Home Enzymatic Synthesis of Biodiesel by Direct Transesterification of Rapeseed Cake
Article
Licensed
Unlicensed Requires Authentication

Enzymatic Synthesis of Biodiesel by Direct Transesterification of Rapeseed Cake

  • Bartłomiej Zieniuk ORCID logo EMAIL logo , Małgorzata Wołoszynowska and Ewa Białecka-Florjańczyk
Published/Copyright: February 28, 2020

Abstract

Increase in energy demand and limited sources of fossil fuels force the world’s population to seek new energy sources Biodiesel obtained by transesterification of oils with an alcohol in the presence of catalysts is an example of renewable fuel. The aim of the study was to assess the best conditions for enzymatic biodiesel synthesis by direct transesterification of rapeseed cake using Taguchi method. The influence of alcohol (methanol, ethanol, propanol, and butanol), temperature (30–60 °C), C. antarctica lipase B concentration (0.5–2 %), time (6–48 h) and rapeseed cake to alcohol ratio (1:2–1:5) was examined in the synthesis of fatty acid alkyl esters. Optimum conditions for direct enzymatic transesterification of rapeseed cake are: 30 °C, 12 h, 0.5 % of lipase and ethanol in 4:1 ratio to rapeseed cake.

Abbreviations and Nomenclature

1,2-DAG

1,2-diacylglycerols

1,3-DAG

1,3-diacylglycerols

CALB

Candida antarctica Lipase B

FAEE

fatty acid ethyl esters

FABE

fatty acid butyl esters

FAME

fatty acid methyl esters

FAPE

fatty acid propyl esters

FFA

free fatty acids

MAG

monoacylglycerols

PPL

porcine pancreatic lipase

TAG

triacylglycerols

TLC

thin-layer chromatography

References

[1] Li Q, Du W, Liu D. Perspectives of microbial oils for biodiesel production. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. 2008;80:749–56.10.1007/s00253-008-1625-9Search in Google Scholar PubMed

[2] Ranganathan SV, Narasimhan SL, Muthukumar K. An overview of enzymatic production of biodiesel. Bioresource Technol. 2008;99:3975–81.10.1016/j.biortech.2007.04.060Search in Google Scholar PubMed

[3] Atadashi IM, Aroua MK, Abdul Aziz AR, Sulaiman NM. The effects of catalysts in biodiesel production: A review. J Ind Eng Chem. 2013;19:14–26.10.1016/j.jiec.2012.07.009Search in Google Scholar

[4] Fjerbaek L, Christensen KV, Norddahl B. A review of the current state of biodiesel production using enzymatic transesterification. Biotechnol Bioeng. 2009;102:1298–315.10.1002/bit.22256Search in Google Scholar PubMed

[5] Sebastian J, Vipin VC, Muraleedharan C, Santhiagu A. Enzymatic transesterification of rubber seed oil using Candida antarctica lipase B. J Adv Eng Res. 2017;4:104–8.Search in Google Scholar

[6] Du W, Xu Y, Zeng J, Liu D. Novozym 435-catalysed transesterification of crude soya bean oils for biodiesel production in a solvent-free medium. Biotechnol Appl Biochem. 2004;40:187–90.10.1042/BA20030142Search in Google Scholar PubMed

[7] Cervero JM, Alvarez JR, Luque S. Novozym 435-catalyzed synthesis of fatty acid ethyl esters from soybean oil for biodiesel production. Biomass Bioenergy. 2014;61:131–7.10.1016/j.biombioe.2013.12.005Search in Google Scholar

[8] Shimada Y, Watanabe Y, Samukawa T, Sugihara A, Noda H, Fukuda H, et al. Conversion of vegetable oil to biodiesel using immobilized Candida antarctica lipase. J Am Oil Chem’ Soc. 1999;76:789–93.10.1007/s11746-999-0067-6Search in Google Scholar

[9] Budzaki S, Salic A, Zelic B, Tisma M. Enzyme-catalysed biodiesel production from edible and waste cooking oils. Chem Biochem Eng Q. 2015;29:329–33.10.15255/CABEQ.2015.2177Search in Google Scholar

[10] Dizge N, Keskinler B. Enzymatic production of biodiesel from canola oil using immobilized lipase. Biomass Bioenerg. 2008;32:1274–8.10.1016/j.biombioe.2008.03.005Search in Google Scholar

[11] Su F, Peng C, Li G, Xu L, Yan Y. Biodiesel production from woody oil catalyzed by Candida rugosa lipase in ionic liquid. Renewable Energy. 2016;90:329–35.10.1016/j.renene.2016.01.029Search in Google Scholar

[12] Aghababaie M, Behesthi M, Razmjou A, Bordbar A. Enzymatic biodiesel production from crude Eruca sativa oil using Candida rugosa lipase in a solvent-free system using response surface methodology. Biofuels. 2020;11:93–9.10.1080/17597269.2017.1345359Search in Google Scholar

[13] Lima LN, Oliveira GC, Rojas MJ, Castro HF, Da Ros PC, Mendes AA, et al. Immobilization of Pseudomonas fluorescens lipase on hydrophobic supports and application in biodiesel synthesis by transesterification of vegetable oils in solvent-free systems. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol. 2015;42:523–35.10.1007/s10295-015-1586-9Search in Google Scholar

[14] Silva NC, Miranda JS, Bolina IC, Silva WC, Hirata DB, de Castro HF, et al. Immobilization of porcine pancreatic lipase on poly-hydroxybutyrate particles for the production of ethyl esters from macaw palm oils and pineapple flavor. Biochem Eng J. 2014;82:139–49.10.1016/j.bej.2013.11.015Search in Google Scholar

[15] Noureddini H, Gao X, Philkana RS. Immobilized Pseudomonas cepacia lipase for biodiesel fuel production from soybean oil. Bioresour Technol. 2005;96:769–77.10.1016/j.biortech.2004.05.029Search in Google Scholar

[16] Shah S, Gupta MN. Lipase catalyzed preparation of biodiesel from Jatropha oil in a solvent free system. Process Biochem. 2007;42:409–14.10.1016/j.procbio.2006.09.024Search in Google Scholar

[17] Guldhe A, Singh P, Kumari S, Rawat I, Permaul K, Bux F. Biodiesel synthesis from microalgae using immobilized Aspergillus niger whole cell lipase biocatalyst. Renewable Energy. 2016;85:1002–10.10.1016/j.renene.2015.07.059Search in Google Scholar

[18] Rozkrut D. Central statistical office of Poland. Statistical yearbook of agriculture. Warsaw: Zakład Wydawnictw Statystycznych, 2017. Accessed 23 August 2019.Search in Google Scholar

[19] Kaczmarek P, Korniewicz D, Lipiński K, Mazur M. Chemical composition of rapeseed products and their use in pig nutrition. Pol J Natur Sc. 2016;31:545–62.Search in Google Scholar

[20] Özçimen D, Karaosmanoğlu F. Production and characterization of bio-oil and biochar from rapeseed cake. Renewable Energy. 2004;29:779–87.10.1016/j.renene.2003.09.006Search in Google Scholar

[21] Maszewska M, Florowska A, Matysiak K, Marciniak-Łukasiak K, Dłużewska E. The study of palm and rapeseed oil stability during frying. J Appl Bot Food Qual. 2018;91:103–8.Search in Google Scholar

[22] Cavazzuti M. Optimization methods: from theory to design scientific and technological aspects in mechanics. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag, 2013.10.1007/978-3-642-31187-1Search in Google Scholar

[23] Karna SK, Sahai R. An overview on Taguchi method. Int J Eng Math Sci. 2012;1:11–18.Search in Google Scholar

[24] Ghani JA, Choudhury IA, Hassan HH. Application of Taguchi method in the optimization of end milling parameters. J Mater Process Technol. 2004;145:84–92.10.1016/S0924-0136(03)00865-3Search in Google Scholar

[25] Tsui K. An overview of Taguchi method and newly developed statistical methods for robust design. IIE Trans. 1992;24:44–57.10.1080/07408179208964244Search in Google Scholar

[26] Hanley KJ, O’Sullivan C, Oliveira JC, Cronin K, Byrne EP. Application of Taguchi methods to DEM calibration of bonded agglomerates. Powder Technol. 2011;210:230–40.10.1016/j.powtec.2011.03.023Search in Google Scholar

[27] ISO 12966-1:2014. Animal and vegetable fats and oils - Gas chromatography of fatty acid methyl esters - Part 1: Guidelines on modern gas chromatography of fatty acid methyl esters.Search in Google Scholar

[28] Iso M, Chen B, Eguchi M, Kudo T, Shrestha S. Production of biodiesel fuel from triglycerides and alcohol using immobilized lipase. J Mol Catal B Enzym. 2001;16:53–8.10.1016/S1381-1177(01)00045-5Search in Google Scholar

[29] Codex Alimentarius. Codex standard for named vegetable oils. Codex Stan 210-1999 http://www.fao.org/docrep/004/y2774e/y2774e04.htm#bm4.1 Accessed 26 September 2018.Search in Google Scholar

[30] Lotti M, Pleiss J, Valero F, Ferrer P. Effects of methanol on lipases: Molecular, kinetic and process issues in the production of biodiesel. Biotechnol J. 2014;10:22–30.10.1002/biot.201400158Search in Google Scholar PubMed

[31] Fedosov SN, Brask J, Xu X. Analysis of biodiesel conversion using thin layer chromatography and nonlinear calibration curves. J Chromatogr A. 2011;1218:2785–92.10.1016/j.chroma.2011.01.067Search in Google Scholar PubMed

[32] Gu H, Jiang Y, Zhou L, Gao J. Reactive extraction and in situ self-catalyzed methanolysis of germinated oilseed for biodiesel production. Energy Environ Sci. 2011;4:1337–44.10.1039/c0ee00350fSearch in Google Scholar

[33] Kartika IA, Yani M, Ariono D, Evon P, Rigal L. Biodiesel production from jatropha seeds: Solvent extraction and in situ transesterification in a single step. Fuel. 2013;106:111–17.10.1016/j.fuel.2013.01.021Search in Google Scholar

[34] Dhawane SH, Kumar T, Halder G. Biodiesel synthesis from Hevea brasiliensis oil employing carbon supported heterogeneous catalyst: Optimization by Taguchi method. Renew Energ. 2016;89:506–14.10.1016/j.renene.2015.12.027Search in Google Scholar

[35] Dizge N, Aydiner C, Imer DY, Bayramoglu M, Tanriseven A, Keskinler B. Biodiesel production from sunflower, soybean, and waste cooking oils by transesterification using lipase immobilized onto a novel microporous polymer. Bioresource Technol. 2009;100:1983–91.10.1016/j.biortech.2008.10.008Search in Google Scholar PubMed

[36] Szczęsna-Antczak M, Kubiak A, Antczak T, Bielecki S. Enzymatic biodiesel synthesis – Key factors affecting efficiency of the process. Renew Energ. 2009;34:1185–94.10.1016/j.renene.2008.11.013Search in Google Scholar

[37] Abigor RD, Uadia PO, Foglia TA, Haas MJ, Jones KC, Okpefa E, et al. Lipase-catalysed production of biodiesel fuel from some Nigerian lauric oils. Biochem Soc Trans. 2000;28:979–81.10.1042/bst0280979Search in Google Scholar

[38] Chen J, Wu W. Regeneration of immobilized Candida antarctica lipase for transesterification. J Biosci Bioeng. 2003;95:466–9.10.1016/S1389-1723(03)80046-4Search in Google Scholar

[39] Du W, Xu Y, Liu D. Lipase-catalysed transestrification of soya bean oil for biodiesel production during continuous batch operation. Biotechnol Appl Biochem. 2003;38:103–6.10.1042/BA20030032Search in Google Scholar PubMed

[40] Rosset IG, Cavalheiro MC, Assaf EM, Porto AL. Enzymatic esterification of oleic acid with aliphatic alcohols for the biodiesel production by Candida antarctica lipase. Catal Lett. 2013;143:863–72.10.1007/s10562-013-1044-0Search in Google Scholar

[41] Xu Y, Du W, Zeng J, Liu D. Conversion of soybean oil to biodiesel fuel using Lipozyme TL IM in a solvent-free medium. Biocatal Biotransform. 2004;22:45–8.10.1080/10242420410001661222Search in Google Scholar

[42] Jeong GT, Park DH. Lipase-catalyzed transesterification of rapeseed oil for biodiesel production with tert-butanol. Appl Biochem Biotechnol. 2008;148:131–9.10.1007/978-1-60327-526-2_60Search in Google Scholar

Received: 2018-09-30
Revised: 2020-01-27
Accepted: 2020-02-07
Published Online: 2020-02-28

© 2020 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston

Downloaded on 1.10.2025 from https://www.degruyterbrill.com/document/doi/10.1515/ijfe-2019-0089/html
Scroll to top button