Abstract
Highly developed nanoporous carbon materials have been prepared by a two-stage thermocatalytic process. In the first step, alder (Alnus rhombifolia) and birchwood (Betula pendula) were carbonized with and without a dehydration catalyst (H3PO4); in the second step, the material was activated by means of NaOH. The dependence of the porous structure of activated carbons from process parameters was characterized by the novel limited evaporation technique. Specific surface areas, pore volumes, and radii were calculated according to the Derjaguin-Broekhoff-de Boer theory. The tests of activated carbons as electrodes in supercapacitors demonstrated their high potential for this application.
The research leading to these results has received funding also from the Latvian Budget (grant 1546), Latvian National Programme-5,2,2.4. The authors are grateful to TEEMP, LLC, and personally to Dr. A.V. Dolgolaptev for the active help in the work organization. The work was supported by the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation (contract no. 16.526.12.6002).
References
Amonette, J., Joseph, S. (2009) Characteristics of biochar: micro chemical properties. In: Biochar for Environmental Management: Science and Technology. Eds. Lehmann, J., Joseph, S. Earthscan, London. pp. 33–52.Search in Google Scholar
Antal, M.J. Jr., Grønli, M. (2003) The art, science, and technology of charcoal production. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 42:619–1640.Search in Google Scholar
Bansal, R.C., Goyal, M. Activated Carbon Adsorption. CRC Press, Boca Raton, 2005.10.1201/9781420028812Search in Google Scholar
Bottani, E.J., Tascón, J. Adsorption by Carbons. Elsevier Science & Technology Books, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 2008.Search in Google Scholar
Broekhoff, J.C.P., de Boer, J.H. (1968) Studies on pore systems in catalysts. XIV. Calculation of the cumulative distribution functions for slit-shaped pores from the desorption branch of a nitrogen sorption isotherm. J. Catal. 10:391–400.10.1016/0021-9517(68)90154-1Search in Google Scholar
Brownson, D., Kampouris, D.K., Banks, C.E. (2011) An overview of graphene in energy production and storage applications. J. Power Sources 196:4873–4885.10.1016/j.jpowsour.2011.02.022Search in Google Scholar
Dobele, G., Dizhbite, T., Gil, M.V., Volperts, A., Centeno, T.A. (2012a) Production of nanoporous carbons from wood processing wastes and their use in supercapacitors and CO2 capture. Biomass Bioenergy 46:45–154.10.1016/j.biombioe.2012.09.010Search in Google Scholar
Dobele, G., Volperts, A., Mironova, N., Zhurins, A. (2012b) Woodwaste based nanoporous activated carbons. EWLP 2012, Proceedings of 12th European Workshop on Lignocellulosic and Pulp, August 27–30, 2012, Espoo, Finland. pp. 228–231.Search in Google Scholar
Dobele, G., Jakab, E., Volperts, A., Zoltan, S., Zhurins, A., Telysheva, G. (2013) Formation of nanoporous carbon materials in conditions of thermocatalytic synthesis. J. Anal. Appl. Pyrolysis. In press. doi: 1016/j.jaap.2012.12.031.10.1016/j.jaap.2012.12.031Search in Google Scholar
Dubinin, M.M., Stoeckli, H.F. (1980) Homogeneous and heterogeneous micropore structures in carbonaceous adsorbents. J. Colloid Interface Sci. 75:34–42.10.1016/0021-9797(80)90346-XSearch in Google Scholar
Geische, H. (2006) Mercury porosimetry: a general (practical) overview. Part. Part. Syst. Charact. 23:1–11.Search in Google Scholar
Gütsch, J.S., Sixta, H. (2011) Purification of Eucalyptus globulus water prehydrolyzates using the HiTAC process (high-temperature adsorption on activated charcoal). Holzforschung 65:511–518.10.1515/hf.2011.065Search in Google Scholar
Herzog, A., Reznik, B., Chen, T., Graule1, T., Vogt, U. (2006) Structural changes in activated wood-based carbons: correlation between specific surface area and localization of molecular-sized pores. Holzforschung 60:85–92.10.1515/HF.2006.015Search in Google Scholar
Idriss, A.H., Dirion, J.L., Sylvain, S., Lacroix, M., Rio, S. (2007) Pyrolysis of wood impregnated with phosphoric acid for the production of activated carbon: kinetics and porosity development studies. J. Anal. Appl. Pyrolysis 79: 101–105.10.1016/j.jaap.2006.12.016Search in Google Scholar
Inagaki, M. (2010) Structure and texture of carbon materials. In: Carbons for Electrochemical Energy Storage and Conversion Systems. Eds. Beguin, F., Frackowiak, E. CRC Press, Boca Raton. pp. 37–76.Search in Google Scholar
Inagaki, M., Konno, H., Tanaike, O. (2010) Carbon materials for electrochemical capacitors. J. Power Sources 195: 7880–7903.10.1016/j.jpowsour.2010.06.036Search in Google Scholar
Isirikyan, A.A., Kiselev, A.V. (1962) The absolute adsorption isotherms for nitrogen, benzene and n-hexane vapors and the heats of adsorption of benzene and n-hexane on graphitized carbon blacks. Zh. Fiz. Khim. 36:1164–1172.Search in Google Scholar
Jagtoyen, M., Derbyshire, F. (1998) Activated carbons from yellow poplar and white oak by H3PO4 activation. Carbon 36:1085–1097.10.1016/S0008-6223(98)00082-7Search in Google Scholar
Kalinicheva, O., Bogdanovich, N., Dobele, G. (2008a) Pre-pyrolysis of wood raw material in the synthesis of active carbons with NaOH. Forest J. (Lesnoy Zhurnal) 2:117–122.Search in Google Scholar
Loskutov, S.R. (2000) Analysis of the wood sorption isotherm using the theory of micropore volume filling. Holzforschung 54:301–304.10.1515/HF.2000.050Search in Google Scholar
Lozano-Castello, D., Lillo-Ródenas, M.A., Cazorla-Amorós, D., Linares-Solano, A. (2001) Preparation of activated carbons from Spanish anthracite I. Activation by KOH. Carbon 39: 741–749.10.1016/S0008-6223(00)00185-8Search in Google Scholar
Marsh, H., Rodriguez-Reinoso, F. Activated Carbon. Elsevier Science & Technology Books, Amsterdam, 2006.Search in Google Scholar
McKee, D.W. (1983) Mechanisms of the alkali metal catalyzed gasification of carbon. Fuel 62:170–175.10.1016/0016-2361(83)90192-8Search in Google Scholar
Moulin, J.A., Kaptejn, F. (1987) The mechanism of alkali metal catalyzed gasification of carbon. Erdöl Kohle-Erdgas-Petrochem. 40:15–21.Search in Google Scholar
Paris, O., Zollfrank, C., Zickler, Z.A. (2005) Decomposition and carbonisation of wood biopolymers – a microstructural study of softwood pyrolysis. Carbon 43:53–66.10.1016/j.carbon.2004.08.034Search in Google Scholar
Romanos, J., Beckner, M., Rash, T., Firlej, L., Kuchta, B., Yu, P., Suppes, G., Wexler, C., Pfeifer, P. (2012) Nanospace engineering of KOH activated carbon. Nanotechnology 23:015401.10.1088/0957-4484/23/1/015401Search in Google Scholar PubMed
Saito, Y., Sato, M. (2012) Carbonaceous structural changes of wood induced by microwave irradiation. Holzforschung 66:85–92.10.1515/HF.2011.125Search in Google Scholar
Shkolnikov, E., Volkov, V. (2001) Obtaining vapor desorption isotherms without monitoring pressure. Dokl. Phys. Chem. 378(4-6):152–155.10.1023/A:1019270324982Search in Google Scholar
Shkolnikov, E., Elkina, I., Volkov, V. (1999) The method of porous structure analysis. RF patent 2141642.Search in Google Scholar
Shkolnikov, E., Sidorova, E., Malakhov, A., Volkov, V., Julbe, A., Ayral, A. (2011) Estimation of pore size distribution in MCM-41-type silica using a simple desorption technique. Adsorption 17:911–918.10.1007/s10450-011-9368-9Search in Google Scholar
Strezov, V., Patterson, M., Zymla, V., Fisher, K., Evans, T.J., Nelson, P.F., (2007) Fundamental aspects of biomass carbonization. J. Anal. Appl. Pyrolysis 79:91–100.10.1016/j.jaap.2006.10.014Search in Google Scholar
Tamarkina, Y., Bovan, L., Kucherenko, V. (2008) Formation of humic acids in the process of brown coal pyrolysis with potassium hydroxide (in Russian). Voprosy Khimii i Khimicheskoj Tehnologii 2:112–116.Search in Google Scholar
Torne-Fernandez, V., Mateo-Sanz, J.M., Montane, D., Fierro, V. (2009) Statistical optimization of the synthesis of highly microporous carbons by chemical activation of kraft lignin with NaOH. J. Chem. Eng. Data. 54:2216–2221.10.1021/je800827nSearch in Google Scholar
Viswanathan, B., Indra Neel, P., Varadarajan, T.K. Methods of Activation and Specific Applications of Carbon Materials. National Centre for Catalysis Research, Indian Institute of Technology, Madras, 2009.Search in Google Scholar
Vitkina, D., Dobele, G., Bogdanovich, N., Volpert, A., Shkolnikov, E. (2012) Characterization of the porous structure of carbon adsorbents by the adsorption limited evaporation technique. Adsorption. In press.Search in Google Scholar
Volperts, A., Mironova-Ulmane, N., Sildos, I., Vervikishko, D., Shkolnikov, E., Dobele, G. (2012) Structure of nanoporous carbon materials for supercapacitors. IOP Conf. Ser. Mater. Sci. Eng. 38:012051.Search in Google Scholar
Wheeler, A. (1955) Reaction rates and selectivity in catalyst pores. In: Catalysis 2. Ed. Emmett, P.H. Reinhold, New York. pp. 105–165.Search in Google Scholar
Yoshizava, N., Maruyama, K., Isahikawa, E., Kobayashi, M., Toda, Y., Shiraishi, M. (2002) XRD evaluation of KOH activation process and influence of coal rank. Fuel 81:1717–1722.10.1016/S0016-2361(02)00101-1Search in Google Scholar
©2013 by Walter de Gruyter Berlin Boston
Articles in the same Issue
- Masthead
- Masthead
- Original Articles
- Biorefinery in a pulp mill: simultaneous production of cellulosic fibers from Eucalyptus globulus by soda-anthraquinone cooking and surface-active agents
- Thermomechanical pulping of novel Brazilian Eucalyptus hybrids
- Contribution of xylan to the brightness development and stability in the final ECF bleaching of eucalypt (Eucalyptus globulus Labill.) kraft pulp
- Chemistry and kraft pulping of seven hybrid aspen clones. Dimension measurements on the vessels and UMSP of the cell walls
- The role of Donnan effect in kraft cooking liquor impregnation and hot water extraction of wood
- Optimization of sulfuric acid-assisted glycerol pretreatment of sugarcane bagasse
- Laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) of lignin and lignin model compounds in Raman spectroscopy
- Polyoxometalate (POM)-aided modification of lignin from wheat straw biorefinery
- Salting-out and salting-in experiments with lignosulfonates (LSs)
- Determination of the diffusion of monovalent cations into wood under isothermal conditions based on LiCl impregnation of Norway spruce
- Modification of hemicelluloses with polycarboxylic acids
- Tailoring the effect of antibacterial polyelectrolyte multilayers by choice of cellulosic fiber substrate
- Elaboration of multilayered thin films based on cellulose nanocrystals and cationic xylans: application to xylanase activity detection
- Characterization of the pore structure of nanoporous activated carbons produced from wood waste
- Sorption properties of hydrothermally modified wood and data evaluation based on the concept of Hansen solubility parameter (HSP)
- Meetings
- Meetings
Articles in the same Issue
- Masthead
- Masthead
- Original Articles
- Biorefinery in a pulp mill: simultaneous production of cellulosic fibers from Eucalyptus globulus by soda-anthraquinone cooking and surface-active agents
- Thermomechanical pulping of novel Brazilian Eucalyptus hybrids
- Contribution of xylan to the brightness development and stability in the final ECF bleaching of eucalypt (Eucalyptus globulus Labill.) kraft pulp
- Chemistry and kraft pulping of seven hybrid aspen clones. Dimension measurements on the vessels and UMSP of the cell walls
- The role of Donnan effect in kraft cooking liquor impregnation and hot water extraction of wood
- Optimization of sulfuric acid-assisted glycerol pretreatment of sugarcane bagasse
- Laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) of lignin and lignin model compounds in Raman spectroscopy
- Polyoxometalate (POM)-aided modification of lignin from wheat straw biorefinery
- Salting-out and salting-in experiments with lignosulfonates (LSs)
- Determination of the diffusion of monovalent cations into wood under isothermal conditions based on LiCl impregnation of Norway spruce
- Modification of hemicelluloses with polycarboxylic acids
- Tailoring the effect of antibacterial polyelectrolyte multilayers by choice of cellulosic fiber substrate
- Elaboration of multilayered thin films based on cellulose nanocrystals and cationic xylans: application to xylanase activity detection
- Characterization of the pore structure of nanoporous activated carbons produced from wood waste
- Sorption properties of hydrothermally modified wood and data evaluation based on the concept of Hansen solubility parameter (HSP)
- Meetings
- Meetings