertension in cyclosporine-induced hypertensive rats
- The link between dynamic hyperinflation, autonomic dysfunction and exercise testing parameters with masked heart failure in patients with non-severe obstructive pulmonary disease
- Spirometry in adult hypothyroid patients: a comparative study
- In silico approach: docking study of oxindole derivatives against the main protease of COVID-19 and its comparison with existing therapeutic agents
- Surgically induced deficiency of sex hormones modulates coronary vasodilation by estradiol in hypertension
- Ramipril blunts glycerol-induced acute renal failure in rats through its antiapoptosis, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and renin-inhibiting properties
- Moringa oleifera seed oil partially abrogates 2,3-dichlorovinyl dimethyl phosphate (Dichlorvos)-induced cardiac injury in rats: evidence for the role of oxidative stress
- Characterization of cardiac autonomic function in COVID-19 using heart rate variability: a hospital based preliminary observational study
- Antimalarial properties and preventive effects on mitochondrial dysfunction by extract and fractions of Phyllanthus amarus (Schum. and Thonn) in Plasmodium berghei-infected mice
- Therapeutic clinical trials to combat COVID-19 pandemic in India: analysis from trial registry
- Short Communication
- In vitro effect of dibenzyl trisulfide on the p50 of the oxygen haemoglobin dissociation curve
- Letter to the Editor
- Commentary on methodological aspect of “Cardiac autonomic modulation in response to stress in normotensive young adults with parental history of hypertension”
Articles in the same Issue
- Frontmatter
- Editorial
- Irrational pharmacy practice and inadequate health care services in Bangladesh: a lesson learned from COVID-19 pandemic
- Review
- Evidence that Ginkgo Biloba could use in the influenza and coronavirus COVID-19 infections
- Original Articles
- Heart rate variability during cardiovascular reflex testing: the importance of underlying heart rate
- Electrocardiographic abnormalities among late-stage non-dialysis chronic kidney disease patients
- Effect of Vitamin D status on QTc interval in type 2 diabetes mellitus
- Caffeic and chlorogenic acids modulate altered activity of key enzymes linked to hypertension in cyclosporine-induced hypertensive rats
- The link between dynamic hyperinflation, autonomic dysfunction and exercise testing parameters with masked heart failure in patients with non-severe obstructive pulmonary disease
- Spirometry in adult hypothyroid patients: a comparative study
- In silico approach: docking study of oxindole derivatives against the main protease of COVID-19 and its comparison with existing therapeutic agents
- Surgically induced deficiency of sex hormones modulates coronary vasodilation by estradiol in hypertension
- Ramipril blunts glycerol-induced acute renal failure in rats through its antiapoptosis, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and renin-inhibiting properties
- Moringa oleifera seed oil partially abrogates 2,3-dichlorovinyl dimethyl phosphate (Dichlorvos)-induced cardiac injury in rats: evidence for the role of oxidative stress
- Characterization of cardiac autonomic function in COVID-19 using heart rate variability: a hospital based preliminary observational study
- Antimalarial properties and preventive effects on mitochondrial dysfunction by extract and fractions of Phyllanthus amarus (Schum. and Thonn) in Plasmodium berghei-infected mice
- Therapeutic clinical trials to combat COVID-19 pandemic in India: analysis from trial registry
- Short Communication
- In vitro effect of dibenzyl trisulfide on the p50 of the oxygen haemoglobin dissociation curve
- Letter to the Editor
- Commentary on methodological aspect of “Cardiac autonomic modulation in response to stress in normotensive young adults with parental history of hypertension”
