Wood grain angles variations in Eucalyptus and their relationships to physical-mechanical properties
-
José Clailson Franco Coelho
,
Ramon Ferreira Oliveira
Abstract
The relationship between grain angle and wood properties has not been focus of researches in wood industry. The aim of this study was to establish grain angle variations in commercial Eucalyptus logs and their effects on physical-mechanical wood properties. Wood maximum angular deviation (MAD) was correlated with density, volumetric shrinkage, compressive strength parallel to grain, flexural strength and stiffness as determined by bending and acoustic methods in wood of seven Eucalyptus grandis × Eucalyptus urophylla clones at 13 years old. The relationship between MAD at pith-bark and base-top positions and its effect on the physical and mechanical properties were evaluated. Amplitude of MAD values was small for the seven clones, and the mean was 6.2°. The grain deviation decreased by only 8% in base-top direction, and the correlations among MAD and three logs heights were small and negative (r = −0.13). MAD values presented an increasing trend of 33% in pith-bark direction, with a small positive correlation (r = 0.42). Basic density (BD) presented a significant correlation with the MAD (r = 26). There was no significant correlation between the MAD and volumetric shrinkage, mechanical properties and modulus of elasticity dynamic (determined by stress wave timer, ultrasound or transverse vibration).
Funding source: Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
Acknowledgements
The authors are grateful to Suzano S.A. for the donation of the analysed material.
Research funding: This study was financed in part by the Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - Brasil (CAPES; Finance Code 001) and the Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa e Inovação do Espírito Santo (FAPES).
Conflict of interest statement: The authors declare no conflicts of interest that might be perceived to influence the results and/or discussion reported in this paper.
References
ABNT. (1940). Ensaios físicos e mecânicos de madeiras - método brasileiro MB-26/1940. Associação Brasileira de Normas Técnicas, Rio de Janeiro, p. 16.Search in Google Scholar
ABNT. (1997). NBR 7190: Projeto de estruturas de madeira. Associação Brasileira de Normas Técnicas, Rio de Janeiro, p. 107.Search in Google Scholar
Aebischer, D.P. and Denne, M.P. (1996). Spiral grain in relation to ring width and cambial age in European Oak (Quercus petraea (Matt.) Liebl. and Q. robur L.). Holzforschung 50: 297–302, https://doi.org/10.1515/hfsg.1996.50.4.297.Search in Google Scholar
Alves, R.C., Mantilla, J.N., Bremer, C.F., and Carrasco, E.V. (2014). Application of acoustic tomography and ultrasonic waves to estimate stiffness constants of Muiracatiara Brazilian wood. Bioresources 10: 1845–1856, https://doi.org/10.15376/biores.10.1.1845-1856.Search in Google Scholar
Baar, J., Tippner, J., and Rademacher, P. (2015). Prediction of mechanical properties - modulus of rupture and modulus of elasticity - of five tropical species by nondestructive methods. Maderas Cienc. Tecnol. 17: 239–252, https://doi.org/10.4067/s0718-221x2015005000023.Search in Google Scholar
Blackburn, D., Hamilton, M., Williams, D., Harwood, C., and Potts, B. (2014). Acoustic wave velocity as a selection trait in Eucalyptus nitens. Forests 5: 744–762, https://doi.org/10.3390/f5040744.Search in Google Scholar
Bossu, J., Lehnebach, R., Corn, S., Regazzi, A., Beauchêne, J., and Clair, B. (2018). Interlocked grain and density patterns in Bagassa guianensis: changes with ontogeny and mechanical consequences for trees. Trees 32: 1643–1655, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00468-018-1740-x.Search in Google Scholar
Brazier, J.D. (1977). The effect of forest practices on quality of the harvested crop. Forestry 50: 49–66, https://doi.org/10.1093/forestry/50.1.49.Search in Google Scholar
Bremaud, I., Cabrolier, P., Gril, J., Clair, B., Gérard, J., Minato, K., and Thibaut, B. (2010). Identification of anisotropic vibrational properties of padauk wood with interlocked grain. Wood Sci. Technol. 44: 355–367, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00226-010-0348-0.Search in Google Scholar
Cabrolier, P., Beauchêne, J., and Thibaut, B. (2009). Is interlocked grain an adaptive trait for tropical tree species in rainforest? In: Plant biomechanics conference, 6, pp. 279–284.Search in Google Scholar
Carreira, M.R, Dias, A.A., and de Alcântara Segundinho, P.G. (2017). Nondestructive evaluation of Corymbia citriodora logs by means of the Free Transverse Vibration Test. J. Nondestr. Eval. 36: 1–7, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10921-017-0401-0.Search in Google Scholar
Chui, Y.H., Barclay, D.W., and Cooper, P.A. (1999). Evaluation of wood poles using a free vibration technique. J. Test. Eval. 27: 191–195, https://doi.org/10.1520/jte12061j.Search in Google Scholar
Climate-data. (2020). Clima Alcobaça. Available at: https://pt.climate-data.org/america-do-sul/brasil/bahia/alcobaca-43473/.Search in Google Scholar
Cown, D.J., Young, G.D., and Kimberley, M.O. (1991). Spiral grain patterns in plantation-grown Pinus radiata. N. Z. J. For. Sci. 21: 206–216.Search in Google Scholar
Curti, R., Marcon, B., Denaud, L., and Collet, R. (2018). Effect of grain direction on cutting forces and chip geometry during Green Beech wood machining. BioResources 13: 5491–5503, https://doi.org/10.15376/biores.13.3.5491-5503.Search in Google Scholar
Danborg, F. (1994). Spiral grain in plantation trees of Picea abies. Can. J. For. Res. 24: 1662–1671, https://doi.org/10.1139/x94-215.Search in Google Scholar
Del Menezzi, C.H.S., Silveira, R.R., and Souza, M.R. (2010). Estimativas das propriedades de flexão estática de seis espécies de madeiras amazônicas por meio da técnica não-destrutiva de ondas de tensão. Acta Amazonica 40: 325–332, https://doi.org/10.1590/s0044-59672010000200011.Search in Google Scholar
Eklund, L. and Säll, H. (2000). The influence of wind on spiral grain formation in conifer trees. Trees 14: 324–328, https://doi.org/10.1007/s004680050225.Search in Google Scholar
Eklund, L., Säll, H., and Linder, S. (2003). Enhanced growth and ethylene increases spiral grain formation in Picea abies and Abies balsamea trees. Trees 17: 81–86, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00468-002-0210-6.Search in Google Scholar
Fonweban, J., Mavrou, I., Gardiner, B., and Macdonald, E. (2013). Modelling the effect of spacing and site exposure on spiral grain angle on Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr.). Forestry 86: 331–342, https://doi.org/10.1093/forestry/cpt002.Search in Google Scholar
Gominho, J., Figueira, J., Rodrigues, J.C., and Pereira, H. (2001). Within-tree variation of heartwood, extractives and wood density in the eucalypt hybrid urograndis (Eucalyptus grandis x E. urophylla). Wood Fiber Sci. 33: 3–8.Search in Google Scholar
Gonçalez, J.C., Santos, G.L., Silva Júnior, F.G., Martins, I.S., and Costa, J.D. (2014). Relações entre dimensões de fibras e de densidade da madeira ao longo do tronco de Eucalyptus urograndis. Sci. For. 42: 81–89.Search in Google Scholar
Gonçalves, R. and Trinca, A.T. (2014) Elastic constants of wood determined by ultrasound using three geometries of specimens. Wood Sci. Technol. 48: 269–287, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00226-013-0598-8.Search in Google Scholar
Gonçalves, F., da Silva Oliveira, J.T., Tomazello Filho, M., and Rezende, G.D. (2007). Estimativa da densidade básica da madeira de um híbrido clonal de Eucalyptus urophylla x Eucalyptus grandis por método não destrutivo. Cerne 13:119–129.Search in Google Scholar
Harris, J.M. (1989). Spiral grain and wave phenomena in wood formation. Springer, Heidelberg.10.1007/978-3-642-73779-4Search in Google Scholar
Hernández, R. and Almeida, G. (2003). Effects of wood density and interlocked grain on the shear strength of three Amazonian tropical hardwoods. Wood Fiber Sci. 35: 154–166.Search in Google Scholar
Hernández, R.E. (2007). Influence of accessory substances, wood density and interlocked grain on the compressive properties of hardwoods. Wood Sci. Technol. 41: 249–265, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00226-006-0114-5.Search in Google Scholar
Kojs, P., Włoch, W., and Rusin, A. (2004). Rearrangement of cells in storied cambium of Lonchocarpus sericeus (Poir.) DC. Connected with formation of interlocked grain in the xylem. Trees 18: 136–144, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00468-003-0292-9.Search in Google Scholar
Kramer, E.M. (2006). Wood grain pattern formation: a brief review. J Plant Growth Regul. 25: 290–301, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00344-006-0065-y.Search in Google Scholar
Larson, P.R. (1994). The vascular cambium - development and structure. Springer-Verlag, Berlin.10.1007/978-3-642-78466-8Search in Google Scholar
Medeiros Neto, P.N., Paes, J.B., and Segundinho, P.D. (2016). Determinações dos módulos de elasticidade e ruptura de madeiras por técnicas não destrutivas e destrutiva. Sci. Forestalis 44: 683–690, https://doi.org/10.18671/scifor.v44n111.14.Search in Google Scholar
Mochan, S., Moore, JR, and Connolly, T. (2009). Using acoustic tools in forestry and the wood supply chain. Forestry Commission, Edinburgh.Search in Google Scholar
Oliveira, J.T.S. and Silva, J.C. (2003). Variação radial da retratibilidade e densidade básica da madeira de Eucalyptus saligna Sm. Rev. Árvore 27: 381–385, https://doi.org/10.1590/s0100-67622003000300015.Search in Google Scholar
Onchieku, J., Githiomi, J.K., Oballa, P., and Chagalla–Odera, E. (2013). Effect of spiral grain occurrence on strength properties of Pinus patula grown in Kenya. Int. J. Appl. Sci. Technol. 3: 36–42.Search in Google Scholar
Ribeiro, P.G., Gonçalez, J.C., Gonçalves, R., Teles, R.F., and de Souza, F. (2013). Ultrasound waves for assessing the technological properties of Pinus caribaea var hondurensis and Eucalyptus grandis wood. Maderas Cienc. Tecnol. 15: 1–8, https://doi.org/10.4067/s0718-221x2013005000016.Search in Google Scholar
Ross, J.R. (2015). Nondestructive evaluation of wood. FPL, Madison.10.2737/FPL-GTR-238Search in Google Scholar
Silva, J.G.M., Vidaurre, G.B., Minini, D., Oliveira, R.F., Rocha, S.M.G., and Gonçalves, F.G. (2019). Qualidade da madeira de mogno brasileiro plantado para a produção de serrados. Sci. For. 47: 1–12, https://doi.org/10.18671/scifor.v47n121.01.Search in Google Scholar
Simonaho, S., Palviainen, J., Tolonen, Y., and Silvennoinen, R. (2004). Determination of wood grain direction from laser light scattering pattern. Optic Laser. Eng. 41: 95–103, https://doi.org/10.1016/s0143-8166(02)00144-6.Search in Google Scholar
Thinley, C., Palmer, G., Vanclay, J.K., and Henson, M. (2005). Spiral and interlocking grain in Eucalyptus dunnii. Eur. J. Wood Prod. 63: 372–379, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00107-005-0011-x.Search in Google Scholar
Tomazello Filho, M., Brazolin, S., Chagas, M.P., Oliveira, J.T., Ballarin, A.W., and Benjamin, C.A. (2008). Application of x-ray technique in nondestructive evaluation of eucalypt wood. Maderas Cienc. Tecnol. 10: 139–149, https://doi.org/10.4067/s0718-221x2008000200006.Search in Google Scholar
Vidaurre, G.B., Lombardi, L.R., Oliveira, J.T., and Arantes, M.D. (2011). Lenho juvenil e adulto e as propriedades da madeira. Floresta Ambient 18: 10–18, https://doi.org/10.4322/floram.2011.066.Search in Google Scholar
Wang, X., Carter, P., Ross, R.J., and Brashaw, B.K. (2007). Acoustic assessment of wood quality of raw forest materials - a path to increased profitability. Forest Prod. J. 57: 6–14.Search in Google Scholar
Watt, M.S., Kimberley, M.O., Harrington, J.J., Riddell, M.J., Cown, D.J., and Moore, J.R. (2013). Differences in intra-tree variation in spiral grain angle for radiata pine. N. Z. J. For. Sci. 43: 1–8, https://doi.org/10.1186/1179-5395-43-12.Search in Google Scholar
Webb, C.D. (1969). Variation of interlocked grain in Sweetgum. For. Prod. J. 19: 45–48.Search in Google Scholar
© 2020 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston
Articles in the same Issue
- Frontmatter
- Review
- Thickness-dependent stiffness of wood: potential mechanisms and implications
- Original articles
- Wood grain angles variations in Eucalyptus and their relationships to physical-mechanical properties
- Thermal characteristics of birch and its cellulose and hemicelluloses isolated by alkaline solution
- Features of frequency dependence of electrical conductivity and dielectric properties in lignins from conifers and deciduous trees
- Developing deep learning models to automate rosewood tree species identification for CITES designation and implementation
- Fabrication of highly stable and durable furfurylated wood materials. Part I: process optimization
- Fabrication of highly stable and durable furfurylated wood materials. Part II: the multi-scale distribution of furfuryl alcohol (FA) resin in wood
- Changes in wheat straw cell walls during ozone pretreatment
Articles in the same Issue
- Frontmatter
- Review
- Thickness-dependent stiffness of wood: potential mechanisms and implications
- Original articles
- Wood grain angles variations in Eucalyptus and their relationships to physical-mechanical properties
- Thermal characteristics of birch and its cellulose and hemicelluloses isolated by alkaline solution
- Features of frequency dependence of electrical conductivity and dielectric properties in lignins from conifers and deciduous trees
- Developing deep learning models to automate rosewood tree species identification for CITES designation and implementation
- Fabrication of highly stable and durable furfurylated wood materials. Part I: process optimization
- Fabrication of highly stable and durable furfurylated wood materials. Part II: the multi-scale distribution of furfuryl alcohol (FA) resin in wood
- Changes in wheat straw cell walls during ozone pretreatment
