Acquisition of doubly articulated stops among Ga-speaking children

Felix Kpogo; Virginia C. Mueller Gathercole; Jonathan Nsiah Tetteh

doi:10.1515/jall-2021-2018

Article

Acquisition of doubly articulated stops among Ga-speaking children

Felix Kpogo , Virginia C. Mueller Gathercole and Jonathan Nsiah Tetteh

Published/Copyright: October 14, 2021

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From the journal Journal of African Languages and Linguistics Volume 42 Issue 1

Abstract

This study investigates the acquisition of labio-velar stops by Ga-speaking children in Ghana. Such stops were elicited in initial, intervocalic, and pre-lateral positions through a picture naming task. Sixty Ga-dominant and Ga-English children at 5-, 6^1/2-, and 8-years of age were tested. All age groups showed some difficulty with the doubly articulated stops, but this was relative to voicing, phonological environment, age, and input. Performance on the voiceless labio-velar stop was better than on the voiced labio-velar stop, and better in intervocalic position than in word-initial and pre-lateral positions. Older children performed better than younger children and Ga-dominant children better than Ga-English children. Performance was better when children did not receive a prompt than when they did. Analysis of modifications reveals frequent processes of simplification to labial singleton stops, some voicing changes, and the occurrence of processes of vowel insertion between the stops and /l/. These findings are discussed in terms of universals of speech sound acquisition, the role of input, and the influence of language-specific factors on children’s performance.

Abstract in Ga

Nɛkɛ shigbɛlɛmɔ nɛɛ kwɛ bɔni Ga gbekɛbii ni eye kɛjɛ afii enumɔ kɛyashi afii kpaanyɔ ni wieɔ Ga pɛ yɛ shia kɛ amɛteŋ mɛi ni wieɔ Blɔfo kɛ Ga fɛɛ yɛ shia kaseɔ kɔnsonanti gbɛɛmɔi ni ji: /kp/ kɛ /gb/ ni jeɔ kpo yɛ gbɛhei srɔtoi etɛ (ni ji wiemɔkuli shishijee, vaolii ateŋ kɛ /l/ gbɛɛmɔ hiɛ). Ga gbekɛbii ni wieɔ Ga pɛ lɛ jɛ shiai ni awieɔ Ga titri yɛ jɛmɛ ni gbekɛbii ni wieɔ Ga kɛ Blɔfo lɛ jɛ shiai ni awieɔ Blɔfo kɛ Ga fɛɛ. Gbekɛbii ni ahala kɛfee shigbɛlɛmɔ nɛɛ ayifalɛ ji nyɔŋmai ekpaa (60); abi ni amɛtsɛ nibii kɛ nifeemɔi komɛi ni atɛŋ amɛhe mfoniri lɛ agbɛi. Ayɔse

Keywords: doubly-articulated/labio-velar stops; Ga; input; phonological acquisition; phonological environment; production errors

Corresponding author: Felix Kpogo, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA, E-mail: fkpog001@bu.edu

Acknowledgments

This work is a revised version of an MA thesis conducted at Florida International University (FIU) by the first author, under the supervision of the second author. We wish to express our gratitude to the other members of the MA committee, Mehmet Yavaʂ and Tometro Hopkins. We also thank the African & Africa Diaspora Studies Program at FIU, authorities of St. Mary’s Anglican and Osu Presbyterian Preparatory Schools, and the teachers, parents, and children who supported and participated in this research.

Appendix A: Number of children reaching 90 and 75% criteria with prompt

	Voicing	Phonological environment	Ga-dominant (GD)			Ga-English (GE)
	Voicing	Phonological environment	5	6^1/2	8	5	6^1/2	8
90% criterion	Voiceless	Word-initial	4	7	7	1	4	2
		Intervocalic	8	10	9	10	10	10
		Pre-lateral	1	4	2	1	0	2
	Voiced	Word-initial	1	1	3	0	0	1
		Intervocalic	7	9	9	9	9	9
		Pre-lateral	0	1	1	0	0	0

75% criterion	Voiceless	Word-initial	7	8	7	2	4	3
		Intervocalic	9	10	9	10	10	10
		Pre-lateral	5	6	8	3	5	3
	Voiced	Word-initial	2	3	4	0	0	1
		Intervocalic	9	9	9	9	10	10
		Pre-lateral	0	4	2	0	0	1

Appendix B: Modifications in intervocalic environments

Stop modification					Ga-dominant (GD)			Ga-English (GE)			Total GD	Total GE	Totals
				Age	5	6 ^1/2	8	5	6 ^1/2	8	Total GD	Total GE	Totals
				Number of errors:
				Number of errors:	5	4	3	4	4	1	7	2	9
Simplification	kp	>	p	Errors	3	3	1 (33.3) 1	1	1		7	2	9
				Percent	(60.0)	(75.0)		(25.0)	(25.0)		(58.3)	(22.2)	(42.9)
				No. children	3	2		1	1		6	2	8
	gb	>	b	Errors	1				2	1	1	3	4
				Percent	(20.0)				(50.0)	(100.0)	(8.3)	(33.3)	(19.0)
				No. children	1				2	1	1	3	4
Voicing change	kp	>	gb	Errors					1 (25.0) 1			1 (11.1) 1	1 (4.8) 1
				Percent
				No. children
	gb	>	kp	Errors	1 (20.0) 1	1 (25.0) 1	2 (66.7) 1	3			4 (33.3) 3	3	7
				Percent				(75.0)				(33.3)	(33.3)
				No. children				1				1	4
TOTAL					5	4	3	4	3	1	12	9	21

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https://doi.org/10.1515/jall-2021-2018

Keywords for this article

doubly-articulated/labio-velar stops; Ga; input; phonological acquisition; phonological environment; production errors