Characterization of adhesive penetration in wood bond by means of scanning thermal microscopy (SThM)

Deliang Xu; Yang Zhang; Handong Zhou; Yujie Meng; Siqun Wang

doi:10.1515/hf-2014-0360

Enjoy 40% off

academic books on De Gruyter Brill *

Article

Characterization of adhesive penetration in wood bond by means of scanning thermal microscopy (SThM)

Deliang Xu , Yang Zhang , Handong Zhou , Yujie Meng and Siqun Wang

Published/Copyright: June 5, 2015

Published by

Become an author with De Gruyter Brill

Submit Manuscript Author Information

From the journal Holzforschung Volume 70 Issue 4

Abstract

The penetration characteristics of phenol formaldehyde (PF) resin, modified by two different nanomaterials (PF_mod), has been studied by means of scanning thermal microscopy (SThM). The thermal conductivity (ThC) of the two PF_mod was lower than that of the cell wall (CW), but the ThC of both PF resins was basically the same. SThM imaging revealed the penetration of parts of PF_mod into the CW by a ThC transitional region, which exists between the CW and the resin. In the transitional zone, the ThC changed obviously in a region about 2 μm in width. This region includes two subregions, one about 0.7 μm and another 1.3 μm in width. The first one is the interface, where PF_mod and the CW are in direct contact where the ThC changes rapidly. In the second subregion, the PF_mod and CW are in interaction, and ThC changes slowly. Regarding the adhesives’ penetration into the cell lumen, the ThC of the penetrating adhesive was higher than that in the glue line, and this is an indication that SThM is a useful tool to detect the differences of adhesive penetration at the micro-scale level.

Keywords: cell wall (CW); cellulose nanomaterial; lumen; modified phenol formaldehyde; penetration characteristics; scanning thermal microscopy (SThM); thermal conductivity (ThC)

Corresponding author: Siqun Wang, Center for Renewable Carbon, Department of Forestry, Wildlife and Fisheries, University of Tennessee, Jacob Drive, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA, Phone: +1 865-946-1120, Fax: +1-865-9461109, e-mail: swang@utk.edu

Acknowledgments

The authors thank the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu (Grant No. BK20130971) and National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 31300483). The project was funded by the Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Jiangsu Province Graduate Education Innovation Project (Grant No. CXZZ12_0534), UTIA 2011 Innovation Grant, and Tennessee Agricultural Experimental Station TEN00422, which are acknowledged for their financial support.

References

Barral, L., Cano, J., Díez, F., López, J., Ramírez, C., Abad, M., Ares, A. (2002) Analysis of blends of poly(styrene-co-acrylonitrile) with an epoxy/aromatic amine resin using scanning thermal microscopy. J. Polym. Sci. B Polym. Phys. 40:284–289.10.1002/polb.10087Search in Google Scholar

Binnig, G., Quate, C.F., Gerber, C. (1986) Atomic force microscope. Phys. Rev. Lett. 56:930–933.10.1103/PhysRevLett.56.930Search in Google Scholar PubMed

Binnig, G., Rohrer, H. (1983) Scanning tunneling microscopy. Surf. Sci. 126:236–244.10.1016/0039-6028(83)90716-1Search in Google Scholar

Callard, S., Tallarida, G., Borghesi, A., Zanotti, L. (1999) Thermal conductivity of SiO₂ films by scanning thermal microscopy. J. Non-Cryst. Solids 245:203–209.10.1016/S0022-3093(98)00863-1Search in Google Scholar

Fischer, H. (2005) Quantitative determination of heat conductivities by scanning thermal microscopy. Thermochim. Acta 425:69–74.10.1016/j.tca.2004.06.005Search in Google Scholar

Gardner, D.J., Generalla, N. C., Gunnells, D. W., Wolcott, M. P. (1991) Dynamic wettability of wood. Langmuir 7:2498–2502.10.1021/la00059a017Search in Google Scholar

Gmelin, E., Fischer, R., Stitzinger, R. (1998) Sub-micrometer thermal physics – an overview on SThM techniques1. Thermochim. Acta 310:1–17.10.1016/S0040-6031(97)00379-1Search in Google Scholar

Guo, F., Trannoy, N., Lu, J. (2006) Characterization of the thermal properties by scanning thermal microscopy in ultrafine-grained iron surface layer produced by ultrasonic shot peening. Mater. Chem. Phys. 96:59–65.10.1016/j.matchemphys.2005.05.055Search in Google Scholar

Hammiche, A., Pollock, H., Song, M., Hourston, D. (1996) Sub-surface imaging by scanning thermal microscopy. Meas. Sci. Technol. 7:142.10.1088/0957-0233/7/2/004Search in Google Scholar

Hass, P., Wittel, F.K., Mendoza, M., Herrmann, H.J., Niemz, P. (2012) Adhesive Lee penetration in beech wood: experiments. Wood Sci. Tech. 46:243–256.10.1007/s00226-011-0410-6Search in Google Scholar

Jensen, E.S., Gatenholm, P., Sellitti, C. (1992) An ATR-FTIR study on penetration of resins in wood. Angew. Makromol. Chem. 200:77–92.10.1002/apmc.1992.052000107Search in Google Scholar

Kamke, F.A., Lee, J.N. (2007) Adhesive penetration in wood – a review. Wood Fib. Sci. 39:205–220.Search in Google Scholar

Kim, J.-K., Mai, Y.-W. Engineered Interfaces in Fiber Reinforced Composites. Access Online via Elsevier, 1998.10.1016/B978-008042695-2/50001-4Search in Google Scholar

Konnerth, J., Harper, D., Lee, S.-H., Rials, T.G., Gindl, W. (2008) Adhesive penetration of wood cell walls investigated by scanning thermal microscopy (SThM). Holzforschung 62:91–98.10.1515/HF.2008.014Search in Google Scholar

Konnerth, J., Valla, A., Gindl, W. (2007) Nanoindentation mapping of a wood-adhesive bond. Appl. Phys. A 88:371–375.10.1007/s00339-007-3976-ySearch in Google Scholar

Kotera, M., Urushihara, Y., Izumo, D., Nishino, T. (2012a) Interfacial structure of all-polyethylene laminate by using scanning thermal microscope. Thermochim. Acta 531:1–5.10.1016/j.tca.2011.11.022Search in Google Scholar

Kotera, M., Urushihara, Y., Izumo, D., Nishino, T. (2012b) Interfacial structure of poly-α-olefin laminate using scanning thermal microscope and nano-Raman spectroscope. Polymer 53:1966–1971.10.1016/j.polymer.2012.02.038Search in Google Scholar

Lee, S.-H., Wang, S., Endo, T., Kim, N.-H. (2009) Visualization of interfacial zones in lyocell fiber-reinforced polypropylene composite by AFM contrast imaging based on phase and thermal conductivity measurements. Holzforschung 63:240–247.10.1515/HF.2009.033Search in Google Scholar

Liu, C., Zhang, Y., Wang, S., Meng, Y., Hosseinaei, O. (2014) Micromechanical properties of the interphase in cellulose nanofiber-reinforced phenol formaldehyde bondlines. BioResources 9:5529–5541.10.15376/biores.9.3.5529-5541Search in Google Scholar

Marra, A.A. Technology of Wood Bonding: Principles in Practice. Van Nostrand Reihold, New York, 1992.Search in Google Scholar

McConney, M.E., Singamaneni, S., Tsukruk, V.V. (2010) Probing soft matter with the atomic force microscopies: imaging and force spectroscopy. Polym. Rev. 50:235–286.10.1080/15583724.2010.493255Search in Google Scholar

Meng, Y., Wang, S., Cai, Z., Young, T.M., Du, G., Li, Y. (2013) A novel sample preparation method to avoid embedding medium influence during nanoindentation. Appl. Phys. A-Mater. 110:361–369.10.1007/s00339-012-7123-zSearch in Google Scholar

Nair, S.S. (2012) Nanoscale characterization of fiber/matrix interphase and its impact on the performance of natural fiber reinforced polymer composites. Ph.D. dissertation, University of Tennessee, Knoxville. pp. 160.Search in Google Scholar

Price, D.M., Reading, M., Hammiche, A., Pollock, H.M. (1999) Micro-thermal analysis: scanning thermal microscopy and localised thermal analysis. Int. J. Pharm. 192:85–96.10.1016/S0378-5173(99)00275-6Search in Google Scholar

Rapp, A., Bestgen, H., Adam, W., Peek, R.-D. (1999) Electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS) for quantification of cell-wall penetration of a melamine resin. Holzforschung 53:111–117.10.1515/HF.1999.018Search in Google Scholar

Ruiz, F., Sun, W., Pollak, F.H., Venkatraman, C. (1998) Determination of the thermal conductivity of diamond-like nanocomposite films using a scanning thermal microscope. Appl. Phys. Lett. 73:1802–1804.10.1063/1.122287Search in Google Scholar

Vay, O., Obersriebnig, M., Müller, U., Konnerth, J., Gindl-Altmutter, W. (2013) Studying thermal conductivity of wood at cell wall level by scanning thermal microscopy (SThM). Holzforschung 67:155–159.10.1515/hf-2012-0052Search in Google Scholar

Wright, J., Mathias, L.J. (1993) Physical characterization of wood and wood-polymer composites: An update. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 48:2225–2239.10.1002/app.1993.070481216Search in Google Scholar

Wu, Q., Meng, Y., Concha, K., Wang, S., Li, Y., Ma, L., Fu, S. (2013) Influence of temperature and humidity on nano-mechanical properties of cellulose nanocrystal films made from switchgrass and cotton. Ind. Crops. Prod. 48:28–35.10.1016/j.indcrop.2013.03.032Search in Google Scholar

Received: 2014-12-11

Accepted: 2015-4-21

Published Online: 2015-6-5

Published in Print: 2016-4-1

You are currently not able to access this content.

Articles in the same Issue

https://doi.org/10.1515/hf-2014-0360

Keywords for this article

cell wall (CW); cellulose nanomaterial; lumen; modified phenol formaldehyde; penetration characteristics; scanning thermal microscopy (SThM); thermal conductivity (ThC)