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Transforming biomass into batteries: harnessing cellulose and nanocellulose for a sustainable energy storage future

  • Thivya Selvam , Siti Zafirah Zainal Abidin and Nor Mas Mira Abd Rahman ORCID logo EMAIL logo
Published/Copyright: May 7, 2025
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Abstract

The growing demand for sustainable and eco-friendly energy storage technologies has spurred extensive research into novel materials for batteries. This review investigates alternatives to traditional batteries that use synthetic polymers, such as polyethylene oxide (PEO), polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), and polypropylene (PP), which often involve hazardous materials and significant environmental impact. It focuses on cellulose, a biopolymer derived from renewable sources, and its derivative, nanocellulose, as promising, eco-friendly alternatives for various battery components. Cellulose, a biopolymer derived from renewable sources, has emerged as a promising candidate due to its abundant availability, low cost, and inherent eco-friendliness. Cellulose is greatly used in development of polymer electrolyte, anode, and cathode materials, acts as binder or additives and as a separator. These uses are discussed, showcasing their electrochemical performance, capacity retention, and rate capability. Nanocellulose, with its nanoscale porosity and mechanical stability, is shown to be a promising separator material, enhancing ion transport, and improving battery cyclability. Moreover, potential modifications and optimization strategies to improve battery performance have been discussed. Despite their potential advantages, cellulose-based batteries are still in the research and development stage. Several challenges must be addressed, including manufacturing scalability, optimizing energy density, and achieving high power outputs. However, ongoing research and advancements in polymer electrolyte materials bring us closer to commercialising these promising battery technologies. Cellulose-based batteries offer reduced environmental impact throughout their life cycle, from sourcing to disposal, contributing to a greener and more circular economy. In conclusion, cellulose-based batteries demonstrate great promise as an environmentally friendly and sustainable energy storage solution. This review aims to provide concise and insightful information on cellulose’s application in different components of batteries, showcasing its potential to transform the energy storage landscape and contribute to a cleaner and more sustainable future.


Corresponding author: Nor Mas Mira Abd Rahman, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, 50603, Malaysia, E-mail:

Acknowledgments

We want to thank the Ministry of Higher Education for the Fundamental Research Grant Scheme (FRGS/1/2022/STG04/UM/02/7) awarded to Dr. Nor Mas Mira Abd Rahman. The authors also gratefully acknowledge the financial support for part of this project from the Universiti Malaya under Universiti Malaya Research Excellence Grant (UMREG021-2023) and RU Grant SATU (ST043-2021).

  1. Research ethics: Not applicable.

  2. Informed consent: Not applicable.

  3. Author contributions: All authors have accepted responsibility for the entire content of this manuscript and approved its submission. Thivya Selvam: Review, conceptualization, writing – original draft. Nor Mas Mira Abd Rahman: conceptualization, resources, supervision, Writing – review and editing. Siti Zafirah Zainal Abidin: conceptualization, resources, supervision, Writing – review and editing. The authors have accepted responsibility for the entire content of this manuscript and approved its submission.

  4. Use of Large Language Models, AI and Machine Learning Tools: None declared.

  5. Conflict of interest: The authors state no conflict of interest.

  6. Research funding: This work was supported by the Ministry of Higher Education for the Fundamental Research Grant Scheme (Grant numbers FRGS/1/2022/STG04/UM/02/7). Author has also received research support from Universiti Malaya under Universiti Malaya Research Excellence Grant (UMREG021-2023) and RU Grant SATU (ST043-2021).

  7. Data availability: Not applicable.

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Received: 2024-04-02
Accepted: 2024-11-18
Published Online: 2025-05-07
Published in Print: 2025-05-26

© 2025 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston

Articles in the same Issue

  1. Frontmatter
  2. Editorial
  3. ICEAM 2023 and ICHEAM-2024
  4. Reviews
  5. Piezo-photocatalyst: unveiling unique catalytic properties of piezoelectric materials for photoreduction of CO2 – a review
  6. Transforming biomass into batteries: harnessing cellulose and nanocellulose for a sustainable energy storage future
  7. Original Papers
  8. Enhanced photocatalytic activity and dye degradation efficiency of La doped BiFeO3–reduced graphene oxide nanocomposite
  9. Investigation on structural, optical, thermal, and magnetic properties of BiFeO3 nanoparticles synthesized at lower annealing temperature
  10. Design and optimization of an economic HTL-free, non-toxic double-layer perovskite solar cell for enhanced performance and stability
  11. Analysis of high pressure response of nano-TiO2 for anatase and rutile phase
  12. Tin (Sn) nanoparticles: novel synthesis by exploding wire technique and crystalline, optical properties
  13. Effect of nanowire curviness on the resistance of nanowire-based networks: a computational study
  14. Determination of yield and BET surface area on varying microwave power, radiation time and flow rate of nitrogen gas during pyrolysis of mustard husk (Brassica juncea)
  15. Enhanced first-order non-linear optical responses of 4-amino-6-chloro-1,3-benzenedisulfonamide polymer
  16. Investigation of Humulus lupulus as a novel adsorbent for protein adsorption: assessment of sorption kinetics, surface topology, and thermal properties using BSA as a model protein
  17. News
  18. DGM – Deutsche Gesellschaft für Materialkunde
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