Abstract
Around the world, idiopathic scoliosis accounts for the majority of occurrences of adolescent scoliosis. The absence of underlying congenital or neuromuscular problems distinguishes adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS), which affects children ages 13 to 18, from other kinds of scoliosis. The prevalence of AIS is influenced by a number of variables, such as physical activity, gender, backpacks, body mass index, and others. AIS has an impact on the child’s development not just physically but also psychologically, emotionally, and mentally. This study used nationwide databases to describe the prevalence of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis and associated risk variables. The current review analysis showed that AIS was significant worldwide and that adolescent gender, physical activity, body mass index, backpack carrying and backpack weight were all significant risk factors for developing AIS.
Acknowledgments
Not applicable.
-
Research ethics: Not applicable.
-
Informed consent: Not applicable.
-
Author contributions: All authors have accepted responsibility for the entire content of this manuscript and approved its submission.
-
Competing interests: Authors state no conflict of interest.
-
Research funding: None declared.
-
Data availability: The raw data can be obtained on request from the corresponding author.
References
1. Cheng, JC, Castelein, RM, Chu, WC, Danielsson, AJ, Dobbs, MB, Grivas, TB, et al.. Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. Nat Rev Dis Prim 2015;1:1–21. https://doi.org/10.1038/NRDP.2015.30.Search in Google Scholar
2. Kuznia, AL, Hernandez, AK, Lee, LU. Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis: common questions and answers. Am Fam Physician 2020;101:19–23.Search in Google Scholar
3. van Sluijs, EMF, Ekelund, U, Crochemore-Silva, I, Guthold, R, Ha, A, Lubans, D, et al.. Physical activity behaviours in adolescence: current evidence and opportunities for intervention. Lancet 2021;398:429–42. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(21)01259-9.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
4. Zou, Y, Lin, Y, Meng, J, Li, J, Gu, F, Zhang, R. The prevalence of scoliosis screening positive and its influencing factors: a school-based cross-sectional study in Zhejiang province, China. Front Public Health 2022;10:773594. https://doi.org/10.3389/FPUBH.2022.773594/BIBTEX.Search in Google Scholar
5. Teles, AR, St-Georges, M, Abduljabbar, F, Simões, L, Jiang, F, Saran, N, et al.. Back pain in adolescents with idiopathic scoliosis: the contribution of morphological and psychological factors. Eur Spine J 2020;29:1959–71. https://doi.org/10.1007/S00586-020-06489-2.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
6. Tahirbegolli, B, Obertinca, R, Bytyqi, A, Kryeziu, B, Hyseni, B, Taganoviq, B, et al.. Factors affecting the prevalence of idiopathic scoliosis among children aged 8–15 years in Prishtina, Kosovo. Sci Rep 2021;11:1–7. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-96398-1.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
7. Makino, T, Kaito, T, Sakai, Y, Takenaka, S, Yoshikawa, H. Health-related quality of life and postural changes of spinal alignment in female adolescents associated with back pain in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. Spine 2019;44:E833–40. https://doi.org/10.1097/BRS.0000000000002996.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
8. Moher, D, Liberati, A, Tetzlaff, J, Altman, DG, Antes, G, Atkins, D, et al.. Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: the PRISMA statement. PLoS Med 2009;6:264–9. https://doi.org/10.1371/JOURNAL.PMED.1000097.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
9. Du, Q, Zhou, X, Negrini, S, Chen, N, Yang, X, Liang, J, et al.. Scoliosis epidemiology is not similar all over the world: a study from a scoliosis school screening on Chongming Island (China). BMC Muscoskel Disord 2016;17:1–8. https://doi.org/10.1186/S12891-016-1140-6/TABLES/3.Search in Google Scholar
10. Hu, M, Zhang, Z, Zhou, X, Gao, R, Wang, C, Ma, J, et al.. Prevalence and determinants of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis from school screening in Huangpu district, Shanghai, China. Am J Transl Res 2022;14:4132.Search in Google Scholar
11. Altaf, F, Drinkwater, J, Phan, K, Cree, AK. Systematic review of school scoliosis screening. Spine Deform 2017;5:303–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JSPD.2017.03.009.Search in Google Scholar
12. Yılmaz, H, Zateri, C, Kusvuran Ozkan, A, Kayalar, G, Berk, H. Prevalence of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis in Turkey: an epidemiological study. Spine J 2020;20:947–55. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.SPINEE.2020.01.008.Search in Google Scholar
13. Penha, PJ, Ramos, NLJP, De Carvalho, BKG, Andrade, RM, Schmitt, ACB, João, SMA. Prevalence of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis in the state of São Paulo, Brazil. Spine 2018;43:1710–18. https://doi.org/10.1097/BRS.0000000000002725.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
14. Dantas, MGB, Aquino, AN, Correia, HJ, Ferreira, KP, Nascimento, BB Do, Silva, L de S, et al.. Prevalence of back pain and idiopathic scoliosis in adolescents from the semiarid region of Brazil: a cross-sectional study. J Chiropr Med 2021;20:97–107. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JCM.2021.12.004.Search in Google Scholar
15. Konieczny, MR, Senyurt, H, Krauspe, R. Epidemiology of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. J Child’s Orthop 2013;7:3–9. https://doi.org/10.1007/S11832-012-0457-4/ASSET/IMAGES/LARGE/10.1007_S11832-012-0457-4-FIG2.JPEG.Search in Google Scholar
16. de Assis, SJC, Sanchis, GJB, de Souza, CG, Roncalli, AG. Influence of physical activity and postural habits in schoolchildren with scoliosis. Arch Publ Health 2021;79:1–7. https://doi.org/10.1186/S13690-021-00584-6/TABLES/3.Search in Google Scholar
17. McMaster, ME, Lee, AJ, Burwell, RG. Physical activities of Patients with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS): preliminary longitudinal case-control study historical evaluation of possible risk factors. Scoliosis 2015;10:1–10. https://doi.org/10.1186/S13013-015-0029-8/TABLES/4.Search in Google Scholar
18. Scaturro, D, Costantino, C, Terrana, P, Vitagliani, F, Falco, V, Cuntrera, D, et al.. Risk factors, lifestyle and prevention among adolescents with idiopathic juvenile scoliosis: a cross sectional study in eleven first-grade secondary schools of palermo province, Italy. Int J Environ Res Publ Health 2021;18:12335. https://doi.org/10.3390/IJERPH182312335.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
19. Day, JM, Fletcher, J, Coghlan, M, Ravine, T. Review of scoliosis-specific exercise methods used to correct adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. Arch Physiother 2019;9:1–11. https://doi.org/10.1186/S40945-019-0060-9/FIGURES/3.Search in Google Scholar
20. Fan, Y, To, MKT, Kuang, GM, Cheung, JPY. The relationship between compliance of physiotherapeutic scoliosis specific exercises and curve regression with mild to moderate adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. Global Spine J 2022;1–11. https://doi.org/10.1177/21925682221109565/ASSET/IMAGES/LARGE/10.1177_21925682221109565-FIG4.Search in Google Scholar
21. Liu, D, Yang, Y, Yu, X, Yang, J, Xuan, X, Yang, J, et al.. Effects of specific exercise therapy on adolescent patients with idiopathic scoliosis: a prospective controlled cohort study. Spine 2020;45:1039. https://doi.org/10.1097/BRS.0000000000003451.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
22. Anwer, S, Alghadir, A, Abu Shaphe, M, Anwar, D. Effects of exercise on spinal deformities and quality of life in patients with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. BioMed Res Int 2015;2015:1–15. https://doi.org/10.1155/2015/123848.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
23. Kim, S, Uhm, JY, Chae, DH, Park, Y. Low body mass index for early screening of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis: a comparison based on standardized body mass index classifications. Asian Nurs Res 2020;14:24–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ANR.2019.12.003.Search in Google Scholar
24. Jeon, KK, Kim, DI. Low body mass index levels and idiopathic scoliosis in Korean children: a cross-sectional study. Children 2021;8:570. https://doi.org/10.3390/CHILDREN8070570.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
25. Hengwei, F, Zifang, H, Qifei, W, Weiqing, T, Nali, D, Ping, Y, et al.. Prevalence of idiopathic scoliosis in Chinese school children. Spine 2016;41:259–64. https://doi.org/10.1097/BRS.0000000000001197.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
26. Ciaccia, MCC, De Castro, JS, Rahal, MA, Penatti, BS, Selegatto, IB, Giampietro, JLM, et al.. Prevalence of scoliosis in public elementary school students. Rev Paul Pediatr 2017;35:191. https://doi.org/10.1590/1984-0462/;2017;35;2;00008.Search in Google Scholar
27. Matusik, E, Durmala, J, Matusik, P. Association of body composition with curve severity in children and adolescents with idiopathic scoliosis (IS). Nutrients 2016;8:1–11. https://doi.org/10.3390/NU8020071.Search in Google Scholar
28. Presta, V, Galuppo, L, Mirandola, P, Galli, D, Pozzi, G, Zoni, R, et al.. One-shoulder carrying school backpack strongly affects gait swing phase and pelvic tilt: a case study. Acta Biomed: Atenei Parm 2020;91:168. https://doi.org/10.23750/ABM.V91I3-S.9435.Search in Google Scholar
29. Sahli, S, Rebai, H, Ghroubi, S, Yahia, A, Guermazi, M, Elleuch, MH. The effects of backpack load and carrying method on the balance of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis subjects. Spine J 2013;13:1835–42. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.SPINEE.2013.06.023.Search in Google Scholar
30. Schmid, S, Burkhart, KA, Allaire, BT, Grindle, D, Bassani, T, Galbusera, F, et al.. Spinal compressive forces in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis with and without carrying loads: a musculoskeletal modeling study. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2020;8:520855. https://doi.org/10.3389/FBIOE.2020.00159/BIBTEX.Search in Google Scholar
31. Lehnen, GC, Magnani, RM, de Sá E Souza, GS, Rodrigues, FB, Andrade, A de O, Vieira, MF. Effects of backpack loads and positions on the variability of gait spatiotemporal parameters in young adults. Res Biomed Eng 2017;33:277–84. https://doi.org/10.1590/2446-4740.03517.Search in Google Scholar
32. Tarabeih, N, Masharawi, Y, Shalata, A, Higla, O, Kalinkovich, A, Livshits, G. Scoliosis and skeletal muscle mass are strongly associated with low back pain-related disability in humans: an evolutionary anthropology point of view. Am J Hum Biol 2022;34:e237–57. https://doi.org/10.1002/AJHB.23757.Search in Google Scholar
33. Ghanem, I, Rizkallah, M. Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis for the primary care physician: frequently asked questions. Curr Opin Pediatr 2019;31:48–53. https://doi.org/10.1097/MOP.0000000000000705.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
34. Sung, S, Chae, HW, Lee, HS, Kim, S, Kwon, JW, Lee, SB, et al.. Incidence and surgery rate of idiopathic scoliosis: a nationwide database study. Int J Environ Res Publ Health 2021;18:8152. https://doi.org/10.3390/IJERPH18158152.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
35. WHO. Physical activity: fact sheet; 2022. Available from: https://www.who.int/health-topics/physical-activity#tab=tab_1.Search in Google Scholar
36. Roychowdhury, D. Using physical activity to enhance health outcomes across the life span. J Funct Morphol Kinesiol 2020;5:1–13. https://doi.org/10.3390/JFMK5010002.Search in Google Scholar
37. Watanabe, K, Michikawa, T, Yonezawa, I, Takaso, M, Minami, S, Soshi, S, et al.. Physical activities and lifestyle factors related to adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. J Bone Jt Surg Am Vol 2017;99:284–94. https://doi.org/10.2106/JBJS.16.00459.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
38. WHO. A healthy lifestyle – WHO recommendations; 2021. Available from: https://www.who.int/europe/news-room/fact-sheets/item/a-healthy-lifestyle---who-recommendations.Search in Google Scholar
39. Tarrant, RC, Queally, JM, Moore, DP, Kiely, PJ. Prevalence and impact of low body mass index on outcomes in patients with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis: a systematic review. Eur J Clin Nutr 2018;72:1463–84. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41430-018-0095-0.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
40. Weir, CB, Jan, A. BMI classification percentile and cut off points. StatPearls; 2022. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK541070/.Search in Google Scholar
41. Minghelli, B, Oliveira, R, Nunes, C. Postural habits and weight of backpacks of Portuguese adolescents: are they associated with scoliosis and low back pain? Work 2016;54:197–208. https://doi.org/10.3233/WOR-162284.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
42. Zarulli, V, Barthold Jones, JA, Oksuzyan, A, Lindahl-Jacobsen, R, Christensen, K, Vaupel, JW. Women live longer than men even during severe famines and epidemics. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018;115:E832–40. https://doi.org/10.1073/PNAS.1701535115/SUPPL_FILE/PNAS.1701535115.ST01.DOCX.Search in Google Scholar
© 2023 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston
Articles in the same Issue
- Frontmatter
- Reviews
- Association between diet, mental health and sleep quality in university students during the COVID-19 pandemic: a systematic review
- Overview of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis and associated factors: a scoping review
- Original Articles
- Genetic literacy and experiential knowledge on sickle cell disease among Canadian- and foreign-born male and female Anglophone and Francophone youth in Canada
- Effect of dolutegravir-based drug combinations on the level of medication adherence and viral load among adolescents living with HIV in resource-limited setting: a pre-post design
- Perception of social accountability among medical students in Egypt
Articles in the same Issue
- Frontmatter
- Reviews
- Association between diet, mental health and sleep quality in university students during the COVID-19 pandemic: a systematic review
- Overview of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis and associated factors: a scoping review
- Original Articles
- Genetic literacy and experiential knowledge on sickle cell disease among Canadian- and foreign-born male and female Anglophone and Francophone youth in Canada
- Effect of dolutegravir-based drug combinations on the level of medication adherence and viral load among adolescents living with HIV in resource-limited setting: a pre-post design
- Perception of social accountability among medical students in Egypt