Abstract
The tension wood (TW) of Tilia cordata (lime tree) does not contain gelatinous fibers. Based on anatomical studies of secondary phloem (secPhl) and xylem by means of microscopy, digital imaging, and biomechanical tests, it was hypothesized that there is an interaction between the phloem and xylem as a response of gravitropic forces on lateral branches. The goal of the present study was to check this hypothesis. The results demonstrated that dilated phloem rays are longer and wider on the upper side (US) of a branch compared to the lower side (LS) and that the ratio of fiber/ray parenchyma in the phloem is lower on the US of the branches. Bark strips consisting of secPhl with periderm have higher elastic modulus (MOE) on the US of branches. The results support the hypothesis that the compression stress of ray parenchyma may cause phloem fibers to stretch, which may result in the development of axial tensile stresses that are higher on the US of branches. However, the wider rings of xylem formed on the US of branches and the results of biomechanical tests can be interpreted that a higher MOE of wood in the US of lateral branch are the main factors responsible for gravitropic reaction of Tilia branches. TW can be considered as a kind of biotensegrity.
Acknowledgments
The author wishes to thank Dr. Ignacio Arganda-Carreras of the Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology for his helpful suggestions concerning the selection and application of computer programs for image analysis. The generous assistance on the part of Mr. Piotr Banaszczak, MSc, Head of the Arboretum of the Warsaw University of Life Sciences in Rogów, and Mr. Kamil Oskroba, MSc, Młynary Forest District, in collecting the plant material is also acknowledged. We’re extremely grateful to Professor Oscar Faix for his constructive criticism and help provided during development of the original manuscript.
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Articles in the same Issue
- Frontmatter
- Original Articles
- Furfural production from birch hemicelluloses by two-step processing: a potential technology for biorefineries
- Novel cellulose pretreatment solvent: phosphonium-based amino acid ionic liquid/cosolvent for enhanced enzymatic hydrolysis
- Grafting polyethylene glycol dicrylate (PEGDA) to cell walls of poplar wood in two steps for improving dimensional stability and durability of the wood polymer composite
- Development and characterization of a formaldehyde-free adhesive from lupine flour, glycerol, and a novel curing agent for particleboard (PB) production
- Characterization of the adsorption properties of a phosphorylated kraft lignin-based polymer at the solid/liquid interface by the QCM-D approach
- Furfurylated wood: impact on Postia placenta gene expression and oxalate crystal formation
- Equilibrium thermodynamics of wood moisture revisited: presentation of a simplified theory
- Influence of process conditions on hygroscopicity and mechanical properties of European beech thermally modified in a high-pressure reactor system
- Method for the integral calculation of the fiber orientation and the fundamental material properties of softwood logs and lumber
- Interaction between secondary phloem and xylem in gravitropic reaction of lateral branches of Tilia cordata Mill. trees
Articles in the same Issue
- Frontmatter
- Original Articles
- Furfural production from birch hemicelluloses by two-step processing: a potential technology for biorefineries
- Novel cellulose pretreatment solvent: phosphonium-based amino acid ionic liquid/cosolvent for enhanced enzymatic hydrolysis
- Grafting polyethylene glycol dicrylate (PEGDA) to cell walls of poplar wood in two steps for improving dimensional stability and durability of the wood polymer composite
- Development and characterization of a formaldehyde-free adhesive from lupine flour, glycerol, and a novel curing agent for particleboard (PB) production
- Characterization of the adsorption properties of a phosphorylated kraft lignin-based polymer at the solid/liquid interface by the QCM-D approach
- Furfurylated wood: impact on Postia placenta gene expression and oxalate crystal formation
- Equilibrium thermodynamics of wood moisture revisited: presentation of a simplified theory
- Influence of process conditions on hygroscopicity and mechanical properties of European beech thermally modified in a high-pressure reactor system
- Method for the integral calculation of the fiber orientation and the fundamental material properties of softwood logs and lumber
- Interaction between secondary phloem and xylem in gravitropic reaction of lateral branches of Tilia cordata Mill. trees