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Desde la documentación activa a la revitalización contextualizada: experiencias con comunidades kichwahablantes en Ecuador

  • Marleen Haboud Bumachar ORCID logo EMAIL logo
Published/Copyright: April 5, 2023
International Journal of the Sociology of Language
From the journal International Journal of the Sociology of Language Volume 2023 Issue 280

Resumen

Durante los últimos 30 años, Ecuador ha visto transformaciones importantes con respecto a las políticas relacionadas con las lenguas indígenas en el país. Por otra parte, estudiosos extranjeros y locales han llevado a cabo numerosas investigaciones lingüísticas y antropológicas sobre varias de las lenguas indígenas habladas en el país; sin embargo, estas han tenido bajo o ningún impacto en el mantenimiento de las lenguas, las mismas que muestran una tendencia persistente al desplazamiento. Enmarcado en prácticas de documentación activa-revitalización, este artículo se propone mostrar brevemente las tendencias de desplazamiento del kichwa en Ecuador, ilustrar y analizar procesos de investigación que basados en el quehacer colaborativo entre hablantes y no hablantes, pasan de ser una documentación que beneficia exclusivamente a la comunidad científica lingüística, para centrarse en los hablantes como los primeros agentes-beneficiarios de procesos revitalizadores; y describir algunas de las estrategias de revitalización que emergen de activistas kichwahablantes. Finalmente, reflexionaré brevemente sobre las metodologías utilizadas y la necesidad de avanzar hacia verdaderas prácticas de interculturalidad basadas en interrelaciones más equitativas que lleguen a impactar en los niveles micro, meso y macro.

Uchillayachishkayuyay

Kay puchukay 30 watakunapika, Ecuador mamallaktaka runa ayllukunapak rimaymanta llaktaykuna alliman mushukyashkatami rikushka. Kutin shuktakpika, istallaktamanta, kay llaktamantapash yachakkunami kay llaktapi runa ayllukuna rimaymanta shimiyachaymanta shinallatak runakawsaymantapash tawka yuyaymashkay taripaykunapi llamkashkakuna; kashna, llamkaykunaka shimikunata charishpa katinapika ashallata manakashkapa nimatapash mana yanapashkachu, kay riksichiykunapika sinchiyta chikanyachishkami rikurin ninkunami. Kawsaklla-kutinkawsarikuk kamu killkakunapi kimirishpami, kay killkataka Ecuador mamallaktapi kichwa shimi imashina chikanyachishkata ashata rikuchinapak allichishkanchik, kichwa shimita rimakkuna, mana rimakkunapash mushuk yuyaykuna mashkaypi yanapashkawan shuyushpa, kuskiyshpapash riksichina kallarishkakuna, kay shina killkaka shimiyachay amawtakunapaklla ama kachun munani, kallaripi yanaparik ayllukunaka kichwa shimita rimakkuna kachun yuyanchik, paykuna kutinkawsan ayllukuna kashkamanta; shinallatak kutinkawsachinapak, imalla ruraykunata riksichinkapakmi llamkakunchik, shinami kichwashimi rimay sinchiyachun mashkakunkuna. Puchukaypika, kay taripaykuna paktanapi imalla yachayñanwan llamkashkata shinallatak iñik kawsaypuray yachashkapi, sumaychapi kimirishpa ñawpakman katikushkatami ashata riksichisha, kayshina ruraykunawan ashallapi, tawkallapi, achkapipash pakta kawsaykunata charinkapak.

Abstract

During the last 30 years, Ecuador has seen important transformations regarding policies related to indigenous languages in the country. At the same time, foreign and local scholars have carried out numerous linguistic and anthropological investigations on several of the indigenous languages spoken in the country; however, these have had little or no impact on the vitality of the languages, which show a persistent tendency towards displacement. Framed in practices of active documentation-revitalization, this article aims to briefly show the displacement trends of Kichwa in Ecuador, to illustrate and analyze research processes that, based on collaborative research developed along with the indigenous communities, move further from documentation that exclusively benefits the linguistic scientific community, to focus on the speakers as the main agents-beneficiaries of revitalizing processes. Within such perspective, this article also describes several revitalization strategies emerging from Kichwa-speaking activists. Finally, the article brings into reflection regarding research methodologies, and underlines the urgent need to move towards true intercultural practices based more equitable interrelationships which should positively impact at the micro, meso and macro levels.

Palabras clave: documentación activa-revitalización; Ecuador; Kichwa; metodología en colaboración
Akllashka shimikuna: Ecuador; Kawsaklla-kutinkawsarikuk kamu killkakuna; Kichwa; makipurashpa yachayñan
Keywords: active documentation-revitalization; collaborative methodology; Ecuador; Kichwa
Corresponding author: Marleen Haboud Bumachar, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador, Ruhr Universität, Quito, Ecuador, E-mail:
A Kichwa version of this article, translated by Hilda Chaluisa and César Guanolema, can be found in the Appendix. La traducción de este artículo al kichwa, realizada por Hilda Chaluisa y César Guanolema, puede verse en Apéndice.

Appendix/Apéndice

Kawsaklla riksichik killkamanta kutinkawsariy karmayuyayman: Ecuador runa ayllullaktakunapi Kichwa rimak riksishkakuna

  1. Tiksi yuyaytashina

2004 watapi, Nancy Hornberger and Serafin Coronel-Molina’s (2004) ‘‘Quechua language shift, maintenance, and revitalization in the Andes: the case for language planning’’ kaypika kamukunata riksichirka, kay yuyaykunami rikurirka, shuk kutinwanpash, shimiyachay llaktaykuna kay kallarichiy llamkay pakariwanpash waktarishka, shinallatak tukuy Antis suyu llaktakunapi kichwa shimita chikanyachishkami rikurirka. Ecuador mamallaktamanta rikukpika, kay tukuy kamutami pakta rikurkani, shinaka Ecuador Antis quichua/kichwa[*] [**] [1] shimika imashina kawsakushkata shinallatak waktarikuna rikurishkatapash riksirkani. Kay yachaykunaka 2004 watapi llamkashkatami kutin hapin shinallatak wakin llamkaykunapi asha mushukyashkami rikurin. Shinapash kay puchukay watakunapi kichwashimimanta rimanakuykuna mana kanchallamanta, ashtawanpash ukunmanta tukuymantapash asha ashami rikurimukun, kichwashimita chikanyachiyka llaktayukkuna, llaktaykuna shinallatak shimiyachay-yachachiypash waktarishka kakpipash ñawpakman katikunmi.

  1. Yaykuchiy

Tantarishpa Programa de Investigación Interdisciplinaria Oralidad Modernidad (OM)[2] llamkayka yuyaykunata killkanapak shinallatak kutinkawsariyta[3] ruraykunawan yanapanapakmi, shintallatak, Ecuador mamallaktapi rimashka runa shimikunata sinchiyachinapakmi, kay wankuriy killka shuktakmantaka, kay puchukay ishkay chunka watakunapi kichwa shimi wakllirishkatami rikuchin shinallatak shuktakpika, runa shimikunawan kutinpash riksirinata tawka wankurikunamanta ruraykuna rikurishkata riksichin. Chaypakka, yaykuchiy yuyaymanta ashalla rimashka kipa shinallatak tawka yuyaykunata achikyachishka kipami riksirkanchik, kay yupaykuna, riksishkakunataka 1992 watamanta 1994 watakama shinallatak 2010 watamanta 2016 watakama, Ecuador mamallakta kichwa shimika tawka paktariy imashina kashkata, rimay shimi imashinalla kashkata, wakinpika wakllichi imashina paktashkatami riksichin. Chaykipaka Kawsaklla-kutinkawsarikuk shimimanta killkashka imashina paktakukta, runa ayllukuna makipurashkawan llamkashkatami rikuchini, tukuy yuyayka rimakkunapimi kallarin paykunami shimi kawsarina ruraykunapika kallaripi yanaparikkuna kan, ashtawanka, runashimita yachak mana yachakkunapash atirinakushka imashina paktashkata rikuchini. Puchukaypika, ima yachayñanwan paktarishakta shinallatak pakta kawsaypura charina mutsurishkapi ñawpakman purikushkata, yachashkapi kimirishpa, ashtawanka uchillapi, maltapi, hatunpipash kawsaypura tiyashka sumaychanatami rikuchin.

  1. Ecuador llaktayuk Ecuador mamallakta

250.000 warankatatki tupu allpawan, Ecuador mamallaktaka 17′836.479 ayllukunatami[4] charin. Kay yupaykunamanta rikushpaka, runa ayllukunaka 7% patsakmantami kankuna (2010 wata lanu); Shinapash, Confederación de Indígenas del Ecuador tantanakuy, kiti pushakkuna, shinallatak runa llaktakuna llatak taripashkapika, runa ayllukunaka 30% patsakmanta kanchik nin. Ecuador mamallaktapi runakunaka 14 Kawsaymarkakuna 13 kawsak runashimitami charin. Kay killka kamuka punasuyu ayllukunapak kichwa shimimantami ashtawan riksichinka (shuyi 1).[5]

Kay killkakamupi churashka yupaykunaka tawka willaykunamanta tantachishkami: OM tantarimanta tarishka willay, kay riksichik-riksinaka 400 kichwa runa llaktakunapi tantarishkakuna, kimirikkuna rikushka shinallatak mana kimirikkunapash runa llaktakunapi taripashkamanta, ayllukunashimiyay llaktamaypi rakirishkata taripashkami, wakin rimarikuna, shuyushka kamukuna, willachik antakunamanta shinallatak llaktayukta tinkichiymantapash yuyay tantachishkami. Yupay kipuykunaka taripashkata antanikichikpi allichishkamanta tarishkapashmi kan. Kaypika Ecuador llaktapak kichwa shimimantami shuklla kashkata shina rimani, mana shukllachu kan, chikanmi tiyan, shimiyachaypi, shimiyachaymanta paktarishkapipash rikuy paktashkami.[6]

Shuyu 1. Ecuador mamallaktayupi Kawsaymarka, Ayllullakta shinallatak Runa Shimikunapash.

Hapishka: Haboud 2010, 2012

  1. Imakayta utkalla riksichiy

4.1 Kawsaklla kamukuna

Kawsaklla kamu nishpa riksinchikmi kallarimanta ruraykuna rikurishkata tantachishpa allichimushka, kichwa shimita rimak runa ayllu llaktamanta hapishkata paykunamanllatakmi chayachina kan. Kaypika yachayta, yachapuyta, llakikunata, allichiykunata, kay yachaykunapi paktashkata punchanta alliyuyaykunaman chayachinata, yupaykuna paktashkata sumaychanami paktan shinallatak rimakkunapak mutsuykashkata pushashka kutinkawsariy ruraykunatapash kutin pushanata, charinata paktaymanlla mana chayanachu, ashtawanka suni pachakunapi paktanamanmi chayana kan. Kayshina kayninkunaka pakta pakta chimpanchiypimi paktarin kaywanka kikin munaymanta, tawka rimashka shimikunamanta shinallatak kikinkashkamanta shutirishkamanta kuyuchiymi kan.

4.2Pakta Rantinpa/Ranti-Ranti

Pakta Rantinpa yuyayka, rimanakuypi kimirik, achiklla llamkay paktarik, sumaychay charik, paktarakinata shinallatak hayñikunata sumaychanata mashkay llamkaymi. Ranti rantika karana chaskinalla mana kanchu, yuyayta wiñachina shinallatak arininapashmi kan, kayka “tupuchikta” shuktakyachinami shinallatak mushuk yuyaykunata mashkay ruraykunapashmi kan, umapi Runami kallaripi kana kan nishka yuyayta ñawpakman churashpa llamkarkani. Rimashkawan paktarishpa, runa ayllukunawan rimanakushpami kallarinchik, kashna, shuk kutin, ima llamkaywan kallarinata yuyarishpa, yachaykunawan ñawpankapak, tiksichik llamkayruraykunawan, punchanta katirana, tukuy rurashka ruraykunata rikuranapak, mushuk yuyayta allin yuyaywan katinapakmi. Rikuchinchikmi, kay yuyaypika, katipi churashka tiksiyuykuna: shukllapak mana sakina nakashpaka yachashkata mana churanatak, sumaychana shinallatak yachapuyta chakruna ashtawanka kayshukkuna yachashkatapash chayachinami, mushuk rimaykunata chaskina, rimak kawsaytarpuyman yallina kayshina ima nisha nishkata yachankapak tantachishpa, shimi chinkarikushkata, kawsaytarpuyta, kikin ayni kawsaytapash kutincharina mashkanapak. Killkarinmi, kayshina, kutincharinaman paktanapak, mana rimayllata, ashtawanka kawsanapak aynikunata, yuyashkakunata, chay kuspapi makirurashkatapash rikunapak. Shinallatak, killkakamu tantachinakuna- kutinkawsariypash yanapana kan, charina ruranapaklla mana kana kanchu, ashtawanpash achka pachakunapi paktanapakmi kan.

Tukuy ruray paktashkakunaka tawkapura shinallatak tawka yachaywan[7] llamkay paktarishkami, yachakkuna shinallatak runa shimita rimakkunawan makipurashpa llamkashka. Kayshina llamkaykunaka kikinyachinapak shinallatak rimayta tawka yuyaymanta rikunapakmi, shinallatak chimpapurashpa rikunapipash yanapan, kayshinaka, runa shimikunapak kawsay imashina paktakushkata riksinalla mana kan, kutinkawsachiypi rimana yachak mana yachakpash kimirichun kayachinami, llaktapi rikurichun rimarichunpash kayachina, uchillapi hatunpipash, ashtawanka shimiyachaymanta riksishpa ñawpakman katinapak, kayshina pakta hayñikuna charinata paktanapakpash.

  1. Ecuador llakta Kichwa: chikanyay nakashpaka chaypikashka rikurimuychu

  1. Yachay 1. Punasuyu kichwa ayllukunapak shimiyachay imashina kashka (1991–1992)

Kay 1991, 1992 watakunapi, Thomas Büttner runawan, Ecuador punasuyu llakta shimiyachay shukniki riksinapi llamkarkanchik kay llaktakunapi wiñaymanta kichwa shimi rimak ayllukuna kawsashkakuna (Yachay 1, chaymanta ñawpakman).[8] Kay Ecuador punasuyu kichwa shimi kawsakushka shinallatak/nakashpaka chinkarikushkata chayashpatak riksina paktaytami churarkachin, kay riksishkakunawan ashtawan alli yachayta chayachinkapak. Kay mushuk yuyay taripaytaka 2.813 wasi ayllukunata punasuyu iskun markakunapi tariparkanchik: Imbabura (IM), Pichincha (PI), Cotopaxi (CO), Tungurahua (TU), Chimborazo (CH), Bolívar (BO), Cañar (CA), Azuay (AZ) shinallatak Loja (LO) (Shuyu 1), kay markamanta kichwa-castellano ishkay shimita rimak ayllukunawan. Tantachishka yuyaykunapika, kaytami tarirkanchik, tawka markakunapika kichwa shimita paktami rimakurkakuna (i. e. Chimborazo, Cotopaxi markakunapi), kayshukkunapika, achka wakllirishkami rikurirka. Wakin markakunapika achka chikanyashkami kashka (i. e. Loja) shinallatak ishkay shimita rimaymi ashtawan mirakushka. Shinapash Tawkashimita rimak llaktapika ishkay shimita rimay pakta kana kashpapash, llakimi rikurin ishkay shimi rimay kay kutinpika -kanmi) chakrushka simi, shinaka runa shimi castellano shimiwan chakrurishpami chinkarikushka, kayshinallatakmi yachana wasikunapipash rikurikun.

  1. Yachay 2. Llakta ayllushimiyachay kuska-yachishka (2010–2016)

Kay ishkayniki yachay llamkayka OM riksishkapi kimirin shinallatak GeolingüísticaEcuador (geolinguistica) llamkay yanapashkami, kay llaktapi kawsakuk shimikuna imashina kawsakushkata riksina yuyaywan llamkashka, kaykutinka kuska-yachishkawan paktarishpa. Kay kapak killkapika punasuyu kichwa shimimantami rimashun. 1 Yachay paktashkapi shinallatak, chay markakunallapitakmi tawka shimi rimak chikan chikan yachayta charikkunawan llamkashun. Tukuy kay llamkanapak kimirishka ayllukunami munachik yachayta shinallatak kuska-yachiyna imashina paktana riksinata, yuyaykuna wakichinata, shinallatak tukuyshina llikapankapi llamkanatapash yacharkanchik. Kacharishka rimarishkawan, riksichishkakunawan, shinallatak 3.234 ishkayshimipi[9] taripashkawan, 1 Yachaypi paktarishka shinallatakmi yuyayrinata, riksishkakunatapash tantachirkanchik, kay kutinka, allpa tupu manyashkata, mushuk paktaykunamanta, mushuk antanikichikmanta, llikapankapi tinkirimanta yuyaykunata tantachirkachik. Kayshina yuyaykunawan-yachayñanwan allinta rikuywan shinallatak ishkantak yachaykunawan may kuskakunapi kawsaykunapipash kichwa shimi castellano shimipash sakirikushkatami riksishun.

Rikchay 1. Tawka markakunapi yachachiykuna katiraykunapash

Kay 1 Yachaypika, kichwa shimimi mama shimi karka (L1) tukuymanta 73% tukuy akllashka rimakkunamanta (2.841), shinallatak castellano shimika (C) tukuy tarishpa ayllukunamanta 24% (675) ayllukunapak mama shimimi karka. Shinapash 2,5% (71) ayllukunallami wacharishkamanta kichwa – Castellano ishkay shimita rimanchik nishpa riksirirkakuna. 2 Yachawan chimpapurakpika, taripashka runakunaka paykunapak mamashimi kichwa (L1) shimi kashka ashayarkami, Pichincha markapi chikanyashpa. Chimborazo shinallatak Bolivar markakunapi akllashka ayllukunaka 30% shinallatak 45% paktayayman chayan, (Maru 1, iñusinshun 1).

Mana shuyakushka yupayka Pichincha markapillami rikurirka, kaypika 2 Taripaypi L1 kichwa shimita rimakukkunaka 2% patsakaman mirarirka. Kayshina mirayka runallakta kichwa shimita rimak ayllukuna Pichincha marka, Ecuador llaktapak Quito kapakllaktaman chayashkamanta, kaypimi tarpushpa llamkaypi paktarikunkuna. Kamakunaypika, mana akllashpa kuskallaktapi taripaypika, kay ayllukunaka kikin wasi ayllupuraka kichwa shimipi rimanakunkuna. Kay riksiy may alli kashpapash, Quito llaktaman chayamuk ayllukuna mintalay llamkaypi kimirikkunaka, paykunapak wawakunawanka Castellano shimipilla rimanakunkuna. Kayshina hawalla rikunaka purishpa katukkuna shinallatak wayllamikuna, rurukuna mintalakkunami kitikunapika kay añaw llawtu (COVID-19 pandemia) unkuy kallarishkamanta (pawkar killka 2020)[10] kawsakunkuna. Kichwa shimita rimayka kay punasuyukunami yuyakkuna wamrakunaman yachachiyka, 35% patsaktamanta mana yallinchu.

Rimashkata llimpiyshka shina, Chimborazo markapi riksishkata ashtawan kuchulla riksishun, kay marka mamallaktapak chawpipimi sakirin, wiñaymantami kay llaktapika kichwa rimak ayllukuna ashtawan kawsashka. 1 Yachaypika 582 ayllukuna L1 rimaktami taripashka karka shinallatak 2 Yachaypika 535 ayllukunata taripashka karka. Kallaripika 91.9% patsakmanta ayllukunami wasi ayllupi L1 rimayta shina charinchik nirkakuna, ishkayniki yachaypika 61,1% patsakman uriyarka. Kichwa shimita wasi ayllupura rimakkuna, shukniki yachaypika 78% patsakmanta chayarka shinallatak ishkayniki yachaypika 49.3% patsakmantami kichwa rimanchik nirka shinallatak 31.8% patsakmantami castellano shimita rimanchik nirka. Ashtawanka, mamayayawan wawakunawan rimashka shimipash chikanyanmi, yayakunawanka 62,4% patsakmantami kichwapi riman, shinallatak 18.9 wawakunawan[11] rimankuna.

Tawka rikurikunami kichwa shimita chikanyachinapi yanapashkashina riksirin. Kay markamantaka llaktayukkunami achka achka shuktak kitikunaman llukshishka, ashtawankarin yunka llakta Guayas marka, Ecuador mamallaktapak kallaripimi mintalay kuska llaktaman (Shuyu 2), Kay pachakunallapash punasuyu kitiman, Quito llaktaman ashtawanka chayamuska; Estados Unidos, España e Italia. Solórzano (2019) Chimborazo marka ayllukunaka kay (1950–2017) watakuna purinakuy yachayta riksina taripaypi ninmi, kashna purinakuyka 50 chunkayachik watakunapimi alli llamkayta, yachayta, kawsayta, kawsayta-tarpuytapash mashkashpa kallarirkakuna. Kay suyu llaktamanta killkashkakunapi, kay llakta pushakkunapipash kashna purinakuyka tarpuna allpa sinchiyta waklliriypimi ashtawan rikurishka shinallatak runa llaktapash chiktariy tiyashkata riksichin, shinallatak añaw llawtu (COVID-19) unkuy kallarishkamanta purinakuyka mana harkarishkachu, chaymantami rikunchik tawka kitikunamantaka chunkan chunkan ayllukuna Estados Unidos suyu llaktaman kay 2020 wata rishkakuna. Kay rimanakuy paktarikukpipash, runallakta tawka ayllukunami kariyana munanchik nirkakuna, shinaka, castellano shinallatak inglés[12] shimita pakta rimanata mutsunchik nirkakuna. Shinaka mana mancharinachu kanchik Chimborazo tawka runallaktakunapika llaktayukkunaka 50% patsakmanta kay 2013 watamantaka ashayashkakuna (eltelegrafo); shinaka kichwa shimita millankuna, kayshina paktariyka Solórzano (2019) rikuypi shinallatak 2 Yachaypi tapushka tawka ayllukunaka ñami rikurishkashina karka, pichka chunka watakunamanta chikanyashka shinallatak llapik ayllukuna kichwa shimi rimakpi, kawsay tarpuymanatapash wakllichik yuyaykuna chayachishka. Kashkatakkunami, llaki kashpapash, kunankama tiyanrak, kay BC (kichwa shimita pakta rimana warmi) rimanakuypi rikurishka shina payka Esperanza runallaktapi kawsan shinallatak ninmi, paypak kusa Yunka llaktamanta karu uyachikpi kayakpi, pay llamkakushkamanta, rimakushpaka ñapash Castellano shimipi rimay kallarinllami. Payka pinkaymantami kashna riman yuyani, paypak kuchullapi ayllukuna uyakukyallishkamanta, nin: Maykankuna uyanchari…Pinkanka (‘Mayhankuna uyakunka yuyani…chaymanta payka pinkarin’).[13]

Kay shuyu llaktallapitak, yuyaypaktarishka ninchikmi, yayamamapash wawakunata español shimita rimachun munankuna: “allimi, ñukapa uchillaku castellano shimita rimay” (MEL,06/16).[14] Mana pantashpa, ishkayshimi rimay/tawka shimi rimayka rimakkunata yanapaymi kana kan, chikiyashpapash ninchikmi, kayshina rikuykunapika, ishkayshimi rimay ashayashkawanmi chimpapuranchik, kaypika kichwa shimika wakllirishpa chikanyashkami Castellano shimika rikurin, shinaka ushayta charikkunawan chimpapurashkamanta rikurishkami kan.

Runa warmikunapash yachana wasikunapi imashina chikanyachishpa wakllichishka kashkata willashkami: “Ñukanchik runa llaktakunapika kichwa kashkata mana yacharkanchikchu, ashtawanpash yankashimi rimankichik nirka, yanka nishaninmi “wakllishka”, shinaka “kay shimika mana imapak usharik” (RG, 2010). Haboud (2004a y 2003b) Nina Pacari warmiman rikurishkata riksichirka, payka Congreso hatun wasipi 1998 watami kallari warmi kichwa kamachi killkak yaykurka, shinallatak kipa watakunaka Llaktapak Canciller pushayman chayarka (2003) (Haboud 2003b). Llaktayukkunapura tawka rimanakuypi uyarirkami: “Shuk runa warmi ñukanchikta pushakka mana kana kanchu”. “Abogada yachay nakashpaka shuktak yachay charik kaypash mana paktarinchu kayshina churanawanka imashinatak llakta riksichiy rimanakuyman chayanka” (JH, comunicación personal, 2003).[15]

Chikanyachiy kay watakunapi ashayashka rikurishpapish, kay puchukay punchakunapi llakta pushak akllarinapak shutirishka, Yaku Pérez, runata millayshimiwan tawka rimakashkata uyashkanchik, pay runaka 2021 watapi mamallakta pushak akllarinapak mishanakuyman yaykurka. Wakin rimaykunaka pay imashina rikurishkamanta rimashkami karka, kikin rimaymanta shuti aspinamantapash, mamallakta akllarinapak mishanakukuk runamanta nirkami paypak kayshina shuti aspika mamallakta pushakshina kanapak mana kanchu nirkakunami (Rikchay 2).[16]

Runa shimikunata wiñaymanta kawsay tarpuytapash charishpa katinapak munayka, Ishkayshimi Kawsapura Yachay (Educación Intercultural Bilingüe) llika yachay paktariymi kan. Ecuador mamallaktapakka, riksishkanchikmi, allita yuyashka kashpapash katinallami karka, chay punchakunaka, Abya-Yala (DINEIB 1994) yuyaykatina llamkaykuna, shinapash castellano shimiman chakruchik shukllapi tantachikmi tukunaman chayashka, ashtawankarin llamkay kallarishakamanta kay puchukay chunkawatakunapi, kay willachiywan “wakchakunapaklla yachana wasi mana kanchu”, kay Unidades Educativas del Milenio (UEM) yachanawasikuna, antanikichikwan hatun yachana wasikunashina, tukuy llaktapak chayshinallatak, chikiyashpaka ashtawanpash castellano shimiwan chakrurin mishuman tikran.[17] 2 Yachaypika taripashka runakuna ishkayshimi yachana wasiman mishu yachana wasiman rishka kashpapash, 2.8% patsakmanllami kichwa shimipi killkanata ushanchik ninmi, 61.5% patsakkunaka español shimipi killkanchik nin, shinallatak sakirik (22.4%) ayllukunaka ishkayshimipi killkanchik nirkakunami.

Kashnami Borja y Borja (2016), yachachik runa warmi kay EIB yachana wasikunapi killkakatina-killkanata yachachinapak kuskiyshkata riksinapak rikuchin. Kanchisniki wata yachaypi kak yachakukkuna kichwa shimipi ñawparimayta killkakatikkunaka 11%[18] patsakmantallami katinkuna, paykunaka ninkunami, tukuypachami, yachachikka kichwa shimipi killkashkata español shimiman kutinyachinata mutsun. Rikunchikpashmi kichwa shimirimaypi ruraykunaka ashalla yuyaywiñachik kashkata shinallatak yachakukkuna kutinpash yuyayta sinchiyachiypika paykuna “shimita mana alli rimashkamanta” mana allimi rikurin. Shinaka paykunawan mana kashpaka shuktakwanpash español shimita rimanaman kayachin, chaymanta kichwa shimi mana mutsuri, yachanapak sinchiy kashka yuyayman chayachin shinallatak 30 watamanta uriman runakunaka, español shimillatami rimankuna.

Imbaquingo (2020), kay Unidad Educativa del Mileno yachanawasi, Zumbahua (Cotopaxi) llaktapi imashina llamkay katikushkata kuskin, kaypika 90% patsakmanta 1200 yachakukkunaka kichwa ayllukunami, shinapash runa shimika unanchayllami kan, awaki punchakunallami llaktapak hayllita takinkuna, shinallatak tukuy yachana wasipimi purina rikuchik upaklla killkakunallami (7 rikchay) rikurin. Killkakka shimiyachay-yachachiynapak llaktay, llamkanapak alli yuyay charishpapish, mana paktachikunchu. Chashnami, kay yachana wasika runapak yachana wasikuna panta kawsaypi kashkata rikuchin.[19] Chaymantami, rikunchik, kay 2 yachaypika, taripashka ayllukunaka ishkay shimi yachana wasipi, mishu yachana wasipipash yachashkata mana rikushpa ashtawanka, castellano shimipi killkakatinchik, killkanchikpash nin.

Kichwa shimi kichanyayka punchantami miran shinallatak kichwa shimi paktarishkapash ashallami, wawan wawan yachachishpa katinapash wakchami sakirishka shinallatak yachaykunapash castellano shimimanmi pushankuna. Allita yanapak llaktaykunapash mana tiyanchu. Kayshina paktaykunaka kichwa shimiwan willanakunapak, yachaykunata paktanapak ashayashkami kan. Llaktamanta karuraypash runallaktakunapak shimiyachay-kawsaytarpuy shuktakyay, tarpuna allpamanta anchuriy shinallatak pachamamanta rikuranapash shuktakyashkami mirarimun. Shimita shinallatak kawsaytarpuyta charishpa katinapakka shimiyachay paktanapash mana allikuna kanchu. Tukuyta ukllak llaktayukkunaka, rikurishpa mana rikurishpapash, chawchurik shinallatak kawsaytarpuy aynikunawan katinapak wakllichikmi kan. Chikanyachiyka mana shuk ruraymantalla rikurinchu, ashtawanpash wiñaykawsaymanta-llaktaymanta rikurishka ruraykunami Ecuador llaktayukkunapak ukun shunkupi kawsakun.

Katipi millka killkawanka kawsachinapak ruraykunamanta, Mushukkawsaypi rimaykunapi llamkaywan kawsaklla-kawsachik killkakkuna, shinallatak runallaktamanta tawka sinchiy llankaykunatami kaypi riksichini.

  1. Karmayuyaywan paktarinapak llamkaykuna

  1. Rimayta shinallatak wiñaymanta riksishka hampi yachaytapash kutin kawsachina.

Kay llamkay, Rimayta shinallatak wiñaymanta riksishka hampi yachaytapash, Ecuador punasuyu kichwa runallaktakuna mañashkamanta 2007 watapi Mushukkawsaypi rimaykuna, Imbabura, Cotopaxi marka kichwa runallaktakunawan makipurashpa kutinkawsachin-killkata hampinamanta unkuykunamanta, hampi kiwakunamanta, hampirinamanta, hampi paktanamanta, hampirishkata katiranamantapash llamkay riksina kallarirkanchik. Kay llamkayka runakay yachaypi mushuk yuyaykuna tantachinapi yachashkawan makipuranapak[20] shinallatak runallakta ayllupura, OM llamkakkunawanpash makipurashpa allichishkami kan. Hatun chaypikak ayllukunaka, shinapash, mamakuna taytakunami wiñaymanta ruraykunata yachak, paykunamanta rimashkata, tukuyshina rimarishpa yachachinata, riksishkata willayta, kikinpak wiñaykawsayta, ruraykunata, kikinmanta riksishkata nakashpaka tawkapura riksishkatapash rimarikpak hatun yuyay kashkamanta willayta tantachichun mañarka. Kay yuyaykunaka tawka riksinakunapimi tiyan, ñawparimaypi, yuyayñawpakawsaypi, ñawparimaypipash, kikin kawsayta rimashkakuna, takishkakuna, arawikuna, shuktakunapash willayta riksichin. Chaypakka, runallakta ayllukunawan shinallatak OM llamkak ayllukunawan makipurashpa llamkashpami kallarimanta kawsaypura llamkayta yuyaykunata, yuyashkakunata, shukyashka yuyaykunata shinallatak chikanyashka aynikuna sumaychaytapash chimpanchishpa kallarirkanchik. Kaykamaka, kimsa punasuyupimi llamkashkanchik, Imbabura (runa llakta ayllukuna kichwa, Chirihuasi, El Abra shinallatak Cashaloma), Cotopaxi (runa ayllukuna kichwa de Tingo Pucará) shinallatak Pichincha (runa llakta Santa Teresa, Valencia shinallatak Tolontag kichwa shimita tukuy chinkachishka shinapash ñawpa yachaykunata charishpa katikun) (Shuyu 3).

Shuyu 3. Ecuador llaktapak makrakuna

—Yachay paktashka kuskakuna

Kay llamkay, Rimayta shinallatak wiñaymanta riksishka hampi yachaytapash, Ecuador punasuyu kichwa runallaktakuna mañashkamanta 2007 watapi Mushukkawsaypi rimaykuna, Imbabura, Cotopaxi marka kichwa runallaktakunawan makipurashpa kutinkawsachin-killkata hampinamanta unkuykunamanta, hampi kiwakunamanta, hampirinamanta, hampi paktanamanta, hampirishkata katiranamantapash llamkay riksina kallarirkanchik. Kay llamkayka runakay yachaypi mushuk yuyaykuna tantachinapi yachashkawan makipuranapak20 shinallatak runallakta ayllupura, OM llamkakkunawanpash makipurashpa allichishkami kan. Hatun chaypikak ayllukunaka, shinapash, mamakuna taytakunami wiñaymanta ruraykunata yachak, paykunamanta rimashkata, tukuyshina rimarishpa yachachinata, riksishkata willayta, kikinpak wiñaykawsayta, ruraykunata, kikinmanta riksishkata nakashpaka tawkapura riksishkatapash rimarikpak hatun yuyay kashkamanta willayta tantachichun mañarka. Kay yuyaykunaka tawka riksinakunapimi tiyan, ñawparimaypi, yuyayñawpakawsaypi, ñawparimaypipash, kikin kawsayta rimashkakuna, takishkakuna, arawikuna, shuktakunapash willayta riksichin. Chaypakka, runallakta ayllukunawan shinallatak OM llamkak ayllukunawan makipurashpa llamkashpami kallarimanta kawsaypura llamkayta yuyaykunata, yuyashkakunata, shukyashka yuyaykunata shinallatak chikanyashka aynikuna sumaychaytapash chimpanchishpa kallarirkanchik. Kaykamaka, kimsa punasuyupimi llamkashkanchik, Imbabura (runa llakta ayllukuna kichwa, Chirihuasi, El Abra shinallatak Cashaloma), Cotopaxi (runa ayllukuna kichwa de Tingo Pucará) shinallatak Pichincha (runa llakta Santa Teresa, Valencia shinallatak Tolontag kichwa shimita tukuy chinkachishka shinapash ñawpa yachaykunata charishpa katikun) (Shuyu 3).

Kay llamkaypi katishka purinakunaka OM (Rikchay 3) paktarinatami kimichin (1) runallakta achka llaktayukkunawan rimanakunata, (2) wankurikunata tantachina yachachinapak, (3) riksinapak llamkayta wiñachinapak shinallatak taripaykunatapash wiñachinapak, (4) mushuk yuyaymashkayta katirashpa llamkanapak, (5) tarishka yupaykunata chimpapurana, (6) paktachishkata chayachina llaktayukman riksichinapash. Paktariy llamkaykunaka tinkirishkami shinallatak kutinkutinmi karanakun, mushuk taripaykunata tukuykuna llamkashkata riksirishpa llaktayukwan paktarinapak. Kayka, chimpapurakkuna makipuranapak yuyarinakushka kashpa chaypika “paykuna” ninata sakina chaypak ranktika ñukanchik,[21] nina kanchik. Wawkipura runallakta ayllukuna kashpata yachashka: “Makipurashpami ashtawan sinchiyashun”.[22]

Rikchay 3. Kawsaklla-kutinkawsariy killkanapak yachayñan [23]

Willay chawchuy: Kay Haboud 2014 kallarishpa

Tukuy tantachishka willaymi shutichishka, allirikushka shinallatak Lexique-pro, shimiyachay yuyaynikik yankalla llikapankaman yaykuchishka karka, tantachinapak, wakichinapak, shimikamu ruranapak akllanatapash yanapan, shinallatak runallakta ayllukunaman mushuk shimikunawan rimanapak tikrachin, ashtawankarin wamrarak ayllukuna munanakllata rurashpa kayshina kikin shimipi llamkashpa katichun munachishpa. Kaykamamaka ishkay kamutami killkashkanchik (Haboud et al. 2019, 2021) shinallatak shukka llikapankapak (alli rikunapak shuyakun) (https://oralidadmodernidad.org/saberes-ancestrales/), kaypika 300 hampi kiwakunatami tantachishkanchik shinallatak tawka shimi yachana pitipankatapash[24] kimichishkanchik 26 kaypika shukyanchishpami kiwakunata imashina wiñashkata, mayhan kiwapura kashkata, kawsaypurakta, imapak hapinata, imapak mana hapina, imapak hapinatapashmi kimichishkanchik. Ashtawanka runa llaktakunapi ima shutiwan riksishkata churarkanchik wakinka kichwa shimipi kan (‘Chukirawa’), castellano shimipi (‘Valeriana’), nakashpaka ishkay shimipi (‘Allpa Anís), mushuk yachay shutita kimichinchik (Rikchay 4a, 4b, 5a, 5b). Ashtawanka, yachachinapak shuk kuyurik shuyukunata rurashkanchik, hampikuna imashina ruranata willayta shinallatak chayachinapak paktaykunatapash yuyarishkanchik. Kay COVID-19 unkuyka 39 hampi kiwakunawan uhuykunata, chirikunuk unkuytapash chimpapuranapak makikamuta ruranaman chayachirka, shinallatak mushuk yachay killkakunatapash rurarkanchik. Kay yachashkakunataka tukuymi runallakta ayllukunaman, hampina wasikunaman shinallatak kay llakta istallakta yachana wasikunamanpash chayachishkanchik.

Rikshay 4a, 4b, 5a, 5b

Kamu killkapi churashka kiwa shuyukuna

Pandemia unkuy hatun llakichika “allpapachawan riksirinapak shinallatak makipurana pacha chayamushkata rikuchinapak, allpata rikchachinapakmi” yanapashka, wawakuna wasiman[25] tikrashkata kimichishpapash, kashnami muyukunata kutin charinapak mashkay kallarishkanchik, mana hampikiwapakllata, ashtawapash tukuy mikuna murukunatapash mashkashpa kallarishkanchik (Rikchay Muyukuna).

  1. Mishukunata mashikunawan rimanakuypi, ñawpa yachaypipash tantachinakuy

Kay Añaw llawu (COVID-19) unkuyta chimpapurana yuyaywan shinallatak runa ayllukuna hawa urkuman kawsakkuna llakipi kashkata chimpapurana yuyaywan, Ortega,[26] kay Mushukyay Rimay wankurimanta, Hampina Yachakkunawan, Cotopaxi marka yachachikunawan, runallakta ayllukunawan shinallatak kay suyu llakta hampinawasipi llamkakkunawanmi “Allikayta tarpushun” shuti llamkayta kallarirka. Chaypakka, 200 yalli yachakukkunami paykunapak yuyay mama yayakunamanta hampikuna imapak kashka willayta tantachirkakuna, chaymanta akllashpa kay almácigos allpapi tarpurkakuna. Kayshina kallari llamkaypi riksishkata killkarkakuna shinallatak yachanawasiman chayachirkakuna. Wiñashka kiwakunata apashpami yayamamawan, yachachikkunawan, hampik yachakkunawan, hampina wasipi shuk hampi chakrata tarpurkakuna, shinami kiwakunata riksinapak munachirka, ashtawankarin hampik runakunaman hampikiwamanta riksichinalla mana kanchu, ashtawanka yuyakkuna wamrakunawan runallaktapi yachanakuyta, kichwa shimi rimayta shinallatak riksishkata yachachinapak munachinapa, ashtawanka, runallakta ayllukunata, yachanawasiman, hampina wasimanpash kichkiyachinapak, kayshina alli kawsaymi runallaktapi sumak kawsayta wiñachina kan, ashtawankarin kay añaw llawtu (COVID-19) unkukuna rikurishka pachakuna.

Kay llamkaykunapi riksishka achkami rikurin. Hampi kiwakunamanta, imapak paktarinata, imashina hampirinatapash ñawpamanta yachashkata kichwa shimipi yachachinaman munachirka, kay yachaykunata hampi runakunaman riksichirka paykunaka runallakta kawsaymanta achka chikanyashkakunami kan. Shinallatak yachaypaktanapak, (kikinmanta) yachayta shinallatak sumaychaytapash runallaktakuna, hampina wasiwan shinallatak yachanawasiwanpash shuyakushka makipurariyta paktarika. Kunanka kayshina yuyaypaktarishkawan katinapak kuyuchinapakmi sakirin, kay kimsa manyamanta shimiyachay-kawsaytarpuypak sinchita llamkashpa charishpa katinapak, shinallatak kayta paktanapak sinchimi kan (Rikchaykuna 6 and 7).

  1. Wayak kawsachiy pushayachay

Puchukay watakunapika kichwa shimiwan arinishkakuna kichwata rimashpa mana rimashpapash kawsachinapak tawka llamkaykunawan kallarishka. Makiruraymanta, takikunamanta, aranwamanta, kawsaymanta willachiymanta shinallatak kikin yuyaywan-yachayñanwanpash yachayta kallarishkakuna. Runallaktapak Anta-uyachikkuna kay Iluman anta-uyachikshina kichwa shimipi rimashpa llamkanata mirachishka shinallatak llikapankakunapipash punchanta takikunata, rimanakushkata, willaykunatapash kichwa shimipi mirachishka, mamapacha (pandemia) unkuymanta willaytapash kimichishpa. Tukuy allpapachapika, chay kuska ayllukunapura, istallaktakunapi tantanakushka kawsakpurakuna tawka kutinmi rimanakuykunata, webinars chimpapurayta shinallatak yachaykunatapash kichwa shimita sinchiyachina yuyaywan paktarishkakuna, llakta saywamanta yallishpa. Kaykunami, willaykuna paktarinata kallarichin, rimakkuna kikin rimashkawan kariyashkata yallishpa willachinkuna (Green Stocel 1995, KichwaHatary).[27] Istallakta Sumak Yachaywasikunapash kichwa/Quechua yachayman ruraykunamanpash kayachin (Ohio/quechua; uwisconsin/quechua) (Rikchay 8).

Puchukaypika shimiyachayta llaktaywan rikuykunaka, runa ayllukuna wankurishkamanta llakta pushakkunaman shinallatak yachakkunamanpash runa ayllukuna kawsakukta rikurashpa shimiyachay llaktayta wiñachinapak chayachin. Kayshina llamkayka hawamanta kanchamantapash churashka llaktayta anchuchinami mutsurin. Llamkanapak pakta yuyarishkawan Imbabura, Pichincha markakunapi llamkay kallarirkanchik, shinallatak shamuk punchakunapillami, tawkapura yachakkunawan, shimiyachay imashina paktarikushkata ñawpakman willashkata 1, 2 Yachaypi tarishka riksishkawan willaykunata paktayachishun. Ashtawan rikuchishunmi, kaykutinka, riksinapak akllashkamanta imakay willaykunata tantachinkapak. Kipamanka kayman kimirishkakuna paktanapak riksichik kamayta ruranka yuyaypaktarimanpash chayanka, llaktayukkuna kayshina paktarina allikan nishpa munachinamanpash chayanka. Chayanapak churashka yuyayka, kawsaywan paktarikuk llaktay churashkawan, llaktayuk kawsay rimanakuypi runa shimipi paktarinapak shinallatak ishkayshimi rimaytapash pakta pakta kachun, sinchiyachunpashmi mashkakun.

  1. Tantachik yuyayta yallishpa, alliyuyarishkakuna

Kay kapak killkapika Ecuador mamallaktapi kichwa shimi kawsay imashina kashkata riksichinata munarkani, shinallatak kutinkawsachinapak ruraykunata paktana shinallatak mushuk yuyaykuna mashkanapak tawkapura, tawka yachakkunawan, kaypi riksichishka shina yachayñan katishkata.

Shimita mana paktarishkamanta rimashpaka, punchanta chikanyashkami rikurin tawka ruraykunamanta shinallatak yuyay pantarishkamanta mana rimashkamantapash. Munaysuyakuywan, chay pachallatak tiyanmi, shimimanta llamkanata munakkukuna paykunaka kutinpashmi sinchi munaywan shimita kawsashinapak kikinllaktayashpa kallarikunkuna. Kay kichwa shimimanta mushuk yuyaypaktariypika, kimirishpa llamkakkuna runakuna mishukunapash, shamuk pachakunapi shimi kawsaymanta shinallatak rimakkunamantapash rikunata charinchik. Unanchanapaklla hapinata yallishpa, punchanta llamkaypi kawsaypi, karurikuriypipash rimanakunata paktanami kanchik, llakta saywata yallishpa tukuy llaktakunaman chayankapak, shinallatak kikinyashka punchanta rimanakuytapash ama wakllichinkapak. Maychaniyaymi kutinkawsachinapak churashka tawka yuyaykunaka kunanpika, yachak runa, mishu ayllukunamantalla lanchu ashtawanka kichwa shimimanta llamkakkuna paykuna mana kichwa shimita rimashpa shinallatak runa kashkata mana riksirishpapagsh shimi hayñikuna paktachun llamkakunkuna.

Chaykamaka, rikurinpashmi mitmay llapishka katikunrikmi chaymi wiñaykawsaymanta churashka yuyaykunata pakinapak harkachin shinallatak chawchuy, shimiyachay, runakaymanta rikuykuna piñayachinami kay yuyaykunaka Ecuador mamallakta ayllukunapi sinchita sapiyashkami (Haboud 2003a, 2003b y 2021). Wiñaykawsaypi akllashpa chikanyachiyka, yuchayashpa, kuchullapimi purikun shinallatak tawkapura kawsayta paktanapak ashayachishpa katikunrakmi, pakta pakta yachashkata chimpanchinata sumaychanapakpash. Shinami allita yuyashka llamkaykuna EIB shinakunapash wakinpika waklliriyman chayashpa shukllapi tantarishka shina rikurin. Kayshina rikukpika, chikan chikan kutichiykuna, tawka tantarikunamanta Ecuador mamallaktapak tawka suyullaktamanta, yuyaykunata shinallatak llamkayñanta kutin allichishkata, yachachiykuna paktana rikuchiytapash hapishkami kan, kay yuyaykuna kutinkawsachina yuyayta charikpi, shinallatak llaktakuna chikan chikan kawsayta charishka kakpipash. Kay hatun unkuy pachakunapi, ashtwan wakllirishka ayllukunami runa llaktapak aynikunawan, ñawpa hampi yachaywan, allpaman tikranapak ashtawankarin kichwa shimita wawan wawan yachanakushpa katinapakpash. Kay alli ruraykunaka illakpi shinallatak kunkarishkapash mana sakirina kanchu.

Kay 2007 wata, chay punchakunalla llakta pushanapak shutichishka Rafael Corea runaka pushayka “runa ayllukunapak” kanka nirkami, manapash chashna karkachu; shinallatak kay puchukay 14 watakunapika, natakchariy shinallatak tampulyaypash mirashkami. Kay 2021 wata, kutinmi mushuk pushay pachata, Guillermo Lasso, pushakwan kallarishkachik, payka tukuykunawan rimarinapak kayshina tukuykunata yanapanapak shuyakunimi nin, mancharinallami, kallari rimariypika sinchitami nirka “…shuk wipalallami shuklla llaktata katakun”. Shinallatak “shukllakay” pakta hayñikunata shinallatak chayanapakpash pakta kachun shuyakunchik, shinallatak tawkapura kawsaywan ama pantarishka kachun.[28] Kay ruraykunaka kunanlla pachakunapi ñukanchi kuchulla llaktakuna kuskyayta, tukuy riksishka willashkatami yuyachin. Shuktakmantaka, Perú llaktapi rikunchik, kay wata runa ayllu shimipi kamakta yanapakta yachachishkapipash, kay Fondo Editorial del Congreso pushakka llaktata waklliriman ama urmachinkapak castellano shimillapi rimachun kayachin; shinallatak shuktakmantaka, Colombia mamallaktapika español shimi unanchay runa shimikunata wakllichiywan paktashka patakunamanta rimanakushka katikun.

Kay killka kamu killkata wichkana pachami, allpa puncha. Shinka yuyanchikmi shuk shimikunaka muyukunami shinalltak kutinkawsachinapak muyuta tarpushpa mirarikmi kan, mana pantashpa shimimanmi kawsayta kutichinata munakunchik…

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Received: 2022-02-28
Accepted: 2022-12-12
Published Online: 2023-04-05
Published in Print: 2023-03-28

© 2023 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston

Articles in the same Issue

  1. Frontmatter
  2. Bringing the language forward: engagements with Quechua language planning and policy
  3. El quechua, la política y las políticas públicas: comentarios iniciales
  4. Rimaykunawan, ñawpa yachaykunawan ima, sumaq mosqoypa kamariynin. Kikinmanta simikunaq hamut’ayninwan, qhelqaqpa willarikuyninwan ima
  5. Youth, Quechua and neoliberalism in contemporary Perú
  6. Dirigentas, intérpretes, acompañantes: sobre metodologías participativas y construcción de la ciudadanía en el Perú
  7. Desde la documentación activa a la revitalización contextualizada: experiencias con comunidades kichwahablantes en Ecuador
  8. Hemispheric Quechua: language education and reclamation within diasporic communities in the United States
  9. Migrant bilingual youth, family, and school language policy: ethnographic insights for urban Quechua education
  10. Can schools revitalize Indigenous languages? Some updates
https://doi.org/10.1515/ijsl-2022-0043
Keywords for this article
active documentation-revitalization; collaborative methodology; Ecuador; Kichwa

Articles in the same Issue

  1. Frontmatter
  2. Bringing the language forward: engagements with Quechua language planning and policy
  3. El quechua, la política y las políticas públicas: comentarios iniciales
  4. Rimaykunawan, ñawpa yachaykunawan ima, sumaq mosqoypa kamariynin. Kikinmanta simikunaq hamut’ayninwan, qhelqaqpa willarikuyninwan ima
  5. Youth, Quechua and neoliberalism in contemporary Perú
  6. Dirigentas, intérpretes, acompañantes: sobre metodologías participativas y construcción de la ciudadanía en el Perú
  7. Desde la documentación activa a la revitalización contextualizada: experiencias con comunidades kichwahablantes en Ecuador
  8. Hemispheric Quechua: language education and reclamation within diasporic communities in the United States
  9. Migrant bilingual youth, family, and school language policy: ethnographic insights for urban Quechua education
  10. Can schools revitalize Indigenous languages? Some updates
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