Coordinated Action of Fast and Slow Reserves for Optimal Sequential and Dynamic Emergency Reserve Activation
-
Surender Reddy Salkuti
,
P. R. Bijwe
Abstract
This paper proposes an optimal dynamic reserve activation plan after the occurrence of an emergency situation (generator/transmission line outage, load increase or both). An optimal plan is developed to handle the emergency situation, using coordinated action of fast and slow reserves, for secure operation with minimum overall cost. This paper considers the reserves supplied by generators (spinning reserves) and loads (demand-side reserves). The optimal backing down of costly/fast reserves and bringing up of slow reserves in each sub-interval in an integrated manner is proposed. The simulation studies are performed on IEEE 30, 57 and 300 bus test systems to demonstrate the advantage of proposed integrated/dynamic reserve activation plan over the conventional/sequential approach.
Nomenclature
- ai, bi, ci, di, ei
Cost coefficients of thermal generator i.
Cost coefficients of demand-side reserve offers for kth demand.
- CGi
Fuel cost function of ith generating unit.
- Ck
Demand-side reserves cost function for kth load/demand.
- Gij, Bij
Transfer conductance and susceptance between bus i and bus j.
- n
Number of buses in the system.
- ND
Number of loads/demands.
- NG
Number of thermal generators.
Forecasted real and reactive power demands in sub-interval “t”.
Minimum and maximum power limits of ith generator in MWs.
Power output from ith generator (MW) in sub-interval “t”.
Power output (MW) of ith generating unit in previous sub-interval “(t–1)”.
Active and reactive power injection at bus i in sub-interval “t”.
Amount of demand-side reserve (MW) provided by kth demand in sub-interval “t”.
Scheduled spinning reserve of ith generator (MW) in sub-interval “t”.
Ramp up and ramp down limits of ith generator.
- t
Sub-interval (10 min) index.
- T
Scheduling period.
Load bus voltage magnitude in sub-interval “t”.
Voltage magnitudes at bus i and bus j in sub-interval “t”.
Voltage angles at bus i and bus j in sub-interval “t”.
Appendix A
Genetic algorithm (GA) fitness function evaluation [28]
Penalty function adds some terms to the objective function, which punishes a solution that is not feasible. A review of constraint handling techniques in GA is described in Ref. [29]. This paper uses static penalty function [26, 23] approach to handle constraints. Infeasible solutions are penalized by applying a constant penalty to those solutions, which violate feasibility in any way. The penalized objective function would then be the unpenalized objective function plus a penalty. Initial values of penalty weights, and their modifications during the solution run depend largely on the power system [23]. Poor choices of these values lead to excessive oscillation of the solution process between the feasible and infeasible regions, or to very slow convergence. Initial penalty weights are selected based on experience and they are multiplied by a factor 5 after every iteration, if violation still exists. The objective function can be formulated as follows,
where K is a constant (taken as 100), and Faug is the augmented objective function.
where F is objective function, Ni is number of lines in the system.
Appendix B
Generator parameters for IEEE 30 bus system
Table 8 presents the generator cost coefficients with valve point effect, ramp rate limits, real power minimum and maximum limits for IEEE 30 bus system.
Generator parameters for IEEE 30 bus system.
| Bus no | Real power (MW) | Previous Gen. (t=0−) (MW) | Ramp rates (MW/10 min) | Cost coefficients | ||||||
| Min | Max | Down | Up | a | b | c | e | f | ||
| 1 | 50 | 200 | 150 | 30 | 20 | 100 | 300 | 160 | 50 | 6.3 |
| 2 | 20 | 80 | 35 | 15 | 15 | 40 | 250 | 100 | 40 | 9.8 |
| 5 | 15 | 50 | 15 | 20 | 20 | 0 | 300 | 625 | 0 | 0 |
| 8 | 10 | 35 | 15 | 8 | 8 | 0 | 225 | 83.4 | 0 | 0 |
| 11 | 10 | 30 | 10 | 8 | 8 | 0 | 200 | 250 | 0 | 0 |
| 13 | 12 | 40 | 15 | 10 | 10 | 0 | 250 | 450 | 0 | 0 |
Appendix C
Generator parameters for IEEE 57 bus system
Table 9 presents the generator cost coefficients with valve point effect, ramp rate limits, real power minimum and maximum limits for IEEE 57 bus system.
Generator parameters for IEEE 57 bus system.
| Bus no | Real power (MW) | Previous Gen. (t = 0–) (MW) | Ramp rates (MW/10 min) | Cost coefficients | ||||||
| Min | Max | Down | Up | a | b | c | e | f | ||
| 1 | 0 | 575.88 | 480 | 40 | 40 | 50 | 300 | 160 | 50 | 6.3 |
| 2 | 0 | 100 | 50 | 30 | 30 | 20 | 250 | 100 | 40 | 9.8 |
| 3 | 0 | 140 | 70 | 30 | 30 | 0 | 300 | 625 | 0 | 0 |
| 6 | 0 | 100 | 40 | 40 | 40 | 0 | 300 | 625 | 0 | 0 |
| 8 | 0 | 100 | 50 | 20 | 20 | 0 | 225 | 83.4 | 0 | 0 |
| 9 | 0 | 550 | 460 | 20 | 20 | 0 | 200 | 250 | 0 | 0 |
| 12 | 0 | 100 | 60 | 20 | 20 | 0 | 250 | 450 | 0 | 0 |
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©2016 by De Gruyter
Articles in the same Issue
- Frontmatter
- Research Articles
- A Generalised Fault Protection Structure Proposed for Uni-grounded Low-Voltage AC Microgrids
- Simulation Test System of Non-Contact D-dot Voltage Transformer
- Development of V2G and G2V Power Profiles and Their Implications on Grid Under Varying Equilibrium of Aggregated Electric Vehicles
- Coordinated Action of Fast and Slow Reserves for Optimal Sequential and Dynamic Emergency Reserve Activation
- DG Planning with Amalgamation of Operational and Reliability Considerations
- The Optimized Operation of Gas Turbine Combined Heat and Power Units Oriented for the Grid-Connected Control
- Improved Differential Evolution for Combined Heat and Power Economic Dispatch
- Mitigation of Power Quality Problems in Grid-Interactive Distributed Generation System
- Optimal Operation and Management for Smart Grid Subsumed High Penetration of Renewable Energy, Electric Vehicle, and Battery Energy Storage System
- Techniques for a Wind Energy System Integration with an Islanded Microgrid
- Transmission Loss Calculation using A and B Loss Coefficients in Dynamic Economic Dispatch Problem
Articles in the same Issue
- Frontmatter
- Research Articles
- A Generalised Fault Protection Structure Proposed for Uni-grounded Low-Voltage AC Microgrids
- Simulation Test System of Non-Contact D-dot Voltage Transformer
- Development of V2G and G2V Power Profiles and Their Implications on Grid Under Varying Equilibrium of Aggregated Electric Vehicles
- Coordinated Action of Fast and Slow Reserves for Optimal Sequential and Dynamic Emergency Reserve Activation
- DG Planning with Amalgamation of Operational and Reliability Considerations
- The Optimized Operation of Gas Turbine Combined Heat and Power Units Oriented for the Grid-Connected Control
- Improved Differential Evolution for Combined Heat and Power Economic Dispatch
- Mitigation of Power Quality Problems in Grid-Interactive Distributed Generation System
- Optimal Operation and Management for Smart Grid Subsumed High Penetration of Renewable Energy, Electric Vehicle, and Battery Energy Storage System
- Techniques for a Wind Energy System Integration with an Islanded Microgrid
- Transmission Loss Calculation using A and B Loss Coefficients in Dynamic Economic Dispatch Problem
