Home Investigation of nitrogen purging prior to UV treatment on quality of milk
Article
Licensed
Unlicensed Requires Authentication

Investigation of nitrogen purging prior to UV treatment on quality of milk

  • Jawaad Ahmed Ansari ORCID logo , Marliya Ismail and Mohammed Farid EMAIL logo
Published/Copyright: November 19, 2020

Abstract

Ultraviolet treatment (UV-C) is well known for its antimicrobial effects and current research shows that it has the potential to inactivate microorganisms in milk at much lower temperatures than conventional thermal treatment. However, Ultraviolet irradiation may result in adverse effects on milk quality, which arises due to photo oxidation in the presence of oxygen. Limiting the dissolved oxygen content in milk can minimize oxidative damage and thus, result in a better product quality. Nitrogen purging could be an effective method for reducing dissolved oxygen from liquids. The present study evaluates effects of nitrogen purging (prior to UV treatment) on milk quality. It was found that nitrogen purged UV treated milk causes minimal changes to physicochemical properties of milk.


Corresponding author: Mohammed Farid, Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland1142, New Zealand, E-mail:

Funding source: Ministry of Business, Innovation, and Employment

Award Identifier / Grant number: MAUX1402

Acknowledgement

We would like to acknowledge the Ph.D. scholarship awarded to Jawaad Ahmed Ansari by NED University of Engineering & Technology, Karachi, Pakistan.

  1. Author contribution: All the authors have accepted responsibility for the entire content of this submitted manuscript and approved submission.

  2. Research funding: This research was carried out as part of the Food Industry Enabling Technologies (FIET) programme funded by the New Zealand Ministry of Business, Innovation, and Employment (contract MAUX1402).

  3. Conflict of interest statement: The authors declare no conflicts of interest regarding this article.

References

1. Jenness, R. Composition of milk. In: Wong, NP, Jenness, R, Keeney, M, Marth, EH, editors. Fundamentals of dairy chemistry. Boston, MA: Springer US; 1988:1–38 pp.10.1007/978-1-4615-7050-9_1Search in Google Scholar

2. Månsson, LH. Fatty acids in bovine milk fat. Food Nutr Res 2008;52:1821.10.3402/fnr.v52i0.1821Search in Google Scholar

3. Cappozzo, JC, Koutchma, T, Barnes, G. Chemical characterization of milk after treatment with thermal (HTST and UHT) and nonthermal (turbulent flow ultraviolet) processing technologies. J Dairy Sci 2015;98:5068–79. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2014-9190.Search in Google Scholar

4. Kilshaw, PJ, Heppell, LM, Ford, JE. Effects of heat treatment of cow’s milk and whey on the nutritional quality and antigenic properties. Arch Dis Child 1982;57:842–7. https://doi.org/10.1136/adc.57.11.842.Search in Google Scholar

5. Efigênia, M, Povoa, B, Moraes-Santos, T. Effect of heat treatment on the nutritional quality of milk proteins. Int Dairy J 1997;7:609–12. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0958-6946(97)00049-6.Search in Google Scholar

6. Kessler, H-G, Beyer, H-J. Thermal denaturation of whey proteins and its effect in dairy technology. Int J Biol Macromol 1991;13:165–73. https://doi.org/10.1016/0141-8130(91)90043-T.Search in Google Scholar

7. Patton, S. Browning and associated changes in milk and its products: a review. J Dairy Sci 1955;38:457–78.10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(55)95000-1Search in Google Scholar

8. Shimamura, T, Ukeda, H. Maillard reaction in milk effect of heat treatment. In: Hurley, WL, editor. Milk protein. Rijeka, CroatiaTrang: InTech; 2012:147–158 p.10.5772/50079Search in Google Scholar

9. Van Boekel, MAJS. Effect of heating on Maillard reactions in milk. Food Chem 1998;62:403–14. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0308-8146(98)00075-2.Search in Google Scholar

10. Li, X, Farid, M. A review on recent development in non-conventional food sterilization technologies. J Food Eng 2016;182:33–45. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2016.02.026.Search in Google Scholar

11. Cilliers, FP, Gouws, PA, Koutchma, T, Engelbrecht, Y, Adriaanse, C, Swart, P. A microbiological, biochemical and sensory characterisation of bovine milk treated by heat and ultraviolet (UV) light for manufacturing Cheddar cheese. Innovat Food Sci Emerg Technol 2014;23:94–106.10.1016/j.ifset.2014.03.005Search in Google Scholar

12. Choudhary, R, Bandla, S, Watson, DG, Haddock, J, Abughazaleh, A, Bhattacharya, B. Performance of coiled tube ultraviolet reactors to inactivate Escherichia coli W1485 and Bacillus cereus endospores in raw cow milk and commercially processed skimmed cow milk. J Food Eng 2011;107:14–20. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2011.06.009.Search in Google Scholar

13. Ansari, JA, Ismail, M, Farid, M. Extension of shelf life of pasteurized trim milk using ultraviolet treatment. J Food Saf 2020;40:e12768.10.1111/jfs.12768Search in Google Scholar

14. Koutchma, T, Barnes, G. Shelf life enhancement of milk products. Food Technol 2013;10:68–9.Search in Google Scholar

15. Davies, MJ, Truscott, RJW. Photo-oxidation of proteins and its role in cataractogenesis. J Photochem Photobiol B Biol 2001;63:114–25. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1011-1344(01)00208-1.Search in Google Scholar

16. Sattar, A, deMan, JM, Furia, TE. Photooxidation of milk and milk products: a review. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 1975;7:13–37.10.1080/10408397509527200Search in Google Scholar

17. Guneser, O, Karagul Yuceer, Y. Effect of ultraviolet light on water- and fat-soluble vitamins in cow and goat milk. J Dairy Sci 2012;95:6230–41. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2011-5300.Search in Google Scholar

18. Matak, K, Sumner, S, Duncan, S, Hovingh, E, Worobo, R, Hackney, C, et al.. Effects of UV light on chemical indicators of goat’s milk. Department Food Science and Technology; 2004:49–84 p.Search in Google Scholar

19. EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies (NDA), Nutrition. Safety of UV‐treated milk as a novel food pursuant to Regulation (EC) No 258/97. EFSA J 2016;14:4370.10.2903/j.efsa.2016.4370Search in Google Scholar

20. Koutchma, T, Forney, LJ, Moraru, CI. Ultraviolet light in food technology: principles and applications. New York: CRC Press; 2009.10.1201/9781420059519Search in Google Scholar

21. Samuelsson, EG, Harper, WJ. Degradation of methionine by light and its dependence on pH and presence of oxygen. Milchwissenschaft 1961;16:344–7.Search in Google Scholar

22. Singleton, J, Aurand, L, Lancaster, F. Sunlight flavor in milk. I. A study of components involved in the flavor Development1. J Dairy Sci 1963;46:1050–3.10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(63)89206-1Search in Google Scholar

23. Deeth, HC, Lewis, MJ. High Temperature processing of milk and milk products. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons; 2017.10.1002/9781118460467Search in Google Scholar

24. Butler, IB, Schoonen, MAA, Rickard, DT. Removal of dissolved oxygen from water: a comparison of four common techniques. Talanta 1994;41:211–5. https://doi.org/10.1016/0039-9140(94)80110-X.Search in Google Scholar

25. Munsch-Alatossava, P, Ghafar, A, Alatossava, T. Potential of nitrogen gas (n2) flushing to extend the shelf life of cold stored pasteurised milk. Int J Mol Sci 2013;14:5668–85. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms14035668.Search in Google Scholar

26. Mazri, C, Sánchez, L, Ramos, SJ, Calvo, M, Pérez, MD. Effect of high-pressure treatment on denaturation of bovine lactoferrin and lactoperoxidase. J Dairy Sci 2012;95:549–57. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2011-4665.Search in Google Scholar

27. Ansari, JA, Ismail, M, Farid, M. Investigate the efficacy of UV pretreatment on thermal inactivation of Bacillus subtilis spores in different types of milk. Innovat Food Sci Emerg Technol 2019;52:387–93.10.1016/j.ifset.2019.02.002Search in Google Scholar

28. Müller, A, Stahl, MR, Greiner, R, Posten, C. Performance and dose validation of a coiled tube UV-C reactor for inactivation of microorganisms in absorbing liquids. J Food Eng 2014;138:45–52. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2014.04.013.Search in Google Scholar

29. Suzuki, YJ, Carini, M, Butterfield, DA. Protein carbonylation. Antioxidants Redox Signal 2010;12:323–5.10.1089/ars.2009.2887Search in Google Scholar

30. Shacter, E. Quantification and significance OF protein oxidation in biological samples*. Drug Metabol Rev 2000;32:307–26. https://doi.org/10.1081/DMR-100102336.Search in Google Scholar

31. Levine, RL, Garland, D, Oliver, CN, Amici, A, Climent, I, Lenz, AG, et al.. Determination of carbonyl content in oxidatively modified proteins. Methods Enzymol 1990;186:464–78.10.1016/0076-6879(90)86141-HSearch in Google Scholar

32. Fenaille, F, Parisod, V, Visani, P, Populaire, S, Tabet, J-C, Guy, PA. Modifications of milk constituents during processing: a preliminary benchmarking study. Int Dairy J 2006;16:728–39. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.idairyj.2005.08.003.Search in Google Scholar

33. Augustyniak, E, Adam, A, Wojdyla, K, Rogowska-Wrzesinska, A, Willetts, R, Korkmaz, A, Griffiths, HR. Validation of protein carbonyl measurement: a multi-centre study. Redox Biol 2015;4:149–57. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.redox.2014.12.014.Search in Google Scholar

34. Stoscheck, C. Quantitation of protein. Methods Enzymol 1990;182:50–68.10.1016/0076-6879(90)82008-PSearch in Google Scholar

35. Kwan, K, Nakai, S, Skura, B. Comparison of four methods for determining protease activity in milk. J Food Sci 1983;48:1418–21.10.1111/j.1365-2621.1983.tb03505.xSearch in Google Scholar

36. Imran, N. The role of visual cues in consumer perception and acceptance of a food product. Nutr Food Sci 1999;99:224–30. https://doi.org/10.1108/00346659910277650.Search in Google Scholar

37. Makwana, B. Investigation of safety and quality of raw milk during PEF and HPP treatments(Master’s thesis). New Zealand: University of Auckland; 2016.Search in Google Scholar

38. Minolta Company. Precise color communication: color control from feeling to instrumentation. Ramsey, NJ: Minolta; 1994.Search in Google Scholar

39. Costa, NR, Cappato, LP, Ferreira, MVS, Pires, RPS, Moraes, J, Esmerino, EA, Cruz, AG. Ohmic Heating: a potential technology for sweet whey processing. Food Res Int 2018;106:771–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodres.2018.01.046.Search in Google Scholar

40. Mucchetti, G, Gatti, M, Neviani, E. Electrical conductivity changes in milk caused by acidification: determining factors. J Dairy Sci 1994;77:940–4. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(94)77029-6.Search in Google Scholar

41. Dallal, G. Obtaining superscripts to affix to means that are not significantly different from each other, 2015. Retrieved from: http://www.jerrydallal.com/lhsp/similar.htm.Search in Google Scholar

42. Dalsgaard, TK, Otzen, D, Nielsen, JH, Larsen, LB. Changes in structures of milk proteins upon photo-oxidation. J Agric Food Chem 2007;55:10968–76.10.1021/jf071948gSearch in Google Scholar PubMed

43. Scheidegger, D, Pecora, R, Radici, P, Kivatinitz, S. Protein oxidative changes in whole and skim milk after ultraviolet or fluorescent light exposure. J Dairy Sci 2010;93:5101–9.10.3168/jds.2010-3513Search in Google Scholar PubMed

44. Skibsted, LH. Light-induced changes in dairy products. Bull Int Dairy Fed 2000;346:4–9.Search in Google Scholar

45. Hui, YH. Dairy science and technology handbook. New York: Wiley; 1993.Search in Google Scholar

46. Jung, MY, Yoon, SH, Lee, HO, Min, DB. Singlet oxygen and ascorbic acid effects on dimethyl disulfide and off-flavor in skim milk exposed to light. J Food Sci 1998;63:408–12. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2621.1998.tb15753.x.Search in Google Scholar

47. Lee, JH, Min, DB. Changes of headspace volatiles in milk with riboflavin photosensitization. J Food Sci 2009;74:C563–8. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1750-3841.2009.01295.x.Search in Google Scholar

48. Burton, H. Ultra-high-temperature processing of milk and milk products. New York: Springer Science & Business Media; 2012.Search in Google Scholar

49. Pagliarini, E, Vernile, M, Peri, C. Kinetic study on color changes in milk due to heat. J Food Sci 1990;55:1766–7.10.1111/j.1365-2621.1990.tb03625.xSearch in Google Scholar

50. Claeys, WL, Cardoen, S, Daube, G, De Block, J, Dewettinck, K, Dierick, K, et al.. Raw or heated cow milk consumption: review of risks and benefits. Food Contr 2013;31:251–62. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodcont.2012.09.035.Search in Google Scholar

51. Amador-Espejo, GG, Suàrez-Berencia, A, Juan, B, Bárcenas, ME, Trujillo, AJ. Effect of moderate inlet temperatures in ultra-high-pressure homogenization treatments on physicochemical and sensory characteristics of milk. J Dairy Sci 2014;97:659–71. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2013-7245.Search in Google Scholar

Received: 2020-03-11
Accepted: 2020-10-29
Published Online: 2020-11-19

© 2020 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston

Downloaded on 12.9.2025 from https://www.degruyterbrill.com/document/doi/10.1515/ijfe-2020-0052/html
Scroll to top button