Abstract
In this study, ZnO/Zeolite Y composites were synthesized by the solid state dispersion method and employed in order to investigate their photocatalytic performance in NH4+/NH3 removal from an aqueous solution. FTIR spectroscopy, UV-vis diffuse reflectance spectroscopy, SEM and EDX analyses were applied to characterize these composites. The three-factor, three-level Box-Behnken experimental design (BBD), as one of the response surface methodology (RSM), was used to achieve maximum removal of aqueous NH4+/NH3 under optimum conditions by ZnO/Zeolite Y composites. The effects of parameters such as ZnO loading (10–50 wt %), initial pollutant concentration (25–315 mg/L) and solution pH (3–11) as well as their interactions were determined on removal of NH4+/NH3 by the mentioned method. It was found that pH of the solution with the percentage contribution of 86.79 %, was the most important parameter among the others. A second-order polynomial equation was well fitted on the experimental data with the determination coefficient value of 0.9932 and the adjusted determination coefficient value of 0.9864. It could not describe only 0.68 % of observed changes in the response. The predicted removal percentage of NH4+/NH3 at the optimal conditions (pH = 11, NH4+/NH3 initial concentration (207.21 mg/L) and ZnO loading (45.02 wt %)) was achieved 62.26 %, which was in agreement with its experimental value (65 %) obtained in similar conditions.
References
Amornpon, C., M. I. A. Wahab, and N. T. K. Oanh. 2012. “Removal of Benzene by ZnO Nanoparticles Coated on Porous Adsorbents in Presence of Ozone and UV.” Chemical Engineering Journal 181: 215–21.Search in Google Scholar
Ayca, K., G. S. Pozan, and I. Boz. 2012. “Characterization and Photocatalytic Activity of TiO2–ZrO2 Binary Oxide Nanoparticles.” Applied Catalysis B: Environmental 115: 149–58.Search in Google Scholar
Babaahamdi-Milani, M., and A. Nezamzadeh-Ejhieh. 2016. “A Comprehensive Study on Photocatalytic Activity of Supported Ni/Pb Sulfide and Oxide Systems onto Natural Zeolite Nanoparticles.” Journal of Hazardous Materials 318: 291–301.10.1016/j.jhazmat.2016.07.012Search in Google Scholar
Brites-Nóbrega, F. F., A. N. B. Polo, and A. M. Benedetti. 2013. “Evaluation of Photocatalytic Activities of Supported Catalysts on NaX Zeolite or Activated Charcoal.” Journal of Hazardous Materials 263: 61–66.10.1016/j.jhazmat.2013.07.061Search in Google Scholar
Chong, M. N., B. Jin, C. W. K. Chow, and C. H. Saint, 2010. Recent Developments in Photocatalytic Water Treatment Technology: A Review. Water Research 44: 2997–3027.10.1016/j.watres.2010.02.039Search in Google Scholar
Derikvandi, H., and A. Nezamzadeh-Ejhieh. 2017. “Increased Photocatalytic Activity of NiO and ZnO in Photodegradation of a Model Drug Aqueous Solution: Effect of Coupling, Supporting, Particles Size and Calcination Temperature.” Journal of Hazardous Materials 321: 629–38.10.1016/j.jhazmat.2016.09.056Search in Google Scholar
Durgakumari, V., M. Subrahmanyam, K. V. Subba Rao, A. Ratnamala, M. Noorjahan, and K. Tanaka. 2002. “An Easy and Efficient Use of TiO2 Supported HZSM-5 and TiO2+ HZSM-5 Zeolite Combinate in the Photodegradation of Aqueous Phenol and P-Chlorophenol.” Applied Catalysis A: General 234: 155–65.10.1016/S0926-860X(02)00224-7Search in Google Scholar
Faria, P. C. C., J. J. M. Orfao, and M. F. R. Pereira. 2004. “Adsorption of Anionic and Cationic Dyes on Activated Carbons with Different Surface Chemistries.” Water Research 38 (8): 2043–52.10.1016/j.watres.2004.01.034Search in Google Scholar PubMed
Fassier, M., N. Chouard, C. S. Peyratout, D. S. Smith, H. Riegler, D. G. Kurth, C. Ducroquetz, and M. A. Bruneaux. 2009. “Photocatalytic Activity of Oxide Coatings on Fired Clay Substrates.” Journal of the European Ceramic Society 29 (4): 565–70.10.1016/j.jeurceramsoc.2008.07.022Search in Google Scholar
Ferreira, S. L. C., R. E. Bruns, H. S. Ferreira, G. D. Matos, J. M. David, G. C. Brandao, E. G. P Da Silva, and L. A. Portugal. 2007. “Box-Behnken Design: An Alternative for the Optimization of Analytical Methods.” Analytica Chimica Acta 597 (2): 179–86.10.1016/j.aca.2007.07.011Search in Google Scholar PubMed
Gomez, S., C. L. Marchena, L. Pizzio, and L. Pierella. 2013. “Preparation and Characterization of TiO2/HZSM-11 Zeolite for Photodegradation of Dichlorvos in Aqueous Solution.” Journal of Hazardous Materials 258: 19–26.10.1016/j.jhazmat.2013.04.030Search in Google Scholar PubMed
Karimi-Shamsabadi, M., and A. Nezamzadeh-Ejhieh. 2016. “Comparative Study on the Increased Photoactivity of Coupled and Supported Manganese-Silver Oxides onto a Natural Zeolite Nano-Particles.” Journal of Molecular Catalysis A: Chemical 418: 103–14.10.1016/j.molcata.2016.03.034Search in Google Scholar
Khatamian, M., and Z. Alaji. 2012. “Efficient Adsorption-Photodegradation of 4-Nitrophenol in Aqueous Solution by Using ZnO/HZSM-5 Nanocomposites.” Desalination 286: 248–53.10.1016/j.desal.2011.11.031Search in Google Scholar
Khatamian, M., B. Divband, and A. Jodaei. 2012. “Degradation of 4-Nitrophenol (4-NP) Using ZnO Nanoparticles Supported on Zeolites and Modeling of Experimental Results by Artificial Neural Networks.” Materials Chemistry and Physics 134: 31–37.10.1016/j.matchemphys.2012.01.091Search in Google Scholar
Kulprathipanja, S 2010. Zeolites in Industrial Separation and Catalysis, New Jersey, United States: Wiley Only Library10.1002/9783527629565Search in Google Scholar
Lim, D. H., J. H. Yoo, and J. W. Ko. 2009. “A Loss Control Management System for the Petrochemical Industry.” Korean Journal of Chemical Engineering 26 (6): 1423–28.10.1007/s11814-009-0264-xSearch in Google Scholar
Liu, S., M. Lim, and R. Amal. 2014. “TiO2-coated Natural Zeolite: Rapid Humic Acid Adsorption and Effective Photocatalytic Regeneration.” Chemical Engineering Science 105: 46–52.10.1016/j.ces.2013.10.041Search in Google Scholar
Mahdavi, V., and A. Monajemi. 2013. “Statistical Optimization for Oxidation of Ethyl Benzene over Co-Mn/SBA-15 Catalyst by Box-Behnken Design.” Korean Journal of Chemical Engineering 30 (12): 2178–85.10.1007/s11814-013-0182-9Search in Google Scholar
Maranon, E., M. Ulmanub, Y. Fernandez, I. Anger, and L. Castrillon. 2006. “Removal of Ammonium from Aqueous Solutions with Volcanic Tuff.” Journal of Hazardous Materials 137 (3): 1402–09.10.1016/j.jhazmat.2006.03.069Search in Google Scholar PubMed
McBarnette, A. 2011. “Treatment of Landfill Leachate via Advanced Oxidation.” Journal American Water Works Association 59 (4): 457–65.Search in Google Scholar
Meshram, S., R. Limaye, S. Ghodke, S. Nigam, S. Sonawane, and R. Chikate. 2011. “Continuous Flow Photocatalytic Reactor Using ZnO-Bentonite Nanocomposite for Degradation of Phenol.” Chemical Engineering Journal 172 (2): 1008–15.10.1016/j.cej.2011.07.015Search in Google Scholar
Nezamzadeh-Ejhieh, A., and M. Bahrami. 2015. “Investigation of the Photocatalytic Activity of Supported ZnO–TiO2 on Clinoptilolite Nano-Particles Towards Photodegradation of Wastewater-Contained Phenol.” Desalination and Water Treatment 55 (4): 1096–104.10.1080/19443994.2014.922443Search in Google Scholar
Nezamzadeh-Ejhieh, A., and F. Khodabakhshi-Chermahini. 2014. “Incorporated ZnO onto Nano Clinoptilolite Particles as the Active Centers in the Photodegradation of Phenylhydrazine.” Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry 20 (2): 695–704.10.1016/j.jiec.2013.05.035Search in Google Scholar
Nezamzadeh-Ejhieh, A., and S. Khorsandi. 2014. “Photocatalytic Degradation of 4-Nitrophenol with ZnO Supported Nano-Clinoptilolite Zeolite.” Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry 20 (3): 937–46.10.1016/j.jiec.2013.06.026Search in Google Scholar
Nosuhi, M., and A. Nezamzadeh-Ejhieh. 2017. “High Catalytic Activity of Fe (Ii)-Clinoptilolite Nanoparticales for Indirect Voltammetric Determination of Dichromate: Experimental Design by Response Surface Methodology (RSM).” Electrochimica Acta 223: 47–62.10.1016/j.electacta.2016.12.011Search in Google Scholar
Omar, F. M., H. Abdul Aziz, and S. Stoll. 2014. “Aggregation and Disaggregation of ZnO Nanoparticles: Influence of pH and Adsorption of Suwannee River Humic Acid.” Science of the Total Environment 468-469: 195–201.10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.08.044Search in Google Scholar
Pelaez, M., N. T. Nolan, S. C. Pillai, M. K. Seery, P. Falaras, A. G. Kontos, P. S. M. Dunlop, et al. 2012. “A Review on the Visible Light Active Titanium Dioxide Photocatalysts for Environmental Applications.” Applied Catalysis B: Environmental 125: 331–49.10.1016/j.apcatb.2012.05.036Search in Google Scholar
Pulido Melián, E., O. González Díaz, J. M. Doña Rodríguez, G. Colón, J. Araña, J. Herrera Melián, J. A. Navío, and J. Pérez Peña. 2009. “ZnO Activation by Using Activated Carbon as a Support: Characterisation and Photoreactivity.” Applied Catalysis A: General 364: 174–81.10.1016/j.apcata.2009.05.042Search in Google Scholar
Rahmani, A. R., A. H. Mahvi, A. R. Mesdaghinia, and S. Nasseri. 2004. “Investigation of Ammonia Removal from Polluted Waters by Clinoptilolite Zeolite.” International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology 1 (2): 125–33.10.1007/BF03325825Search in Google Scholar
Ray, S., J.A. Lalman, and N. Biswas. 2009. “Using the Box-Benkhen Technique to Statistically Model Phenol Photocatalytic Degradation by Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles.” Chemical Engineering Journal 150: 15–24.10.1016/j.cej.2008.11.039Search in Google Scholar
Selda, P. G., and A. Kambur. 2014. “Significant Enhancement of Photocatalytic Activity over Bifunctional ZnO–TiO2 Catalysts for 4-Chlorophenol Degradation.” Chemosphere 105: 152–59.10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.01.022Search in Google Scholar
Shibuya, S., Y. Sekinea, and I. Mikami. 2015. “Influence of pH and pH Adjustment Conditions on Photocatalytic Oxidation of Aqueous Ammonia under Airflow over Pt-Loaded TiO2.” Applied Catalysis A: General 496: 73–78.10.1016/j.apcata.2015.02.024Search in Google Scholar
Singh, S. K., 2011. Stabilized landfill leachate treatment using physico-chemical treatment processes: coagulation, anion exchange, ozonation, membrane filtration, and adsorption. Dissertation Presented to the Graduate School of the University of Florida.Search in Google Scholar
Smičiklas, I. D., S. K. Milonjic´, P. Pfendt, and S. Raicˇevic´. 2000. “The Point of Zero Charge and Sorption of Cadmium (II) and Strontium (II) Ions on Synthetic Hydroxyapatite.” Separation and Purification Technology 18 (3): 185–94.10.1016/S1383-5866(99)00066-0Search in Google Scholar
Sobana, N., and M. Swaminathan. 2007. “Combination Effect of ZnO and Activated Carbon for Solar Assisted Photocatalytic Degradation of Direct Blue 53.” Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells 91 (8): 727–34.10.1016/j.solmat.2006.12.013Search in Google Scholar
Sun, D., W. Sun, W. Yang, Q. Li, and J. K. Shang. 2015. “Efficient Photocatalytic Removal of Aqueous NH4+–NH3 by Palladium-Modified Nitrogen-Doped Titanium Oxide Nanoparticles under Visible Light Illumination, Even in Weak Alkaline Solutions.” Chemical Engineering Journal 264: 728–34.10.1016/j.cej.2014.12.012Search in Google Scholar
Tripathi, P., V. C. Srivastava, and A. Kumar. 2009. “Optimization of an Azo Dye Batch Adsorption Parameters Using Box–Behnken Design.” Desalination 249 (3): 1273–79.10.1016/j.desal.2009.03.010Search in Google Scholar
Vu, T. T., L. Del Rio, T. Valdés-Solís, and G. Marbán. 2013. “Stainless Steel Wire Mesh-Supported ZnO for the Catalytic Photodegradation of Methylene Blue under Ultraviolet Irradiation.” Journal of Hazardous Materials 246: 126–34.10.1016/j.jhazmat.2012.12.009Search in Google Scholar PubMed
Wakte, P., A. Patil, B. Sachin, M. Quazi, S. Jabde, and D. Shinde. 2014. “Optimization of Microwave-Assisted Extraction for Picroside I and Picroside II from Picrorrhiza Kurroa Using Box-Behnken Experimental Design.” Frontiers of Chemical Science and Engineering 8 (4): 445–53.10.1007/s11705-014-1458-2Search in Google Scholar
White, J. C., and P. K. Dutta. 2011. “Assembly of Nanoparticles in Zeolite Y for the Photocatalytic Generation of Hydrogen from Water.” The Journal of Physical Chemistry C 115 (7): 2938–47.10.1021/jp108336aSearch in Google Scholar
Yusof, A. M., L. K. Keat, Z. Ibrahim, Z. A. Majid, and N. A. Nizam. 2010. “Kinetic and Equilibrium Studies of the Removal of Ammonium Ions from Aqueous Solution by Rice Husk Ash-Synthesized Zeolite Y and Powdered and Granulated Forms of Mordenite.” Journal of Hazardous Materials 174: 380–85.10.1016/j.jhazmat.2009.09.063Search in Google Scholar PubMed
Zhang, D., H. Xu, M. Xue, W. Xu, and V. Tarasov. 2008. “Preparation and Photocatalytic Kinetics of nano-ZnO Powders by Precipitation Stripping Process.” Frontiers of Chemical Engineering in China 2 (3): 319–24.10.1007/s11705-008-0051-ySearch in Google Scholar
Zhu, X., S. R. Castleberry, M. A. Nanny, and E. C. Butler. 2005. “Effects of pH and Catalyst Concentration on Photocatalytic Oxidation of Aqueous Ammonia and Nitrite in Titanium Dioxide Suspensions.” Environmental Science & Technology 39 (10): 3784–91.10.1021/es0485715Search in Google Scholar PubMed
Zhu, Y.-P., M. Li, Y.-L. Liu, T.-Z. Ren, and Z.-Y. Yuan. 2014. “Carbon-Doped ZnO Hybridized Homogeneously with Graphitic Carbon Nitride Nanocomposites for Photocatalysis.” The Journal of Physical Chemistry C 118 (20): 10963–71.10.1021/jp502677hSearch in Google Scholar
© 2019 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston
Articles in the same Issue
- Review
- Fractal Reactor in Micro-Scale for Process Intensification
- Articles
- Surface Separation Equilibria and Dynamics of Cationic Dye Loaded onto Citric Acid and Sodium Hydroxide Treated Eggshells
- UV and Solar Light Induced Natural Iron Oxide Activation: Characterization and Photocatalytic Degradation of Organic Compounds
- Study of Permissible Flow Rate and Mixing Efficiency of the Micromixer Devices
- Modeling and Comparison a Thermally Coupled Reactor of Methane Tri – Reforming and Dehydrogenation of Cyclohexane Reactions for Syngas Production in Both Co- & Counter-Current Modes
- Nonlinear Computational Treatment for Couple Stress Fluid Flow with Cattaneo-Christov Double Diffusion and Homogeneous-Heterogeneous Reactions
- Performance and Applications of Semifluidized Bioreactors – A Review
- Kinetic and Thermodynamic Analysis of Thermal Decomposition of Deodar (Cedrus Deodara) Saw Dust and Rice Husk as Potential Feedstock for Pyrolysis
- Optimization of Aqueous NH4+/NH3 Photodegradation by ZnO/Zeolite Y Composites Using Response Surface Modeling
- Effect of Chemical Reaction on Maxwell Nanofluid Slip Flow over a Stretching Sheet
Articles in the same Issue
- Review
- Fractal Reactor in Micro-Scale for Process Intensification
- Articles
- Surface Separation Equilibria and Dynamics of Cationic Dye Loaded onto Citric Acid and Sodium Hydroxide Treated Eggshells
- UV and Solar Light Induced Natural Iron Oxide Activation: Characterization and Photocatalytic Degradation of Organic Compounds
- Study of Permissible Flow Rate and Mixing Efficiency of the Micromixer Devices
- Modeling and Comparison a Thermally Coupled Reactor of Methane Tri – Reforming and Dehydrogenation of Cyclohexane Reactions for Syngas Production in Both Co- & Counter-Current Modes
- Nonlinear Computational Treatment for Couple Stress Fluid Flow with Cattaneo-Christov Double Diffusion and Homogeneous-Heterogeneous Reactions
- Performance and Applications of Semifluidized Bioreactors – A Review
- Kinetic and Thermodynamic Analysis of Thermal Decomposition of Deodar (Cedrus Deodara) Saw Dust and Rice Husk as Potential Feedstock for Pyrolysis
- Optimization of Aqueous NH4+/NH3 Photodegradation by ZnO/Zeolite Y Composites Using Response Surface Modeling
- Effect of Chemical Reaction on Maxwell Nanofluid Slip Flow over a Stretching Sheet