Abstract
The present study aimed to examine the speech act of correction produced by Chinese, Americans, and Chinese EFL learners. A total of 120 participants were asked to fill in a questionnaire with two major parts: a Scaled Response Questionnaire (SRQ) and a Discourse Completion Task (DCT). Elicited data were analyzed in terms of three perspectives: perception of face-threat, overall correction strategy use, and the use of external modifications. The results showed some similarities and differences between Chinese and Americans’ corrections. As for the EFL learners, they exhibited their interlanguage development in the perception and overall strategy use. In addition, instances of L1 pragmatic transfer were found in the learners’ use of some individual strategies and external modifications. Learners’ interlanguage development and L1 socio-cultural transfer demonstrated the multi-competence of the learners. The present study suggests that further instruction should be implemented to enrich L2 learners’ pragmatic repertoire for successful ELF communication.
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Appendix A: Coding scheme of the present study
PART I: HEAD ACTS | |||
Main strategies | Sub-strategies | Function | Examples |
Direct Strategies | Penalty | To penalize the speaker for the wrong-doing | 為了對準時交作業的同學公平,我會扣一點分數。‘To be fair for those who submitted the assignment on time, I will deduct some scores.’ (S1) |
I have to deduct your grade. (S1) | |||
Threat | To state the ultimatum with bad and intermediate consequence | 下次別再遲到了!會被扣錢喔! ‘Don’t be late again, or your salary will be deducted!’ (S10) | |
Please turn off your cell phone right now, or I’ll ask you to get out of the classroom. (S13) | |||
Criticism | To express the speaker’s great anger and dissatisfactions | 同學,電話響了沒關係,可你接起來就是不尊重。‘Student, it does not matter that your phone rang. However, it is impolite that you answered it.’ (S13) | |
Shame on you! (S4) | |||
Direct Correction | To explicitly pointout the hearer’s wrong-doing | 老師,那個單字拼錯了。‘Teacher, that word was misspelled.’ (S5) | |
There is no smoking here. (S7) | |||
IndirectAccusation | To interrogate the hearer | 為什麼你要這樣對我們? ‘Why do you do that to us?’ (S4) | |
How come you are late? (S10) | |||
Indirect Strategies | Suggested Repair | To suggest an option for the hearer to compensate for the wrong-doing or to request the hearer to change the wrong behavior | 可不可以請你暫時不要抽? ‘Could you stop smoking temporarily?’ (S7) |
I thought it was George Washington. (S11) | |||
Mocking | To scoff at the hearer | 兄弟,你還早勒,先幹掉我再說。 ‘Hey man, it’s not your time. You have to strike me down first.’ (S6) | |
You are so funny. (S11) | |||
Modified Correction | To point out the wrong-doing with qualifying expression | 老師,你似乎拼錯了。‘Teacher, you seemed to misspell the word.’ (S5) | |
I think you got it wrong. (S5) | |||
Indirect Correction | To describe annoyance or to give general remark with the mention of wrongness. | 先生,她死會了。‘Hey man, she is with me.’ (S6) | |
You knew that I don’t like people who are late. (S2) | |||
I’m sure I told you the correct time. (S12) | |||
That’s my girlfriend. (S6) | |||
Irony | To state the contrary proposition to provide the implicature for the hearer | 請你至櫃檯領取號碼牌。‘Go to the counter to be one in the waiting list.’ (S6) | |
Hey! You are early today! (S10) | |||
Maybe you can come much later, because I can pay fewer bills to you. (S10) | |||
No Explicit Reproach | To give a general remark to the hearer without mentioning the wrongness | 對不起,我不認識你。‘Sorry, I do not know you.’ (S6) | |
Well, we are in a hurry. (S6) | |||
Self Reproach | The speaker blames himself/herself for the hearer’s wrong-doing. | 不好意思!我下次會注意的! | |
‘Sorry, I will be more careful next time.’ (S12) | |||
Sorry, I will make it clear next time. (S12) | |||
Opting Out | To avoid direct or indirect confrontation with the hearer | ||
PART II: SOFTENING DEVICES | |||
Main device | Sub-device | Examples | |
Externalmodifications (positive remarks) | Apology | 不好意思,我要的是兩杯柳橙汁。‘Sorry, I ordered two glasses of orange juice.’ (S8) | |
Sorry, sir, you are interrupting our class. (S13) | |||
Concern | 你怎麼了?發生什麼事嗎?大家都在等你怕你出事了。 ‘What’s wrong with you? What happened? We are waiting for you and we are afraid of something emergent.’ (S2) | ||
Is everything ok? Why are you so late? (S2) | |||
Gratitude | 可不可以請你暫時不要抽,謝謝。‘Could you stop smoking temporarily? Thank you.’ (S7) | ||
Would you please hand in your homework tomorrow? Thank you.” (S1) | |||
Empathy | 老師您單字寫錯了,相信有時是筆誤的。‘Teacher, you misspelled the word. I believe that it’s your slip of the pen.’ (S5) | ||
Don’t be so hurry. I know you must have something to do right away. (S10) | |||
Compliment | I’m afraid it would lead to ambiguity semantically. But it is interesting. (S5) | ||
Internal modifications | Syntactic downgraders | ||
Questions | 你是不是有記錯? ‘Did you memorize this incorrectly?’ (S11) | ||
Could you not smoke in here? (S7) | |||
Conditional clause | 如果要抽請你到外面去好嗎? ‘If you want to smoke, please go outside. Okay?’ (S7) | ||
Next time please call if you are going to be late. (S2) | |||
Modals | Would you like to turn it in later today? (S11) | ||
Could you please smoke outside or elsewhere? (S7) | |||
Lexical/phrasal downgraders | |||
Politeness markers | 老師,你那個單字拼錯了喔! ‘Teacher, that word was misspelled.’ (S5) | ||
Could you please put that out? (S7) | |||
Downtoners | 老師,你似乎拼錯了。‘Teacher, you seemed to misspell it.’ (S5) | ||
Maybe we should look it up. (S11) | |||
I’m sorry. It seems I don’t make myself clear. (S12) | |||
Subjectivizers | 在我印象中美國首任總統似乎是華盛頓耶。‘In my impression, the first president of America seems to be Washington.’ (S11) | ||
I think you might have misspelled that word. (S5) | |||
Appealers | 請出去外面好嗎? ‘Please go outside, will you?’ (S13) | ||
Please hand in your homework next time, ok? (S1) | |||
Cajolers | Just so you know, I never got my raise. (S15) | ||
Hedges | 有點誤差喔! ‘There’s a bit mistake.’ (S5) | ||
I need to talk to you about something. (S15) |
Note: ‘S’ stands for situation.
© 2019 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston
Articles in the same Issue
- Frontmatter
- Research Articles
- “How Dare You Have Another Relationship!”: An analysis of cross-cultural and interlanguage corrections
- Noticing without negotiation?: What L2 Spanish learners report hearing in peer-produced language
- A Vygotskian approach to mediating learner intercultural competence during study abroad
- Influence of learners’ prior knowledge, L2 proficiency and pre-task planning on L2 lexical complexity
- A learner corpus analysis: Effects of task complexity, task type, and L1 & L2 similarity on propositional and linguistic complexity
- Online task planning and L2 oral fluency: does manipulating time pressure affect fluency in L2 monologic oral narratives?
Articles in the same Issue
- Frontmatter
- Research Articles
- “How Dare You Have Another Relationship!”: An analysis of cross-cultural and interlanguage corrections
- Noticing without negotiation?: What L2 Spanish learners report hearing in peer-produced language
- A Vygotskian approach to mediating learner intercultural competence during study abroad
- Influence of learners’ prior knowledge, L2 proficiency and pre-task planning on L2 lexical complexity
- A learner corpus analysis: Effects of task complexity, task type, and L1 & L2 similarity on propositional and linguistic complexity
- Online task planning and L2 oral fluency: does manipulating time pressure affect fluency in L2 monologic oral narratives?