Abstract
This article seeks to find attitudes and judgments elite Romans made based on a person’s bed. It culls written sources from a diverse range of genres to argue that elite Roman men saw beds as transformative and reflective items. Through long-lasting and frequent contact, a bed’s qualities seeped into bodies and characters. Consequently, as a powerful part of the built environment, beds could strengthen or weaken soldiers as well as help or harm a person’s health. Furthermore, beds’ transformative power meant elite Romans thought where a man slept revealed who he was: his social status, moral fiber, and civilization. In short, beds marked a person’s identity. Examining how Roman elites conceptualized beds informs us on the larger issue of the history of the body, in general, and the sense of touch, in particular. Scholarship on the history of touch tends not analyze the effects of sustained and repetitive contact with a mundane object.
Acknowledgements
I thank Beth Digeser, Joe Figliulo-Rosswurm, Chris Kegerreis, John W. I. Lee, Emma Lukin, Thomas Smyth, and workshop participants of the “Public and Private in the Roman House” held at New York University in October 2012 for helping me craft this paper.
Bibliography:
Adkin, N. “Augustine, Sermon 80,7: 'Quando dormitat oratio'?” Augustiniana 46 (1996): 61–66. Search in Google Scholar
Adkin, N. “Did the Romans keep their underwear on in bed?” CW 93 (2000): 619–620.10.2307/4352468Search in Google Scholar
Akerman, D. Natural History of the Senses. New York: Vintage, 1991.Search in Google Scholar
Albert, J. Odeurs de sainteté. Paris: Editions de l'Ecole des hautes études en sciences sociales, 1990.Search in Google Scholar
Allison, P. Pompeian Households. Los Angeles: UCLA, 2004.10.2307/j.ctvdjrqdrSearch in Google Scholar
Allison, P. “Domestic spaces and activities.” In Dobbins and Foss (2007), 269–278.Search in Google Scholar
Andrianou, D. “Chairs, beds, and tables: evidence for furnished interiors in Hellenistic Greece.” Hesperia 75 (2006): 219–266. 10.2972/hesp.75.2.219Search in Google Scholar
Arrowsmith, W. “Luxury and death in the Satyricon.” Arion 5 (1966): 304–331. Search in Google Scholar
Askitopoulou, H. “Sleep and dreams: from myth to medicine in Ancient Greece.” Journal of Anesthesia History 1 (2015): 70–75.10.1016/j.janh.2015.03.001Search in Google Scholar
Ault, B. “Housing the poor and homeless in ancient Greece.” In Ancient Greek Houses and Households, edited by B. Ault and L. Nevett, 140–159. Philadephia: University of Pennsylvania, 2005.10.9783/9780812204438.140Search in Google Scholar
Barrow, R. “The scent of roses: Alma-Tadema and the other side of Rome.” BICS 42 (1998): 183–202.10.1111/j.2041-5370.1998.tb00729.xSearch in Google Scholar
Bell, R., J. Evans Grubbs and T. Parkin, editors. Oxford Handbook of Childhood and Education in Classical Antiquity. Oxford: Oxford U.P., 2015.Search in Google Scholar
Berry, C. The Idea of Luxury. Cambridge: Cambridge U. P., 1994.10.1017/CBO9780511558368Search in Google Scholar
Bloomer, M. “The ancient child in school.” In Bell, Evans Grubbs and Parkin (2013), 444–461.10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199781546.013.022Search in Google Scholar
Bodel, J. “Slave labour and Roman society.” In The Cambridge World History of Slavery, edited by K. Bradley and P. Cartledge, 311–336. Cambridge: Cambridge U. P., 2011.10.1017/CHOL9780521840668.017Search in Google Scholar
Bosak-Schroeder, C. Other Natures. Berkeley: University of California, 2020.10.1525/9780520974814Search in Google Scholar
Boyle, M. Senses of Touch. Leiden: Brill, 1998.Search in Google Scholar
Bradley, M. Colour and Meaning in Ancient Rome. Cambridge: Cambridge U. P., 2009.Search in Google Scholar
Bradley, M., editor. Smell and the Ancient Senses. London: Routledge, 2015. 10.4324/9781315736051Search in Google Scholar
Brun, J. “The production of perfumes in antiquity: the cases of Delos and Paestum.” AJArch. 104 (2000): 277–308. 10.2307/507452Search in Google Scholar
Brown, P. The Body and Society. New York: Columbia U. P., 1988.Search in Google Scholar
Buckland, W. The Roman Law of Slavery. Clark: Lawbook Exchange, 1908.Search in Google Scholar
Busvine, J. Insects, Hygiene and History. London: Athlone, 1976.Search in Google Scholar
Butler, S. “Scent of a woman.” Arethusa 43 (2010): 87–122.10.1353/are.0.0029Search in Google Scholar
Bon, S. and R. Jones, editors. Sequence and Space in Pompeii. Oxford: Oxbow, 1997. Search in Google Scholar
Burgess, A. On Going to Bed. New York: Abbeville, 1982. Search in Google Scholar
Campbell, B. “The marriage of soldiers under the Empire.” JRS 68 (1978): 153–166.10.2307/299633Search in Google Scholar
Clarke, J. “‘Just like us’: cultural constructions of sexuality and race in Roman art.’” Art Bulletin 78 (1996): 599–603.Search in Google Scholar
Classen, C. The Deepest Sense. Champaign: University of Illinois, 2012.10.5406/illinois/9780252034930.001.0001Search in Google Scholar
Classen, C., et al. Aroma. London: Routledge, 1994.Search in Google Scholar
Classen, C., editor. The Book of Touch. Oxford: Berg, 2005.Search in Google Scholar
Colman, A. and M. Greenblatt. “Are beds becoming obsolete?” American Journal of Nursing 63 (1963): 60–64.10.2307/3452731Search in Google Scholar
Connor, S. Book of Skin. Ithaca: Cornell U. P., 2009. Search in Google Scholar
Connors, C. “Scents and aensibilities in Plautus’ Casina.” CQ 47 (1997): 305–309.10.1093/cq/47.1.305Search in Google Scholar
Conway, C. Behold the Man. Oxford: Oxford U. P, 2008.10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195325324.001.0001Search in Google Scholar
Conway, C. “Was Jesus a manly man? On reading masculinity in the New Testament.” Word & World 36 (2016): 15–23.Search in Google Scholar
Cooper, K. “Closely watched households: visibility, exposure and private power in the Roman domus.” P&P 197 (2007): 3–33.10.1093/pastj/gtm012Search in Google Scholar
D’Ambra, E. Roman Women. Cambridge: Cambridge U. P., 2007.Search in Google Scholar
Dalby, A. Empire of Pleasures. Hove: Psychology, 2000.Search in Google Scholar
Das, S. Touch and Intimacy in First World War Literature. Cambridge: Cambridge U.P., 2006.10.1017/CBO9781107295575Search in Google Scholar
Dionisotti, A. “From Ausonius' schooldays? A schoolbook and its relatives.” JRS 72 (1982): 83–125.10.2307/299118Search in Google Scholar
Dobbins, J. and P. Foss, editors. The World of Pompeii. London: Routledge, 2007.Search in Google Scholar
Ducat, J. Spartan Education. Swansea: Classical Press of Wales, 2006.10.2307/j.ctvvn9g2Search in Google Scholar
Earl, D. The Moral and Political Tradition in Rome. Ithaca: Cornell U. P., 1966.Search in Google Scholar
Eden, M and R. Carrington. The Philosophy of the Bed. New York: Putnam, 1961. Search in Google Scholar
Edwards, C. The Politics of Immorality in Ancient Rome. Cambridge: Cambridge U. P., 1993.10.1017/CBO9780511518553Search in Google Scholar
Evans, E. “Physiognomics in the ancient world.” TAPhS 59 (1969): 1–101.10.2307/1006011Search in Google Scholar
Fagan, B. and N. Durrani. What We Did in Bed. New Haven: Yale U. P., 2019.10.12987/9780300245011Search in Google Scholar
Ferrero, G. “Evolution of luxury.” International Journal of Ethics 11 (1901): 346–354.10.1086/intejethi.11.3.2376296Search in Google Scholar
Fulkerson, M. The Sense of Touch. University of Toronto PhD Dissertation, 2010.Search in Google Scholar
Garnsey, P. Food and Society in Classical Antiquity. Cambridge: Cambridge U. P., 1999.10.1017/CBO9780511612534Search in Google Scholar
Gray, C. and M. Gray. The Bed or the Clinophile’s Vade Mecum. London: Nicolson and Watson, 1946.Search in Google Scholar
George, M. “Servus and domus: the slave in the Roman house.” In Laurence and Wallace Hadrill (1997), 15–24.Search in Google Scholar
Gleason, M. Making Men. Princeton: Princeton U. P., 1995.Search in Google Scholar
Goffman, E. The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life. Garden City, NY: Doubleday Anchor, 1959.Search in Google Scholar
Gowing, L. Common Bodies. New Haven: Yale U. P., 2003.Search in Google Scholar
Griffin, J. “Augustan poetry and the life of luxury.” JRS 66 (1976): 87–105.10.2307/299782Search in Google Scholar
Grunderson, E. Staging Masculinity. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan, 2000. Search in Google Scholar
Gutzwiller, K. “The semon mosquito.” ZPE 174 (2010): 133–138.Search in Google Scholar
Hales, S. The Roman House and Social Identity. Cambridge: Cambridge U. P, 2003. Search in Google Scholar
Hallet, J. and M. Skinner, editors. Roman Sexualities. Princeton: Princeton U. P., 1997.Search in Google Scholar
Hansen, M. “Spartan exceptionalism? Continuing the debate.” In Hodkinson (2009), 385–341.Search in Google Scholar
Harper, K. Slavery in the Late Roman World, AD 275–425. Cambridge: Cambridge, U. P., 2011.10.1017/CBO9780511973451Search in Google Scholar
Harvey, E., editor. Sensible Flesh. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania, 2003.10.9783/9780812293630Search in Google Scholar
Harvey, E. “Introduction: ‘the sense of all senses’.” Harvey (2003), 1–21. 2003 a.10.9783/9780812293630-001Search in Google Scholar
Harvey, E. “The touching organ: allegory, anatomy, and the renaissance skin envelope.” In Harvey (2003), 81–102. 2003 b.10.9783/9780812293630-005Search in Google Scholar
Heller-Roazen, D. The Inner Touch. New York: Zone, 2007.Search in Google Scholar
Hilhorst, A. “Darius' pillow (1 Esdras III.8).” JTS 33 (1982): 161–163.10.1093/jts/XXXIII.1.161-bSearch in Google Scholar
Hobson, B. Latrinae et Foricae. London: Duckworth, 2009. Search in Google Scholar
Hodkinson, S, editor. Sparta. Swansea: Classical Press of Wales, 2009.10.2307/j.ctvvnb97Search in Google Scholar
Howes, D. Sensual Relations. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan, 2003.10.3998/mpub.11852Search in Google Scholar
Hubschmid, J. “Wörter und Sachen: onomasiologische und semasiologische Untersuchungen zum rum. Pat “Bett” Gr. πάτος “Boden” aus dem baskischen und eurasischen Sprachbereich.” In Natalicia Johanni Schropfer, edited by L. Auburger and P. Hill, 225–263. Munich: Dr. Anton Kovac, 1991.Search in Google Scholar
Irby, G. “Climate and courage.” In Kennedy and Jones-Lewis (2016), 247–265.Search in Google Scholar
Isaac, B. The Invention of Racism in Classical Antiquity. Princeton: Princeton U. P., 2004. 10.1515/9781400849567Search in Google Scholar
James, E. Gregory of Tours. Second edition. Liverpool: Liverpool U. P., 1991.Search in Google Scholar
Jensen, L. “Royal purple of Tyre.” JNES 22 (1963): 104–118.10.1086/371717Search in Google Scholar
Jones-Lewis, M. “Mutuo metu aut montibus: mapping the environmental determinism in the Germania of Tacitus.” In New Directions in the Study of Ancient Geography, edited by D. Roller, 135–160. University Park: Association of Ancient Historians, 2019.Search in Google Scholar
Josipovici, G. Touch. New Haven: Yale U. P., 1996.Search in Google Scholar
Karras, R. “Active/passive, acts/passions: Greek and Roman sexualities.” AHR 105 (2000): 1250–1265.10.2307/2651412Search in Google Scholar
Keller, E. “The subject of touch: medical authority in early modern midwifery.” In Harvey (2003), 62–80.10.9783/9780812293630-004Search in Google Scholar
Kennedy, R. and M. Jones-Lewis, editors. The Routledge Handbook of Identity and the Environment in the Classical and Medieval Worlds. London: Routledge, 2016.10.4324/9781315686622Search in Google Scholar
Kennett, F. History of Perfume. London: Harapp,1975. Search in Google Scholar
Khader, A. Tunisian Mosaics. Los Angeles: Getty Museum, 2006. Search in Google Scholar
Kinnel, N. Gymnasium of Virtue. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina, 1995.Search in Google Scholar
Knoepfler, D., editor. Nomen Latinum. Neuchâtel: Faculté de Lettres, Université de Neuchâtel, 1997.Search in Google Scholar
Koloski-Ostrow, A. “Roman urban smells: archaeological evidence.” In Bradley (2015), 90–109. Search in Google Scholar
Kominko, M. “’Ugly as sin’: monsters and barbarians in Late Antiquity.” In Kennedy and Jones-Lewis (2016), 373–389.Search in Google Scholar
Kozlowski, J. “And he saw his pillow being consumed by fire (Martyrium Polycarpi 5, 2): a proposal of interpretation.” Ephemerides Theologicae Lovanienses 85 (2009): 147–158.10.2143/ETL.85.1.2040701Search in Google Scholar
Laurence, R. Roman Pompeii. London: Routledge, 2007.10.4324/9780203132357Search in Google Scholar
Laurence, R. and A. Wallace Hadrill, editors. Domestic Space in the Roman World. Portsmouth: JRA, 1997.Search in Google Scholar
Leach, E. “Oecus on Ibycus: investigating the vocabulary of the Roman house.” In Bon and Jones (1997), 50–72.Search in Google Scholar
Lendon, J. Empire of Honor. Oxford: Oxford U. P., 1997.10.1093/oso/9780198150794.001.0001Search in Google Scholar
Lévi-Strauss, C. The raw and the cooked. Volume 1. New York: Harper and Row, 1969.Search in Google Scholar
Lilja, S. The Treatment of Odours in the Poetry of Antiquity. Helsinki: Societas Scientiarum Fennica, 1972.Search in Google Scholar
Loutsch, G. and C. Jacobi. “Quelques aspects du sommeil et des songes chez Tibulle, les auteurs du Corpus Tibullianum et Properce.” In Knoepfler (1997), 83–96.Search in Google Scholar
Manning, E. Politic of Touch. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota, 2007. Search in Google Scholar
Matt, S. Keeping Up with the Joneses. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania, 2013.Search in Google Scholar
Miller, S. Birth of the Hospital in the Byzantine Empire. Cambridge: Harvard U. P., 1997.Search in Google Scholar
Mols, S. Wooden furniture in Herculaneum. Vol. 2. Amsterdam: J. C. Gieben, 1999.Search in Google Scholar
Mols, S. “Identification of the woods used in the furniture at Herculaneum.” In The Natural History of Pompeii, edited by W. Jashemski and F. Meyer, 225–234, Cambridge: Cambridge U. P., 2002.Search in Google Scholar
Moshenska, J. Feeling Pleasures. Oxford: Oxford U. P., 2014. 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198712947.001.0001Search in Google Scholar
Nielsen, I. Thermae et Balnea. Aarhus: Aarhus U. P., 1990. Search in Google Scholar
Olson, K. “Roman underwear revisited.” CW 96 (2003): 201–210.10.2307/4352739Search in Google Scholar
Olson, K. Dress and the Roman Woman. London: Routledge, 2008.Search in Google Scholar
Olson, K. “Masculinity, appearance, and sexuality: dandies in Roman antiquity.” Journal of the History of Sexuality 23 (2014): 182–205.10.7560/JHS23202Search in Google Scholar
Olson, K. Masculinity and Dress in Roman Antiquity. London: Routledge, 2017.10.4324/9781315678887Search in Google Scholar
O’Sullivan, T. Walking in Roman Culture. Cambridge: Cambridge U. P., 2011. 10.1017/CBO9780511733239Search in Google Scholar
Parker, H. “The teratogenic grid.” Hallett and Skinner (1997), 47–65.10.1515/9780691219547-004Search in Google Scholar
Parsons, B. “The way of the rod: the functions of beating in late Medieval pedagogy.” Modern Philology 113 (2015): 1–26.10.1086/680664Search in Google Scholar
Paterson, M. Senses of Touch. Oxford: Berg, 2007. Search in Google Scholar
Peterson, L. “Clothes make the man.” In Bodies and Boundaries in Greco-Roman Antiquity, edited by T. Fögen and M. Lee, 181–214. Berlin: De Gruyter, 2009.Search in Google Scholar
Phang, S. “The families of Roman soldiers (the first and second centuries AD): culture, law, and practice.” Journal of Family History 27 (2002): 352–373. 10.1177/036319902236623Search in Google Scholar
Potter, D. “Odor and power in the Roman Empire.” In Constructions of the Classical Body, edited by J. Porter, 169–189. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan, 2002.Search in Google Scholar
Potter, D. “The scent of Roman dining.” In Bradley (2015), 120–132.10.4324/9781315736051-16Search in Google Scholar
Potter, M. “The history of bed bug management—with lessons from the past.” American Entomologist 57 (2011): 14–25.10.1093/ae/57.1.14Search in Google Scholar
Rawson, B., editor. Marriage, Divorce, and Children in Ancient Rome. Oxford: Oxford U. P., 1991.10.1093/oso/9780198149187.001.0001Search in Google Scholar
Reinhold, M. “On status symbols in the ancient world.” CJ 64 (1969): 300–304.Search in Google Scholar
Reinhold, M. History of Purple as a Status Symbol in Antiquity. Bruxelles: Latomus, 1970.Search in Google Scholar
Reinhold, M. “Usurpation of status and status symbols.” Hist. 20 (1971): 275–302.Search in Google Scholar
Reynolds, R. Beds, With Many Noteworthy Instances of Lying On, Under, or About Them. Garden City: Doubleday, 1951.Search in Google Scholar
Richlin, A. “Not before homosexuality: the materiality of the cinaedus and the Roman law against love between men.” Journal of the History of Sexuality 3 (1993): 523–573.Search in Google Scholar
Riggsby, A. “Public’ and ‘private’ in Roman culture: the case of the cubiculum.” JRA 10 (1997): 36–56.10.1017/S1047759400014720Search in Google Scholar
Riggsby, A. “Pliny in Space (and Time).” Arethusa 36 (2003): 167–186. 10.1353/are.2003.0018Search in Google Scholar
Rolleston, J. “Medical aspects of the Greek anthology.” Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine 7 (1914): 30–56.10.1177/003591571400701604Search in Google Scholar
Rosivach, V. “Seneca on the fear of poverty in the Epistulae Morales.” Ant. Class. 64 (1995): 91–98.10.3406/antiq.1995.1218Search in Google Scholar
Saller, R. “Familia, domus and the conception of the family.” Phoenix 38 (1984): 336–355.10.2307/1088380Search in Google Scholar
Saller, R. “Corporeal punishment, authority, and obedience in the Roman household.” In Rawson (1991), 144–165.10.1093/oso/9780198149187.003.0008Search in Google Scholar
Scarborough, J. Medical Terminologies. Norman: University of Oklahoma, 1992.Search in Google Scholar
Scobie, A. “Slums, sanitation, and mortality in the Roman world.” Klio 68 (1986): 399–433. 10.1524/klio.1986.68.68.399Search in Google Scholar
Segal, C. “The raw and the cooked in Greek literature.” CJ 69 (1974): 289–308.Search in Google Scholar
Siegel, R. Galen on Sense Perception. Basel: Karger, 1970.Search in Google Scholar
Smith, A. and D. Secoy, D. “Forerunners of pesticides in classical Greece and Rome.” Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 23 (1975): 1050–1055.10.1021/jf60202a004Search in Google Scholar
Smith, M. Sensory History. Oxford: Berg, 2007. 10.5040/9781350048775Search in Google Scholar
Smith, M. “Getting in touch with slavery and freedom.” Journal of American History 95 (2008): 381–391.10.2307/25095624Search in Google Scholar
Smith, W. A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities. New York: American Book, 1890.Search in Google Scholar
Stevens, S. “New World contacts and the trope of the ‘naked savage.” In Harvey (2003), 124–140.Search in Google Scholar
Stieglitz, R. “Minoan origin of Tyrian purple.” Biblical Archaeologist 57 (1994): 46–54. 10.2307/3210395Search in Google Scholar
Taylor, K. The Birth of Vietnam. Berkeley: University of California, 1983.10.1525/9780520343108Search in Google Scholar
Temkin, O. Soranus’ Gynecology. Baltimore: John Hopkins U. P., 1991.10.56021/9780801843204Search in Google Scholar
Thomas, A. “Pillow stuffings from Amarna?” JEg. Arch. 73 (1987): 211–213.10.1177/030751338707300121Search in Google Scholar
Thompson, F. The Archaeology of Greek and Roman Slavery. London: Duckworth, 2003. Search in Google Scholar
Toner, J. Leisure and Ancient Rome. Hoboken: John Wiley and Sons, 1998.Search in Google Scholar
Toner, J. Popular Culture in Ancient Rome. Cambridge: Polity, 2009.Search in Google Scholar
Toynbee, J. Animals in Roman Life and Art. Baltimore: John Hopkins U. P., 1973. Search in Google Scholar
Vuolanto, V. “Elite children, socialization, and agency in the Late Antique Roman world.” In Bell, Evans Grubbs and Parkin (2013), 580–599.10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199781546.013.028Search in Google Scholar
Waddell, H. The Desert Fathers. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan, 1936. Search in Google Scholar
Wallace-Hadrill, A. “Pliny the Elder and Man’s unnatural history.” G&R 37 (1990a): 80–96. 10.1017/S0017383500029582Search in Google Scholar
Wallace-Hadrill, A. “The social spread of Roman luxury: sampling Pompeii and Herculaneum.” PBSR 58 (1990b):145–192.10.1017/S0068246200011636Search in Google Scholar
Wallace-Hadrill, A. “Houses and households: sampling Pompeii and Herculaneum.” In Rawson (1991), 191–202.10.1093/oso/9780198149187.003.0010Search in Google Scholar
Wallace-Hadrill, A. Houses and Society in Pompeii and Herculaneum. Princeton: Princeton U. P., 1994.10.1515/9780691244150Search in Google Scholar
Walsh, J. “Galen, exhortation to the study of the arts especially medicine.” Medical Life 37 (1930): 507–529.Search in Google Scholar
Walters, J. “Invading the Roman body: manliness and impenetrability in Roman thought.” In Hallett and Skinner (1997), 29–43.10.1515/9780691219547-003Search in Google Scholar
Watson, G. The Roman Soldier. Ithaca: Cornell U. P., 1969. Search in Google Scholar
Williams, C. Roman Homosexuality. Oxford: Oxford U. P., 2010. Search in Google Scholar
Wintjes, J. ‘“Keep the women out of camp!’: women and military institutions in the Classical world.” In A Companion to Women’s Military History, edited by B. Hacker and M. Vining, 17–60. Leiden: Brill, 2012. Search in Google Scholar
Woolf, G. Tales of the Barbarians. Chichester: Wiley-Blackwell, 2011.10.1002/9781444390810Search in Google Scholar
Wright, L. Warm and Snug. Stroud: Sutton, 2004. Search in Google Scholar
Young, E. “The touch of the cinaedus: unmanly sensations in the Carmina Priapea.” Cl. Ant. 34 (2015): 183–208.10.1525/CA.2015.34.1.183Search in Google Scholar
Zanda, E. Fighting Hydra-like Luxury. London: Bloomsbury, 2011.Search in Google Scholar
© 2022 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston
Articles in the same Issue
- Frontmatter
- Frontmatter
- Reexamining Nebuchadnezzar II’s ‘Thirteen-Year’ Siege of Tyre in Phoenician Historiography
- Snuggling with your identity: beds and the sense of touch in Roman culture
- Did Josephus use 1 Maccabees in Jewish War 1.31-56?
- Alexander the Great on Late Roman contorniates: religion, magic or history?
Articles in the same Issue
- Frontmatter
- Frontmatter
- Reexamining Nebuchadnezzar II’s ‘Thirteen-Year’ Siege of Tyre in Phoenician Historiography
- Snuggling with your identity: beds and the sense of touch in Roman culture
- Did Josephus use 1 Maccabees in Jewish War 1.31-56?
- Alexander the Great on Late Roman contorniates: religion, magic or history?