Why do we need to age?
-
Aria Baniahmad
Abstract
A key question remains: why do multicellular organisms have a limited lifespan? The aging process is considered to be a decline of keeping the molecular, cellular and organ structure and interactions upright. It is hypothesized here that an evolutionary force has actively selected for limited lifespan and prior to that there is the process of aging. Many theories exist, including the endocrine theory of aging and reproduction-based aging. Here, a hypothesis is deduced for the driving force of the evolution of aging and lifespan limitation.
References
1. Hayflick L. Biological aging is no longer an unsolved problem. Ann NY Acad Sci 2007;1100:1–13.10.1196/annals.1395.001Search in Google Scholar PubMed
2. Hayflick L. Living forever and dying in the attempt. Exp Gerontol 2003;38:1231–41.10.1016/j.exger.2003.09.003Search in Google Scholar PubMed
3. López-Otín C, Blasco MA, Partridge L, Serrano M, Kroemer G. The hallmarks of aging. Cell 2013;153:1194–217.10.1016/j.cell.2013.05.039Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
4. Tosato M, Zamboni V, Ferrini A, Cesari M. The aging process and potential interventions to extend life expectancy. Clin Interv Aging 2007;2:401–12.Search in Google Scholar
5. Zouboulis CC, Makrantonaki E. Hormonal therapy of intrinsic aging. Rejuvenation Res 2012;15:302–12.10.1089/rej.2011.1249Search in Google Scholar PubMed
6. Campisi J, Yaswen P. Aging and cancer cell biology 2009. Aging Cell 2009;8:221–5.10.1111/j.1474-9726.2009.00475.xSearch in Google Scholar PubMed
7. O’ Neill C. PI3-kinase/Akt/mTOR signaling: Impaired on/off switches in aging, cognitive decline and Alzheimer’s disease. Exp Gerontol 2013;48:647–53.10.1016/j.exger.2013.02.025Search in Google Scholar PubMed
8. Tucci P. Caloric restriction: is mammalian life extension linked to p53? Aging 2012;4:525–34.10.18632/aging.100481Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
9. Houtkooper RH, Pirinen E, Auwerx J. Sirtuins as regulators of metabolism and healthspan. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2012;13:225–38.10.1038/nrm3293Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
10. Makrantonaki E, Schonknecht P, Hossini AM, Kaiser E, Katsouli MM, Adjaye J, Schroder J, Zouboulis CC. Skin and brain age together: The role of hormones in the ageing process. Exp Gerontol 2010;45:801–13.10.1016/j.exger.2010.08.005Search in Google Scholar PubMed
11. Escames G, Diaz-Casado ME, Doerrier C, Luna-Sanchez M, Lopez CL, Acuna-Castroviejo D. Early gender differences in the redox status of brain mitochondria with age. Effects of melatonin therapy. Horm Mol Biol Clin Invest 2013;16:91–100.Search in Google Scholar
12. Gáliková M, Klepsatel P, Senti G, Flatt T. Steroid hormone regulation of C. elegans and Drosophila aging and life history. Exp Gerontol 2011;46:141–7.10.1016/j.exger.2010.08.021Search in Google Scholar PubMed
13. Kenyon C. A pathway that links reproductive status to lifespan in Caenorhabditis elegans. Ann NY Acad Sci 2010;1204:156–62.10.1111/j.1749-6632.2010.05640.xSearch in Google Scholar PubMed
©2013 by Walter de Gruyter Berlin Boston
Articles in the same Issue
- Masthead
- Masthead
- Editorial Preface
- Special issue on hormones and ageing
- Mini Review Articles
- Why do we need to age?
- Estrogen receptor beta and its selective ligands: an option for treatment of menopausal vasomotor symptoms?
- Review Articles
- Skin mirrors human aging
- Neuropeptides and skin aging
- Plant derived alternatives for hormone replacement therapy (HRT)
Articles in the same Issue
- Masthead
- Masthead
- Editorial Preface
- Special issue on hormones and ageing
- Mini Review Articles
- Why do we need to age?
- Estrogen receptor beta and its selective ligands: an option for treatment of menopausal vasomotor symptoms?
- Review Articles
- Skin mirrors human aging
- Neuropeptides and skin aging
- Plant derived alternatives for hormone replacement therapy (HRT)
