High Penetration of Electrical Vehicles in Microgrids: Threats and Opportunities
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Abstract
Given that the microgrid concept is the building block of future electric distribution systems and electrical vehicles (EVs) are the future of transportation market, in this paper, the impact of EVs on the performance of microgrids is investigated. Demand-side participation is used to cope with increasing demand for EV charging. The problem of coordination of EV charging and discharging (with vehicle-to-grid (V2G) functionality) and demand response is formulated as a market-clearing mechanism that accepts bids from the demand and supply sides and takes into account the constraints put forward by different parts. Therefore, a day-ahead market with detailed bids and offers within the microgrid is designed whose objective is to maximize the social welfare which is the difference between the value that consumers attach to the electrical energy they buy plus the benefit of the EV owners participating in the V2G functionality and the cost of producing/purchasing this energy. As the optimization problem is a mixed integer nonlinear programming one, it is decomposed into one master problem for energy scheduling and one subproblem for power flow computation. The two problems are solved iteratively by interfacing MATLAB with GAMS. Simulation results on a sample microgrid with different residential, commercial and industrial consumers with associated demand-side biddings and different penetration level of EVs support the proposed formulation of the problem and the applied methods.
Nomenclature
- Acronyms
- DSB
Demand-side bidding
- CCH
Constrained charging
- UCCH
Unconstrained charging
- SDR
Smart charging with demand response
- SCH
Smart Charging
- SOC
State of charge
- CS
Compact Sedan
- MS
Midsize Sedan
- MSUV
Midsize SUV
- FSUV
Full Size SUV
- LT30
Light Truck EV 30
- LT40
Light Truck EV 40
- Indices
- c
Index of price-responsive consumers
- t
Time
- LP
Index of load priorities
- g
Index of generating units
- v
Index of electric vehicles
- i
Index of system buses
- Variables and functions
Low priority power consumed by consumer c at period t
Medium priority power consumed by consumer c at period t
High priority power consumed by consumer c at period t
Total power consumed by consumer c at period t
Consumers gross surplus at period t
Power output of unit g at period t
Injected power at bus i at period t
Total power consumed at bus i at period t
Voltage angle difference between buses i and j at period t
Binary variable that is equal to 1 if unit g is online and 0 otherwise at period t
Power purchased from upstream network at period t
Operation cost at period t
Binary variable that is equal to 1 if EV v is in charge state at period t
Binary variable that is equal to 1 if EV v is in discharge state at period t
Binary variable that is equal to 1 if EV v is in idle state at period t
State of charge of EV v at period t
Energy charged by EV v at period t
Energy discharged by EV v at period t
Vehicles’ benefit at period t
- Constants
- α
Low priority demand proportion
- β
Medium priority demand proportion
- γ
High priority demand proportion
Demand by consumer c at period t
Maximum consumable power by consumer c at period t
Price for the energy bid submitted by consumer c
Price of power purchased from upstream network at period t
Maximum power output of unit g
Minimum power output of unit g
Charge and discharge current
Capacity of battery of EV v
Presence state of EV v at parking site at period t
Battery pack size
Absolute value of the imaginary part of the admittance of line (i, j)
Mapping of the set of consumers into the set of buses
Mapping of the set of electric vehicles into the set of buses
Mapping of the set of generators into the set of buses
Average demand
References
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©2014 by De Gruyter
Artikel in diesem Heft
- Frontmatter
- Research Articles
- A Piecewise Solution to the Reconfiguration Problem by a Minimal Spanning Tree Algorithm
- A Load Frequency Control in an Off-Grid Sustainable Power System Based on a Parameter Adaptive PID-Type Fuzzy Controller
- Detection of UV Pulse from Insulators and Application in Estimating the Conditions of Insulators
- Fault Location for Transmission Lines with Voltage and Current Measurements at One Bus
- High Penetration of Electrical Vehicles in Microgrids: Threats and Opportunities
- Modification of Geometric Parameters in Outer Rotor Permanent Magnet Generators to Improve THD, Efficiency, and Cogging Torque
- Solid State Transformer Interface Based on Multilevel Inverter for Fuel Cell Power Generation and Management
- Study of Stand-Alone Microgrid under Condition of Faults on Distribution Line
Artikel in diesem Heft
- Frontmatter
- Research Articles
- A Piecewise Solution to the Reconfiguration Problem by a Minimal Spanning Tree Algorithm
- A Load Frequency Control in an Off-Grid Sustainable Power System Based on a Parameter Adaptive PID-Type Fuzzy Controller
- Detection of UV Pulse from Insulators and Application in Estimating the Conditions of Insulators
- Fault Location for Transmission Lines with Voltage and Current Measurements at One Bus
- High Penetration of Electrical Vehicles in Microgrids: Threats and Opportunities
- Modification of Geometric Parameters in Outer Rotor Permanent Magnet Generators to Improve THD, Efficiency, and Cogging Torque
- Solid State Transformer Interface Based on Multilevel Inverter for Fuel Cell Power Generation and Management
- Study of Stand-Alone Microgrid under Condition of Faults on Distribution Line
