Home Variation analyses of extractive contents by NIR-spectroscopy bring out the differences between agroforestry and forestry walnut (Juglans regia × nigra) trees
Article
Licensed
Unlicensed Requires Authentication

Variation analyses of extractive contents by NIR-spectroscopy bring out the differences between agroforestry and forestry walnut (Juglans regia × nigra) trees

  • Lucie Heim , Loïc Brancheriau , Remy Marchal , Nabila Boutahar , Sylvain Lotte , Louis Denaud , Eric Badel , Karima Meghar and Kevin Candelier EMAIL logo
Published/Copyright: July 18, 2022
Become an author with De Gruyter Brill
Submit Manuscript Author Information
Holzforschung
From the journal Holzforschung Volume 76 Issue 9

Abstract

Wood characteristics of trees grown in agroforestry systems are little studied, even if growth conditions are different from conventional stands. This work aimed to determine the impact of the agroforestry system on the heartwood formation process of hybrid walnut (Juglans regia × nigra) trees, especially the resulting extractive contents. Ethanol and water extractions were successively performed on wood samples taken across the diameter of the trunk of agroforestry (AF) and forest (FC) walnut trees to get the radial distribution of the extractive contents. All the samples were analyzed by NIR-spectroscopy and NIR-hyperspectral imaging. Statistical discriminant models were developed to classify the samples from both different forestry systems, according to their chemical composition. The results indicated no significant differences between the values of extractive contents of AF and FC walnut woods, whatever the radial position. At the intra-tree scale, the quantity of extractives does not increase significantly with the radial position. However, partial least squares-discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) regression models, developed with NIRS measurements, showed that significant chemical differences exist between AF and FC trees, especially for extractives composition and lignin content. This allowed to classify wood specimens from both forestry systems. These results were confirmed by hyperspectral camera analyses.

Keywords: discrimination models; extractives; heartwood; lignin; NIR-hyperspectral imaging; NIR-spectrometry
Corresponding author: Kevin Candelier, CIRAD, Research Unit BioWooEB, Montpellier, France; and BioWooEB, Université Montpellier, CIRAD, Montpellier, France, E-mail:

Funding source: AGROBRANCHE (2018–2022) project (Study of the valuation of branches in agroforestry for bio-based materials and green chemistry), financially supported by the French Environment & Energy Management Agency (ADEME)

  1. Author contributions: All the authors have accepted responsibility for the entire content of this submitted manuscript and approved submission.

  2. Research funding: This work was part of the AGROBRANCHE (2018–2022) project (Study of the valuation of branches in agroforestry for bio-based materials and green chemistry), financially supported by the French Environment & Energy Management Agency (ADEME). The authors also gratefully acknowledge the “Fondation de France” association for its financial support attributed to Lucie Heim for her PhD thesis carried out at the Arts et Métiers Institute of Technology.

  3. Conflict of interest statement: The authors declare no conflicts of interest regarding this article.

References

Beritognolo, I. (2001). Molecular and biochemical characterization of heartwood formation in black walnut (Juglans nigra L.): accumulation of flavonoides and expression of genes controlling their biosynthesis [in French], Ph.D. thesis. Nancy, France, Université de Lorraine, p. 182, Available at: http://docnum.univ-lorraine.fr/public/SCD_T_2001_0260_BERITOGNOLO.pdf.Search in Google Scholar

Burtin, P., Jay-Allemand, C., Charpentier, J.P., and Janin, G. (1998). Natural wood coloring process in Juglans sp. (J. nigra, J. regia and hybrid J. nigra 23 x J. regia) depends on native phenolic compounds accumulated in the transition zone between sapwood and heartwood. Trees 12: 258–264, https://doi.org/10.1007/PL00009716.Search in Google Scholar

Campanhola, C. and Pandey, S. (Eds.) (2019). Chapter 24 – agroforestry. In: Sustainable food and agriculture. Academic Press, Rome (Italy), pp. 237–240.10.1016/B978-0-12-812134-4.00024-8Search in Google Scholar

Fernández-Moya, J., Urbán-Martínez, I., Pelleri, F., Castro, G., Bergante, S., Giorcelli, A., Gennaro, M., Licea-Moreno, R.J., Santacruz Pérez, D., Gutiérrez-Tejón, E., et al.. (2019). Silvicultural guide to managing walnut plantations for timber production. H2020 EU project “Second generation of planted hardwood forests in the EU - Woodnat”, Coruna (Spain), p. 76. https://ec.europa.eu/research/participants/documents/downloadPublic/WE50RktzSDlTUS9RK1loUnJ6dWpUakdRTWViYTRZQ2FPVDRVQmhJd2hyOVhBQTBpdjFCNEJnPT0=/attachment/VFEyQTQ4M3ptUWRwN2lhL01VTEw0dW9rMXUwM1VxNTQ=.Search in Google Scholar

Fujimoto, T., Kurata, Y., Matsumoto, K., and Tsuchikawa, S. (2007). Application of near infrared spectroscopy for estimating wood mechanical properties of small clear and full length lumber specimens. J. Near Infrared Spectrosc. 16: 529–537.10.1255/jnirs.818Search in Google Scholar

Gonçalves, B., Morais, M.C., Pereira, S., Mosquera-Losada, M.R., and Santos, M. (2021). Tree–crop ecological and physiological interactions within climate change contexts: a mini-review. Front. Ecol. Evol. 9: 661978, https://doi.org/10.3389/fevo.2021.661978.Search in Google Scholar

Gupta, S.R., Ravindranah, B., and Seshadri, T.R. (1972). Juglandaceae: poly-phenols of Juglans nigra. Phytochemistry 11: 2634–2636, https://doi.org/10.1016/s0031-9422(00)88569-6.Search in Google Scholar

Hain, A. (2014). The potential of agroforestry for rural development in the European Union. In: Bachelor’s thesis (YSS-82812), international development studies Program. Wageningen University & Research, Netherlands: Available at: https://edepot.wur.nl/308667.Search in Google Scholar

Haupt, M., Leithoff, H., Meier, D., Puls, J., Richter, H.G., and Faix, O. (2003). Heartwood extractives and natural durability of plantation grown teakwood (Tectona grandis L.)-a case study. Eur. J. Wood and Wood Prod. 61: 473–474, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00107-003-0428-z.Search in Google Scholar

Heim, L., Dodeler, R., Brancheriau, L., Marchal, R., Boutahar, N., Lotte, S., Dumarçay, S., Gérardin, P., and Candelier, K. (2022). Comparison of the extractives chemical signatures between branch, knot and bark wood fractions from forestry and agroforestry Walnut (Juglans regia × nigra), by NIR-spectroscopy and LC-MS analyses. iFor. Biogeosci. For. 15: 56–62, https://doi.org/10.3832/ifor3973-014.Search in Google Scholar

Hillis, W.E. (1971). Distribution, properties and formation of some wood extractives. Wood Sci. Technol. 5: 272–289, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00365060.Search in Google Scholar

Kebbi-Benkeder, Z., Colin, F., Dumarçay, S., and Gérardin, P. (2015a). Quantification and characterization of knotwood extractives of 12 European softwood and hardwood species. Ann. For. Sci. 72: 277–284, https://doi.org/10.1007/s13595-014-0428-7.Search in Google Scholar

Kebbi-Benkeder, Z. (2015b). Interspecific and intraspecific biodiversity of knot wood extractives [in French], Ph.D. thesis. Nancy, France, AgroParisTech, p. 206, Available at: https://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01374613/document.Search in Google Scholar

Kelley, S.S., Rials, T.G., Snell, R., Groom, L.H., and Sluiter, A. (2004). Use of near infrared spectroscopy to measure the chemical and mechanical properties of solid wood. Wood Sci. Technol. 38: 257–276, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00226-003-0213-5.Search in Google Scholar

Kramer, P.J. and Kozlowski, T.T. (1979). Physiology of woody plants. Academic Press, Orlando, FL, USA, p. 811.Search in Google Scholar

Kulasegaram, S. and Kathiravetpillai, A. (1976). Effect of shade and water supply on growth and apical dominance in tea (Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze). Trop. Agric. 53: 161–172.Search in Google Scholar

Magel, E., Jay-Allemand, C., and Ziegler, H. (1994). Formation of heartwood substances in the stemwood of Robinia pseudoacaeia L. II. Distribution of nonstructural carbohydrates and wood extractives across the trunk. Trees 8: 165–171, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00196843.Search in Google Scholar

Mancini, M., Toscano, G., and Rinnan, A. (2019). Study of the scattering effects on NIR data for the prediction of ash content using EMSC correction factors. J. Chemometr. 33: e3111, https://doi.org/10.1002/cem.3111.Search in Google Scholar

Morais, M.C. and Pereira, H. (2012). Variation of extractives content in heartwood and sapwood of Eucalyptus globulus trees. Wood Sci. Technol. 46: 709–719, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00226-011-0438-7.Search in Google Scholar

Muschler, R.G. (2015). Agroforestry: essential for sustainable and climate-smart land use? In: Pancel, L. and Köhl, M. (Eds.), Tropical forestry handbook, Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg.10.1007/978-3-642-41554-8_300-1Search in Google Scholar

Myronycheva, O., Sidorova, E., Hagman, O., Sehlstedt-Persson, M., Karlsson, O., and Sandberg, D. (2018). Hyperspectral imaging surface analysis for dried and thermally modified wood: an exploratory study. J. Spectrosc. 2018: 7423501. https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/7423501.10.1155/2018/7423501Search in Google Scholar

Naes, T., Isaksson, T., Fearn, T., and Davies, T. (2004). A user-friendly guide to multivariate calibration and classification. NIR Publications, Chichester, UK, p. 344.Search in Google Scholar

Nair, P.K.R. (2005). Agroforestry. In: Hillel, D. (Ed.), Encyclopedia of soils in the environment. Elsevier, pp. 35–44.10.1016/B0-12-348530-4/00244-7Search in Google Scholar

Nasser, A.R. (2008). Specific gravity, fiber length and chemical components of conocarpus erectus as affected by tree spacing. Alexandria J. Agric. Res. 7: 49–68.Search in Google Scholar

Novaes, E., Kirst, M., Chiang, V., Winter-Sederoff, H., and Sederoff, R. (2010). Lignin and biomass: a negative correlation for wood formation and lignin content in trees. Physiol. 154: 555–561, https://doi.org/10.1104/pp.110.161281.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

Pace, J.H.C., de Figueiredo Latorraca, J.V., Hein, P.R.G., de Carvalho, A.M., Castro, J.P., and da Silva, C.E.S. (2019). Wood species identification from Atlantic forest by near infrared spectroscopy. For. Syst. 28: e015, https://doi.org/10.5424/fs/2019283-14558.Search in Google Scholar

Pardon, P., Mertens, J., Reubens, B., Reheul, D., Coussement, T., Elsen, A., Nelissen, V., and Verheyen, K. (2020). Juglans regia (walnut) in temperate arable agroforestry systems: effects on soil characteristics, arthropod diversity and crop yield. Renew. Agric. Food Syst. 35: 533–549, https://doi.org/10.1017/S1742170519000176.Search in Google Scholar

Ramalho, F.M.G., Andrade, J.M., and Hein, P.R.G. (2018). Rapid discrimination of wood species from native forest and plantations using near infrared spectroscopy. For. Syst. 27: e008, https://doi.org/10.5424/fs/2018272-12075.Search in Google Scholar

Rocha, M.F.V., Vital, B.R., De Carneiro, A.C.O., Carvalho, A.M.M.L., Cardoso, M.T., and Hein, P.R.G. (2016). Effects of plant spacing on the physical, chemical and energy properties of Eucalyptus wood and bark. J. Trop. For. Sci. 28: 243–248.Search in Google Scholar

Rowell, R.M., Pettersens, R., Han, J.S., Rowell, J.S., and Tshabalala, M.A. (2005). Cell wall chemistry. In: Rowell, R. (Ed.), Handbook of wood chemistry and wood composites. CRC Press, Boca Raton, USA, pp. 35–72, chapter 3.10.1201/9780203492437-7Search in Google Scholar

Salejda, A.M., Janiewicz, U., Korzeniowska, M., Kolniak-Ostek, J., and Krasnowska, G. (2016). Effect of walnut green husk addition on some quality properties of cooked sausages. LWT Food Sci. Technol. 65: 751–757, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lwt.2015.08.069.Search in Google Scholar

Sandak, A., Sandak, J., and Meder, R. (2016). Assessing trees, wood and derived products with NIR spectroscopy: hints and tips. J. Near Infrared Spectrosc. 24: 485–505, https://doi.org/10.1255/jnirs.1255.Search in Google Scholar

Savitzky, A. and Golay, M.J.E. (1964). Smoothing and differentiation of data by simplified least squares procedures. Anal. Chem. 36: 1627–1639, https://doi.org/10.1021/ac60214a047.Search in Google Scholar

Scheffer, T.C. and Cowling, E.B. (1996). Natural resistance of wood to microbial deterioration. Annu. Rev. Phytopathol. 4: 147–168, https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.py.04.090166.001051.Search in Google Scholar

Scheffer, T.C., Morrell, J.J., and Oregon State University (1998). Natural durability of wood: a worldwide checklist of species. College of Forestry, Forest Research Laboratory, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA, p. 62, Available at: https://ir.library.oregonstate.edu/concern/technical_reports/dz010r37p.Search in Google Scholar

Schimleck, L., Evans, R., and Ilic, J. (2003). Application of near infrared spectroscopy to the extracted wood of a diverse range of species. IAWA J. 24: 429–438.10.1163/22941932-90000347Search in Google Scholar

Schwanninger, M., Rodrigues, J.C., and Fackler, K. (2011). A review of band assignments in near infrared spectra of wood and wood components. J. Near Infrared Spectrosc. 19: 287–308, https://doi.org/10.1255/jnirs.955.Search in Google Scholar

Shukla, S., Pandey, V.V., and Kumar, V. (2018). Agroforestry systems as a tool in sustainable rural development, food scarcity and income generation. Indian For. 144: 435–441, https://doi.org/10.36808/if/2018/v144i4/115839.Search in Google Scholar

Sollen-Norrlin, M., Ghaley, B.B., and Rintoul, N.L.J. (2020). Agroforestry benefits and challenges for adoption in Europe and beyond. Sustainability 12: 7001, https://doi.org/10.3390/su12177001.Search in Google Scholar

Taylor, A.M., Gartner, B.L., Morrell, J.J., and Tsunoda, K. (2006). Effects of heartwood extractivefractions of Thuja plicata and Chamaecyparis nootkatensis on wood degradation by termites or fungi. J. Wood Sci. 52: 147–153, doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s10086-005-0743-6.Search in Google Scholar

Terrasse, F., Brancheriau, L., Marchal, R., Boutahar, N., Lotte, S., Guibal, D., Pignolet, L., and Candelier, K. (2021). Density, extractives and decay resistance variabilities within branch wood from four agroforestry hardwood species. iFor. Biogeosci. For. 14: 212–220, https://doi.org/10.3832/ifor3693-014.Search in Google Scholar

Toshiaki, U. (2001). Chemistry of extractives. In: De David, N.S.H, Nobuo, S. (Eds.), Wood and cellulosic chemistry. Journal of the American society. Marcel Dekker Inc., New York, USA, pp. 213–241, Chapter 6.Search in Google Scholar

Tsuchikawa, S. and Siesler, H.W. (2003). Near-infrared spectroscopic monitoring of the diffusion process of deuterium-labeled molecules in wood. Part I: softwood. Appl. Spectrosc. 57: 667–674.10.1366/000370203322005364Search in Google Scholar PubMed

Uner, B., Oyar, O., Var, A.A., and Altnta, O.L. (2009). Effect of thinning on density of Pinus nigra tree using X-ray computed tomography. J. Environ. Biol. 30: 359–362.Search in Google Scholar

Vek, V., Oven, P., Ters, T., Poljanšek, I., and Hinterstoisser, B. (2014). Extractives of mechanically wounded wood and knots in beech. Holzforschung 68: 529–539, https://doi.org/10.1515/hf-2013-0003.Search in Google Scholar

Workman, J.J. and Weyer, L. (2007). Practical guide to interpretive near infrared spectroscopy. CRC Press, Boca Raton, USA, p. 344.10.1201/9781420018318Search in Google Scholar

Yi, J., Sun, Y., Zhu, Z., Liu, N., and Lu, J. (2017). Near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy for the prediction of chemical composition in walnut kernel. Int. J. Food Prop. 20: 1633–1642, https://doi.org/10.1080/10942912.2016.1217006.Search in Google Scholar

Zobel, J.B. and Van Buijtenen, J.P. (1989). Wood variation: its causes and control. Springer, New York, USA, p. 363.10.1007/978-3-642-74069-5Search in Google Scholar
Received: 2022-03-28
Accepted: 2022-07-01
Published Online: 2022-07-18
Published in Print: 2022-09-27

© 2022 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston

Articles in the same Issue

  1. Frontmatter
  2. Original Articles
  3. Variation analyses of extractive contents by NIR-spectroscopy bring out the differences between agroforestry and forestry walnut (Juglans regia × nigra) trees
  4. Correlation between lignin content and syringyl-to-guaiacyl (S/G) ratio of Eucalyptus globulus wood
  5. Accelerated relaxation behavior during water desorption in the mechano-sorptive creep of wood: modeling and analysis based on the free volume concept and Kohlausch–Williams–Watts function
  6. Degradation of beech wood by Kretzschmaria deusta: its heterogeneity and influence on dynamic and static bending properties
  7. Performance improvement of poplar wood based on the synergies of furfurylation and polyethylene glycol impregnation
  8. Artificial lignification of a cellulose microfibril-based hydrogel and resulting effect on tensile properties
  9. Depolymerisation of kraft lignin to obtain high value-added products: antioxidants and UV absorbers
  10. A CP/MAS 13C NMR investigation of cellulose ultrastructure in traditional Chinese handmade papers
  11. Quality control of natural cork stoppers by image analysis and oxygen transmission rate
https://doi.org/10.1515/hf-2022-0055
Keywords for this article
discrimination models; extractives; heartwood; lignin; NIR-hyperspectral imaging; NIR-spectrometry

Articles in the same Issue

  1. Frontmatter
  2. Original Articles
  3. Variation analyses of extractive contents by NIR-spectroscopy bring out the differences between agroforestry and forestry walnut (Juglans regia × nigra) trees
  4. Correlation between lignin content and syringyl-to-guaiacyl (S/G) ratio of Eucalyptus globulus wood
  5. Accelerated relaxation behavior during water desorption in the mechano-sorptive creep of wood: modeling and analysis based on the free volume concept and Kohlausch–Williams–Watts function
  6. Degradation of beech wood by Kretzschmaria deusta: its heterogeneity and influence on dynamic and static bending properties
  7. Performance improvement of poplar wood based on the synergies of furfurylation and polyethylene glycol impregnation
  8. Artificial lignification of a cellulose microfibril-based hydrogel and resulting effect on tensile properties
  9. Depolymerisation of kraft lignin to obtain high value-added products: antioxidants and UV absorbers
  10. A CP/MAS 13C NMR investigation of cellulose ultrastructure in traditional Chinese handmade papers
  11. Quality control of natural cork stoppers by image analysis and oxygen transmission rate
Sign up now to receive a 20% welcome discount
Institutional Access
How does access work?
Have an idea on how to improve our website?
Please write us.
© 2025 De Gruyter Brill
Downloaded on 2.12.2025 from https://www.degruyterbrill.com/document/doi/10.1515/hf-2022-0055/pdf
Scroll to top button