Frictional Pressure Drop during Two-Phase Flow of Pure Fluids and Mixtures in Small Diameter Channels
-
Davide Del Col
,
Marco Azzolin
Abstract
Two-phase flow is widely encountered in minichannels heat exchangers such as air-cooled condensers and evaporators for automotive, compact devices for electronic cooling and aluminum condenser for air-conditioning applications. In the present work, frictional pressure drop during adiabatic liquid-vapor flow is experimentally investigated inside a single 0.96 mm diameter minichannel. Tests have been run with three mixtures of R32/R1234ze(E) (23/77%, 50/50% and 75/25% by mass composition) at mass flux ranging between 200 and 600 kg m−2 s−1. Since pressure drop has a strong influence on the two-phase heat transfer, it is crucial to have reliable pressure drop prediction methods for two-phase heat transfer modeling and optimization. Therefore, with the aim of extending its validity range, a model to calculate the frictional pressure gradient during two-phase flow in small diameter channels is tested against the present two-phase pressure drop database. An assessment is also done with two low-GWP refrigerants: the halogenated olefin R1234ze(E) and the hydrocarbon R290. The present model accounts for the effect of internal surface roughness as a function of the liquid-only Reynolds number.
Nomenclature
- A
parameter in eq. 11 [/]
- C
Hagen-Poiseuille constant [/]
- c
specific heat [J kg−1 K−1]
- Dh
hydraulic diameter [m]
- E
entrainment ratio [/]
- e
percent deviation=
- eAB
absolute mean deviation=
- eR
average deviation=
- f
friction factor [/]
- F
parameter in eq. [7] [/]
- G
mass velocity [kg m−2 s−1]
- g
gravitational acceleration [m s−2]
- H
parameter in eq. [7] [/]
- h
enthalpy [J kg−1]
- JG
dimensionless gas velocity=
- L
channel length [m]
- ṁ
mass flow rate [kg s−1]
- Np
number of data points [/]
- p
pressure [Pa]
- pCR
critical pressure [Pa]
- pR
reduced pressure=p/pCR [/]
- Ra
arithmetical mean deviation of the assessed profile (according to ISO 4287:1997) [m]
- Re
Reynolds number=(GDh)/µ [/]
- ReLO
liquid-only Reynolds number=(GDh)/µL [/]
parameter in eq. [12] [/]
- RR
relative roughness of the channel=2Ra/Dh [/]
- W
parameter in eq. [7] [/]
- uc(dp/dz)
expanded uncertainty on pressure gradient [kPa m−1]
- x
thermodynamic vapor quality [/]
- X
corrective coefficient in eq. [9] [/]
- Y
mass fraction [/]
- z
axial coordinate oriented with the flow [m]
- Z
parameter in eq. [7] [/]
- Greek symbols
- ∆p
pressure difference [Pa]
- ∆T
temperature difference [K]
two-phase multiplier=
- μ
dynamic viscosity [Pa s]
- ρ
density [kg m−3]
- σN
standard deviation=
- Subscripts
- CALC
calculated
- EXP
experimental
- f, fric
frictional
- in
inlet
- L
liquid phase
- LO
liquid phase with total mass flow rate
- MS
measuring sector
- PS
pre-conditioning sector
- ref
refrigerant
- V
vapor phase
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©2015 by De Gruyter
Articles in the same Issue
- Frontmatter
- Editorial
- Special Issue Published in the Occasion of the 13th International Conference on Multiphase Flows in Industrial Plants (13th MFIP) held in Sestri Levente (Italy) from the 17th to the 19th of September 2014
- Special Issue Articles
- Behaviour and Stability of the Two-Fluid Model for Fine-Scale Simulations of Bubbly Flow in Nuclear Reactors
- A Model on the Stability of a Pipe in an Aerated Silo
- Enhancement of MSF Using Microbubbles
- Single Air Bubble Breakup Experiments in Stirred Water Tank
- Frictional Pressure Drop during Two-Phase Flow of Pure Fluids and Mixtures in Small Diameter Channels
- A Practical Approach to Operational Hydrodynamic Slug Analysis in Pipelines
- The Thermosiphon Cooling System of the ATLAS Experiment at the CERN Large Hadron Collider
- Energy Intensity Reduction of Ca-Looping CO2 Capture by Applying Mixing Loop Seals and Cyclonic Systems
- A CFD Study on Two-Phase Frozen Flow of Air/Water Through a Safety Relief Valve
- CFD Study of the Hydrodynamics of Slug Flow Systems: Interaction between Consecutive Taylor Bubbles
- CFD Simulations Devoted to the Study of Fitting Effects on the Phase Distribution in Parallel Vertical Channels
Articles in the same Issue
- Frontmatter
- Editorial
- Special Issue Published in the Occasion of the 13th International Conference on Multiphase Flows in Industrial Plants (13th MFIP) held in Sestri Levente (Italy) from the 17th to the 19th of September 2014
- Special Issue Articles
- Behaviour and Stability of the Two-Fluid Model for Fine-Scale Simulations of Bubbly Flow in Nuclear Reactors
- A Model on the Stability of a Pipe in an Aerated Silo
- Enhancement of MSF Using Microbubbles
- Single Air Bubble Breakup Experiments in Stirred Water Tank
- Frictional Pressure Drop during Two-Phase Flow of Pure Fluids and Mixtures in Small Diameter Channels
- A Practical Approach to Operational Hydrodynamic Slug Analysis in Pipelines
- The Thermosiphon Cooling System of the ATLAS Experiment at the CERN Large Hadron Collider
- Energy Intensity Reduction of Ca-Looping CO2 Capture by Applying Mixing Loop Seals and Cyclonic Systems
- A CFD Study on Two-Phase Frozen Flow of Air/Water Through a Safety Relief Valve
- CFD Study of the Hydrodynamics of Slug Flow Systems: Interaction between Consecutive Taylor Bubbles
- CFD Simulations Devoted to the Study of Fitting Effects on the Phase Distribution in Parallel Vertical Channels
