Effects of energy restriction on activity of the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis in obese humans and rodents: implications for diet-induced changes in body composition

Radhika V. Seimon; Nikita Hostland; Stephanie L. Silveira; Alice A. Gibson; Amanda Sainsbury

doi:10.1515/hmbci-2013-0038

Article

Effects of energy restriction on activity of the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis in obese humans and rodents: implications for diet-induced changes in body composition

Radhika V. Seimon , Nikita Hostland , Stephanie L. Silveira , Alice A. Gibson and Amanda Sainsbury

Published/Copyright: August 21, 2013

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From the journal Hormone Molecular Biology and Clinical Investigation Volume 15 Issue 2

Abstract

Background: Obesity treatments aim to maximize fat loss, particularly abdominal or visceral fat, without compromising lean or bone mass. However, the literature contains numerous examples of obesity treatments that – in addition to fat loss – result in loss of lean mass and/or bone mass.

Materials and methods: Because of the known effects of energy restriction to increase activity of the hypothalamo-pitutiary adrenal (HPA) axis in lean humans and animals, and because increases in circulating glucocorticoid levels could potentially contribute to adverse body compositional changes with obesity treatments, we conducted a systematic PubMed search to determine whether HPA axis activation also occurs in response to energy restriction in obese humans and animals.

Results and conclusions: In most studies in obese humans, short-term severe energy restriction increased circulating cortisol levels, and this response was also seen in two longer-term human studies involving severe or moderate energy restriction. These findings parallel studies on short- or long-term energy restriction in obese rodents, with most studies showing increases in circulating corticosterone concentrations, and no change or actual increases in hypothalamic expression of corticotropin-releasing hormone, urocortin 3 or their receptors. However, a significant proportion of studies involving longer-term severe or moderate energy restriction in obese humans showed no change or decreases in HPA axis function. There was variability among human studies in the duration of energy restriction and timing of the HPA axis investigations (i.e., during energy restriction, or after a period of post-restriction weight maintenance). In order to unambiguously determine changes in HPA axis function with energy restriction in obese humans, it will be important to assess HPA axis function at multiple time points during energy restriction, given that obese individuals may spend many weeks or months in severe or moderate energy restriction in order to reduce excess weight, and given that increases in glucocorticoid function can have significant effects on body composition within weeks to months.

Keywords: animals; caloric restriction; HPA axis; humans; obesity

Corresponding author: Amanda Salis (nee Sainsbury), The Boden Institute of Obesity, Nutrition, Exercise and Eating Disorders, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Camperdown NSW 2006, Australia, Phone: +61 4 23777801; and School of Medical Sciences, University of NSW, Kensington, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia

We are grateful to the National Health & Medical Research Council of Australia for financial support during the preparation of this work, via a project grant (AS and RVS) and a fellowship (AS), as well as for the financial support of an Australian Postgraduate Award to AAG.

Conflict of interest statement

Amanda Sainsbury-Salis is the author of The Don’t Go Hungry Diet (Bantam, Australia and New Zealand, 2007) and Don’t Go Hungry For Life (Bantam, Australia and New Zealand, 2011). None of the authors had a conflict of interest.

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Received: 2013-7-11

Accepted: 2013-7-23

Published Online: 2013-08-21

Published in Print: 2013-09-01

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https://doi.org/10.1515/hmbci-2013-0038

Keywords for this article

animals; caloric restriction; HPA axis; humans; obesity