Abatement of volatile organic compounds in industrial bakery plants, a state-of-the-art analysis and technical-economic evaluation for a plant in northern Italy
-
Federico Solari
,
Claudio Suppini
Abstract
The release of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) into the environment considerably contributes to air pollution. To reduce the amount of these pollutants in the atmosphere, it has been necessary to introduce strict government regulations. In the bakery industry specifically, great attention is paid to the abatement of ethyl alcohol emissions released from the cooking chambers of industrial ovens. To control these emissions, VOC abatement devices are adopted, generally based on thermal and non-thermal technologies. After a detailed review of the most common systems for VOC reduction, the different technologies were evaluated by means of a technical-economic feasibility study focusing on an industrial bakery plant located in northern Italy, to identify the optimal abatement technology, intended as the solution that reaches the best trade-off among the legislative, environmental and economic aspects. Based on these considerations, the suggested choice resulted being the vacuum ultraviolet module, because of its efficiency and economic convenience.
-
Research ethics: Not applicable.
-
Informed consent: Not applicable.
-
Author contributions: Conceptualization: F.S., N.L., C.S., M.B., A.V. Methodology: F.S., N.L., C.S., M.B., A.V. Formal analysis: F.S., N.L., C.S., M.B. Investigation: F.S., N.L., C.S., M.B. Writing – Original Draft: F.S., N.L., C.S., M.B. Writing – Review and Editing: F.S., N.L., C.S., M.B. Visualization: C.S., M.B., A.V. Supervision: F.S., A.V.
-
Use of Large Language Models, AI and Machine Learning Tools: None declared.
-
Conflict of interest: The authors state no conflict of interest.
-
Research funding: None declared.
-
Data availability: Not applicable.
References
1. United Nations. Transforming our world: the 2030 agenda for sustainable development. A/RES/70/1 2015:1–35.Search in Google Scholar
2. Soni, V, Singh, P, Shree, V, Goel, V. Effects of VOCs on human health. In: Sharma, N, Agarwal, A, Eastwood, P, Gupta, T, Singh, A, editors. Air pollution and control. Energy, environment, and sustainability. Singapore: Springer; 2018:119–42 pp.10.1007/978-981-10-7185-0_8Search in Google Scholar
3. Atkinson, R. Atmospheric chemistry of VOCs and NOx. Atmos Environ 2000;34:2063–101. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1352-2310(99)00460-4.Search in Google Scholar
4. Kesselmeier, J, Staudt, M. Biogenic volatile organic compounds (VOC): an overview on emission, physiology and ecology. J Atmos Chem 1999;33:23–88. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1006127516791.10.1023/A:1006127516791Search in Google Scholar
5. European Parliament and Council. Council Directive 96/61/EC of 24 September 1996 concerning integrated pollution prevention and control. Off J Eur Union 1996;39:26–40.Search in Google Scholar
6. European Parliament and Council. Directive 2008/1/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 15 January 2008 concerning integrated pollution prevention and control. Off J Eur Union 2008;51:8–29.Search in Google Scholar
7. European Parliament and Council. Directive 2010/75/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 24 November 2010 on industrial emissions (integrated pollution prevention and control). Off J Eur Union 2010;53:17–119.Search in Google Scholar
8. O’Malley, V. Integrated pollution prevention and control (IPPC) directive and its implications for the environment and industrial activities in Europe. Sens Actuators B Chem 1999;59:78–82. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0925-4005(99)00199-9.Search in Google Scholar
9. Khan, FI, Ghoshal, AKR. Removal of volatile organic compounds from polluted air. J Loss Prev Process Ind 2000;13:527–45. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0950-4230(00)00007-3.Search in Google Scholar
10. Chu, S, Wang, E, Feng, F, Zhang, C, Jiang, J, Zhang, Q, et al.. A review of noble metal catalysts for catalytic removal of VOCs. Catalysts 2022;12. https://doi.org/10.3390/catal12121543.Search in Google Scholar
11. Guo, Y, Wen, M, Li, G, An, T. Recent advances in VOC elimination by catalytic oxidation technology onto various nanoparticles catalysts: a critical review. Appl Catal, B 2021;281:119447. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.APCATB.2020.119447.Search in Google Scholar
12. Liu, R, Wu, H, Shi, J, Xu, X, Zhao, D, Ng, YH, et al.. Recent progress on catalysts for catalytic oxidation of volatile organic compounds: a review. Catal Sci Technol 2022;12:6945–91. https://doi.org/10.1039/D2CY01181F.Search in Google Scholar
13. Yang, J, Fu, L, Wu, F, Chen, X, Wu, C, Wang, Q. Recent developments in activated carbon catalysts based on pore size regulation in the application of catalytic ozonation. Catalysts 2022;12. https://doi.org/10.3390/catal12101085.Search in Google Scholar
14. Preis, S, Klauson, D, Gregor, A. Potential of electric discharge plasma methods in abatement of volatile organic compounds originating from the food industry. J Environ Manag 2013;114:125–38. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JENVMAN.2012.10.042.Search in Google Scholar
15. Chen, Y-C, Yang, X-E, Lin, K-Y, Huang, W-W, Lin, C-C, Yu, K-P. Feasibility of using bed filters packed with rice-straw-based activated carbon and selected biomass waste for the control of frying fume exhaust. Environ Sci Pollut Control Ser 2020;27:38321–33. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-09929-0.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
16. Geldermann, J, Rentz, O. The reference installation approach for the techno-economic assessment of emission abatement options and the determination of BAT according to the IPPC-directive. J Clean Prod 2004;12:389–402. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0959-6526(03)00032-5.Search in Google Scholar
17. Gupta, AK, Modi, BA. Selection of sustainable technology for VOC abatement in an industry: an integrated AHP–QFD approach. J Inst Eng: Series A 2018;99:565–78. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40030-018-0294-7.Search in Google Scholar
18. Salvador, S, Kara, Y, Crussol, J-M. Improving VOC recuperative incinerators performances by increasing turbulence levels inside the combustion chamber – experimental results. Appl Therm Eng 2005;25:1871–81. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2005.03.006.Search in Google Scholar
19. Kosusko, M, Nunez, CM. Destruction of volatile organic compounds using catalytic oxidation. J Air Waste Manage Assoc 1990;40:254–9. https://doi.org/10.1080/10473289.1990.10466682.Search in Google Scholar
20. Yang, S, Qi, Z, Wen, Y, Wang, X, Zhang, S, Li, W, et al.. Generation of abundant oxygen vacancies in Fe doped δ-MnO2 by a facile interfacial synthesis strategy for highly efficient catalysis of VOCs oxidation. Chem Eng J 2023;452. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2022.139657.Search in Google Scholar
21. Zhao, S, Song, K, Jiang, R, Ma, D, Long, H, Shi, J-W. Sm-modified Mn-Ce oxides supported on cordierite as monolithic catalyst for the low-temperature reduction of nitrogen oxides. Catal Today 2023;423:113966. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cattod.2022.11.027.Search in Google Scholar
22. Huang, H, Xu, Y, Feng, Q, Leung, DYC. Low temperature catalytic oxidation of volatile organic compounds: a review. Catal Sci Technol 2015;5:2649–69. https://doi.org/10.1039/C4CY01733A.Search in Google Scholar
23. Jing, Y, Wang, G, Mine, S, Kawai, J, Toyoshima, R, Kondoh, H, et al.. Promoting effect of basic metal additives on DeNOx reactions over Pt-based three-way catalysts. J Catal 2022;416:209–21. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JCAT.2022.10.018.Search in Google Scholar
24. Yoon, KS, Wang, M, Nguyen-Phu, H, Hwi Jeong, D, Woo Shin, E. Investigating the influence of Ni-CexZr1–XO2 interaction on oxygen vacancy and catalytic behavior of Ni/CexZr1–XO2 catalysts for ethanol steam reforming. J Catal 2022;416:240–52. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JCAT.2022.11.009.Search in Google Scholar
25. Cheng, C, Wang, J, Shen, D, Xue, J, Guan, S, Gu, S, et al.. Catalytic oxidation of lignin in solvent systems for production of renewable chemicals: a review. Polymers 2017;9. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym9060240.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
26. Jin, Y, Quan, Y, Liu, J, Qi, C, Pan, P, Shan, B, et al.. Controlled synthesis of niobium and rare earth mixed oxides for catalytic combustion of chlorinated VOCs in the synthesis process of polyether polyol and polyurethane. J Solid State Chem 2022;313:123318. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JSSC.2022.123318.Search in Google Scholar
27. Musialik-Piotrowska, A, Syczewska, K. Catalytic oxidation of trichloroethylene in two-component mixtures with selected volatile organic compounds. Catal Today 2002;73:333–42. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0920-5861(02)00017-2.Search in Google Scholar
28. You, Y, Huang, H, Shao, G, Hu, J, Xu, X, Luo, X. A three-dimensional numerical model of unsteady flow and heat transfer in ceramic honeycomb regenerator. Appl Therm Eng 2016;108:1243–50. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.APPLTHERMALENG.2016.08.035.Search in Google Scholar
29. Pu, G, Li, X, Yuan, F. Numerical study on heat transfer efficiency of regenerative thermal oxidizers with three canisters. Processes 2021;9. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr9091621.Search in Google Scholar
30. Hao, X, Li, R, Wang, J, Yang, X. Numerical simulation of a regenerative thermal oxidizer for volatile organic compounds treatment. Environ Eng Res 2018;23:397–405. https://doi.org/10.4491/eer.2018.057.Search in Google Scholar
31. Chou, M-S, Hei, C-M, Huang, Y-W. Regenerative thermal oxidation of airborne N,N-dimethylformamide and its associated nitrogen oxides formation characteristics. J Air Waste Manage Assoc 2007;57:991–9. https://doi.org/10.3155/1047-3289.57.8.991.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
32. Geng, W, Zhang, J, Yuan, D, Sun, R, Peng, L. Application study on three-bed regenerative thermal oxidizers to treat volatile organic compounds. IOP Conf Ser Earth Environ Sci 2018;170. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/170/4/042137.Search in Google Scholar
33. Salvador, S, Kara, Y, Crussol, JM. Improving VOC recuperative incinerators performances by increasing turbulence levels inside the combustion chamber – experimental results. Appl Therm Eng 2005;25:1871–81. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.APPLTHERMALENG.2005.03.006.Search in Google Scholar
34. Bagheri, M, Mohseni, M. A study of enhanced performance of VUV/UV process for the degradation of micropollutants from contaminated water. J Hazard Mater 2015;294:1–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JHAZMAT.2015.03.036.Search in Google Scholar
35. Li, YH, Cheng, SW, Yuan, CS, Lai, TF, Hung, CH. Removing volatile organic compounds in cooking fume by nano-sized TiO2 photocatalytic reaction combined with ozone oxidation technique. Chemosphere 2018;208:808–17. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.CHEMOSPHERE.2018.06.035.Search in Google Scholar
36. Maurer, DL, Koziel, JA. On-farm pilot-scale testing of black ultraviolet light and photocatalytic coating for mitigation of odor, odorous VOCs, and greenhouse gases. Chemosphere 2019;221:778–84. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.CHEMOSPHERE.2019.01.086.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
37. Wu, M, Leung, DYC, Zhang, Y, Huang, H, Xie, R, Szeto, W, et al.. Toluene degradation over Mn-TiO2/CeO2 composite catalyst under vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) irradiation. Chem Eng Sci 2019;195:985–94. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.CES.2018.10.044.Search in Google Scholar
38. Payan, A, Aghdam, NC, Soltan, J. Catalytic oxidation of acetone in air over Ag modified CeO2 catalysts under VUV irradiation: comparison of different treatment process, performance, and mechanism studies. J Environ Chem Eng 2022;10:107253. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JECE.2022.107253.Search in Google Scholar
39. Liu, Y, Wang, Y. Gaseous elemental mercury removal using VUV and heat coactivation of Oxone/H2O/O2 in a VUV-spraying reactor. Fuel 2019;243:352–61. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.FUEL.2019.01.130.Search in Google Scholar
40. Fernandes, A, Gągol, M, Makoś, P, Khan, JA, Boczkaj, G. Integrated photocatalytic advanced oxidation system (TiO2/UV/O3/H2O2) for degradation of volatile organic compounds. Sep Purif Technol 2019;224:1–14. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.SEPPUR.2019.05.012.Search in Google Scholar
41. Jaleh, B, Gandomi Rouzbahani, M, Abedi, K, Azizian, S, Ebrahimi, H, Nasrollahzadeh, M, et al.. Photocatalytic decomposition of VOCs by AC–TiO2 and EG–TiO2 nanocomposites. Clean Technol Environ Policy 2019;21:1259–68. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10098-019-01702-3.Search in Google Scholar
42. Cantera, S, López, M, Muñoz, R, Lebrero, R. Comparative evaluation of bacterial and fungal removal of indoor and industrial polluted air using suspended and packed bed bioreactors. Chemosphere 2022;308:136412. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.CHEMOSPHERE.2022.136412.Search in Google Scholar
43. Marycz, M, Brillowska-Dąbrowska, A, Cantera, S, Gębicki, J, Muñoz, R. Fungal co-culture improves the biodegradation of hydrophobic VOCs gas mixtures in conventional biofilters and biotrickling filters. Chemosphere 2023;313:137609. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.CHEMOSPHERE.2022.137609.Search in Google Scholar
44. Rybarczyk, P, Szulczyński, B, Gebicki, J. Simultaneous removal of hexane and ethanol from air in a biotrickling filter-process performance and monitoring using electronic nose. Sustainability 2020;12. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12010387.Search in Google Scholar
45. Lei, B, Xie, H, Chen, S, Liu, B, Zhou, G. Control of pore structure and surface chemistry of activated carbon derived from waste Zanthoxylum bungeanum branches for toluene removal in air. Environ Sci Pollut Control Ser 2020;27:27072–92. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-09115-2.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
46. Mottaghitalab, A, Khanjari, A, Alizadeh, R, Maghsoudi, H. Prediction of affinity coefficient for estimation of VOC adsorption on activated carbon using V-matrix regression method. Adsorption 2021;27:963–78. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10450-021-00321-z.Search in Google Scholar
47. Bruneel, J, Walgraeve, C, Dumortier, S, Stockman, J, Demeyer, P, Van Langenhove, H. Increasing mass transfer of volatile organic compounds in air scrubbers: a fundamental study for different gas–liquid systems. J Chem Technol Biotechnol 2018;93:1468–76. https://doi.org/10.1002/jctb.5515.Search in Google Scholar
48. Fernández Alonso, D, Gonçalves, JAS, Azzopardi, BJ, Coury, JR. Drop size measurements in Venturi scrubbers. Chem Eng Sci 2001;56:4901–11. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0009-2509(01)00140-3.Search in Google Scholar
49. Solari, F, Lysova, N, Ferretti, G, Volpi, A, Bocelli, M, Montanari, R. Abatement of volatile organic compounds from the exhaust gases of an industrial bakery oven: comparative analysis of different technological solutions. In: Bruzzone, AG, Longo, F, Vignali, G, editors. Proceedings of the 8th International Food Operations and Processing Simulation Workshop, FoodOPS 2022. Liguria: Dime University of Genoa; 2022.10.46354/i3m.2022.foodops.012Search in Google Scholar
© 2024 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston
