Negative gravitropism of Ginkgo biloba: growth stress and reaction wood formation
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Tatsuya Shirai
, Hiroyuki Yamamoto, Miyuki Matsuo
, Mikuri Inatsugu , Masato Yoshida , Saori Sato , KC Sujan , Yoshihito Suzuki , Isao Toyoshima and Noboru Yamashita
Abstract
Ginkgo (Ginkgo biloba L.) forms thick, lignified secondary xylem in the cylindrical stem as in Pinales (commonly called conifers), although it has more phylogenetic affinity to Cycadales than to conifers. Ginkgo forms compression wood-like (CW-like) reaction wood (RW) in its inclined stem as it is the case in conifers. However, the distribution of growth stress is not yet investigated in the RW of ginkgo, and thus this tissue resulting from negative gravitropism is still waiting for closer consideration. The present study intended to fill this gap. It has been demonstrated that, indeed, ginkgo forms RW tissue on the lower side of the inclined stem, where the compressive growth stress (CGS) was generated. In the RW, the micorofibril angle in the S2 layer, the air-dried density, and the lignin content increased, whereas the cellulose content decreased. These data are quite similar to those of conifer CWs. The multiple linear regression analysis revealed that the CGS is significantly correlated by the changes in the aforementioned parameters. It can be safely concluded that the negative gravitropism of ginkgo is very similar to that of conifers.
Acknowledgments
The authors are grateful to Mr. Masatoshi Satake of Aichi Forestry Research Institute for providing us with ginkgo materials.
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Articles in the same Issue
- Frontmatter
- Original Articles
- Acid hydrolysis of O-acetyl-galactoglucomannan in a continuous tube reactor: a new approach to sugar monomer production
- Preparation and characterization of activated carbon fibers from liquefied wood by KOH activation
- Water vapour sorption of wood modified by acetylation and formalisation – analysed by a sorption kinetics model and thermodynamic considerations
- Scanning UV microspectrophotometry as a tool to study the changes of lignin in hydrothermally modified wood
- Assessing the wood quality of interior spruce (Picea glauca × P. engelmannii): variation in strength, relative density, microfibril angle, and fiber length
- Inverse determination of thermal conductivity in lumber based on genetic algorithms
- Influence of hot-water extraction on ultrastructure and distribution of glucomannans and xylans in poplar xylem as detected by gold immunolabeling
- Mode of action of brown rot decay resistance in phenol-formaldehyde-modified wood: resistance to Fenton’s reagent
- Stilbene impregnation retards brown-rot decay of Scots pine sapwood
- Negative gravitropism of Ginkgo biloba: growth stress and reaction wood formation
Articles in the same Issue
- Frontmatter
- Original Articles
- Acid hydrolysis of O-acetyl-galactoglucomannan in a continuous tube reactor: a new approach to sugar monomer production
- Preparation and characterization of activated carbon fibers from liquefied wood by KOH activation
- Water vapour sorption of wood modified by acetylation and formalisation – analysed by a sorption kinetics model and thermodynamic considerations
- Scanning UV microspectrophotometry as a tool to study the changes of lignin in hydrothermally modified wood
- Assessing the wood quality of interior spruce (Picea glauca × P. engelmannii): variation in strength, relative density, microfibril angle, and fiber length
- Inverse determination of thermal conductivity in lumber based on genetic algorithms
- Influence of hot-water extraction on ultrastructure and distribution of glucomannans and xylans in poplar xylem as detected by gold immunolabeling
- Mode of action of brown rot decay resistance in phenol-formaldehyde-modified wood: resistance to Fenton’s reagent
- Stilbene impregnation retards brown-rot decay of Scots pine sapwood
- Negative gravitropism of Ginkgo biloba: growth stress and reaction wood formation