Abstract
The Buck Rogers in the 25th century A.D. comic strip first appeared in the newspapers on 7 January 1929, an important moment in the history of comics. It was the first science fiction comic strip, and, along with Tarzan – which curiously debuted in comics the same day – the first adventure comic. However, many people are unawere that the origins of Buck Rogers are not rooted in comic strips, but in popular literature. In fact, Anthony Rogers (not yet “Buck”) was the main character of two novellas published in the late 1920 s in Amazing stories, the first pulp magazine: Armageddon 2419 A.D. (August 1928) and its sequel, The airlords of Han (March 1929). At first, the stories in the daily comic strips closely followed those of the novels, but soon the Buck Rogers universe expanded to include the entire solar system and beyond. This expansion of the narrative world is particularly evident in the weekly charts published since 1930. Soon, Nowlan’s creature became a real transmedia character: in the following years Buck appeared in a radio drama series (aired from 1932 until 1947), in a 12-episode 1939 movie serial, as well as in a 1950/51 TV series. Toys, Big Little Books, pop-up books, and commercial gifts related to the character were produced, before the newspaper comic strip ended its run in 1967. In recent years, the character has been reeboted a couple of times, linked to the TV series of the late 1980 s and to a new comic book series starting in 2009. Buck Rogers thus found himself at the centre of a truly character-oriented franchise, showing how transmedia characters can be traced back almost to the origins of the modern cultural industry. The following article focuses on the features that distinguish Buck Rogers as a character and on the changes of his identity across media, presenting a revised version of an analytical model to investigate transmedia characters that has been developed in previous publications.
References
Barthes, Roland. 1970. S/Z. Paris: Seuil.Search in Google Scholar
Bertetti, Paolo. 2011. Conan il mito: Identità e trasformazioni di un eroe seriale tra letteratura, fumetti, cinema e televisione. Pisa: ETS.Search in Google Scholar
Bertetti, Paolo. 2014. Toward a typology of transmedia characters. International journal of communication 8. 2344–2361. Search in Google Scholar
Courtés, Joseph. 1986. Le conte populare: Poétique et mythologie. Paris: PUF.Search in Google Scholar
Davies, Blair. 2017. Movie comics: Page to screen/screen to page. New Brunswich: Rutgers University Press.Search in Google Scholar
DeForest, Tim. 2008. Radio by the book: Adaptations of literature and fiction on the airwaves. Jefferson: McFarland.Search in Google Scholar
Eco, Umberto. 1979. The role of the reader: Explorations in the semiotics of texts. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.10.2979/2846.0Search in Google Scholar
Eco, Umberto. 1985. Innovation and repetition: Between modern and post-modern aesthetics. Daedalus 114(4). 161–184.Search in Google Scholar
Fast, Karin & Henrik Örnebring. 2015. Transmedia world-building: The Shadow (1931–present) and Transformers (1984–present). International journal of cultural studies 20(6). 1–17.10.1177/1367877915605887Search in Google Scholar
Ford, Sam & Henry Jenkins. 2009. Managing multiplicity in superhero comics: An interview with Henry Jenkins. In Pat Harrigan & Noah Wardrip-Fruin (eds.). Third person: Authoring and exploring vast narratives, 303–311. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.Search in Google Scholar
Freeman, Matthew. 2016. Historicising transmedia storytelling: Early twentieth-century transmedia storyworlds. New York: Routledge.10.4324/9781315439525Search in Google Scholar
Harvey, Colin. 2015. Fantastic transmedia: Narrative, play and memory across science fiction and fantasy storyworlds. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.10.1057/9781137306043_9Search in Google Scholar
Greimas, Algirdas J. 1970. Du sens. Paris: Seuil.Search in Google Scholar
Greimas, Algirdas J. 1983. Du sens II. Paris: Seuil.Search in Google Scholar
Greimas, Algirdas J. & Joseph Courtés. 1979. Sémiotique: Dictionnaire raisonné de la théorie du langage. Paris: Hachette.Search in Google Scholar
Hamon, Philippe. 1983. Le personnel du roman: Le système des personnage dans le “Rougon-Macquart” d’Emile Zola. Genève: Droz.10.2307/1772333Search in Google Scholar
Jenkins, Henry. 2003. Transmedia storytelling: Moving characters from books to films to video games can make them stronger and more compelling. Technology Review 15 January.http://www.technologyreview.com/biotech/13052/ (accessed 13 January 2019).Search in Google Scholar
Jenkins, Henry. 2006. Convergence Culture: Where old and new media collide. New York: New York University Press.Search in Google Scholar
Jenkins, Henry. 2009. The revenge of the origami unicorn: Seven principles of transmedia storytelling (well, two actually. five more on friday). Confessions of an aca-fan: The official weblog of Henry Jenkins 12 December. http://henryjenkins.org/2009/12/the_revenge_of_the_origami_uni.html (accessed 13 January 2019). Search in Google Scholar
Johnson, Derek. 2013. Media franchising: Creative license and collaboration in the culture industries. New York: New York University Press.Search in Google Scholar
Klastrup, Lisbeth & Susana Tosca. 2014. Game of thrones: Transmedial worlds, fandom, and social gaming. In Marie-Laure Ryan & Jan-Noël Thon (eds.), Storyworlds across media: Toward a media-conscious narratology, 295–314. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press. 10.2307/j.ctt1d9nkdg.18Search in Google Scholar
Klastrup, Lisbeth & Susana Tosca. 2016. The networked reception of transmedial universes: An experience-centered approach. MedieKultur: Journal of media and communication research 32(60). 107–122.10.7146/mediekultur.v32i60.23362Search in Google Scholar
Lucanio, Patrick & Gary Coville. 2002. Smokin’ rockets: The romance of technology in American film, radio and television, 1945–1962. Jefferson: McFarland.Search in Google Scholar
Lundwall, Sam J. 1971. Science fiction: What it’s all about. New York: Ace.Search in Google Scholar
Martin, Bronwen & Felizitas Ringham. 2000. Dictionary of semiotics. London: Cassel.Search in Google Scholar
Marrone Gianfranco. 2003. Montalbano: Affermazioni e trasformazioni di un eroe mediatico. Roma: Rai-Eri.Search in Google Scholar
Nicholls, Peter, John Eggeling, John Brosnan, Lee Weinstein, David Langford & John Platt. 2017. Buck Rogers in the 25th century. In John Clute, David Langford, Peter Nicholls & Graham Sleight (eds.), The encyclopedia of science fiction. London: Gollancz. 19 December.http://www.sf-encyclopedia.com/entry/buck_rogers_in_the_25th_century (accessed 13 January 2019).Search in Google Scholar
Ryan, Marie-Laure. 2015. Transmedia storytelling: Industry buzzword or new narrative experience? Storyworlds: A journal of narrative studies 7(2). 1–19.10.5250/storyworlds.7.2.0001Search in Google Scholar
Santo, Avi. 2006. Transmedia brand licensing prior to conglomeration: George Trendle and the Lone ranger and Green hornet brands, 1933–1966. Austin: University of Texas PhD thesis. https://www.academia.edu/2597982/Transmedia_Brand_Licensing_Prior_to_Conglomeration_George_Trendle_and_the_Lone_Ranger_and_Green_Hornet_Brands_1933-1966 (accessed 13 January 2019).Search in Google Scholar
Santo, Avi. 2015. Selling the silver bullet: The Lone Ranger and transmedia brand licensing. Austin: University of Texas Press.Search in Google Scholar
Scolari, Carlos, Paolo Bertetti & Matthew Freeman. 2014. Transmedia archaeology: Storytelling in the borderlines of science fiction, comics and pulp magazines. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.Search in Google Scholar
Scott, Jason. 2009. The character-oriented franchise: Promotion and exploitation of pre-sold characters in American film, 1913–1950. Scope: An online journal of film and television studies 15. 34–55. http://www.nottingham.ac.uk/scope/issues/2009/october-issue-15.aspx (accessed 13 January 2019).Search in Google Scholar
Thon, Jan-Noël. 2015. Converging worlds: From transmedial storyworlds to transmedial universes. Storyworlds: A journal of narrative studies 7(2). 21–53.10.5250/storyworlds.7.2.0021Search in Google Scholar
Thon, Jan-Noël. 2016. Transmedial narratology and contemporary media culture. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press.10.2307/j.ctt1d8h8vnSearch in Google Scholar
Thon, Jan-Noël. 2019. Transmedia characters: theory and analysis. Frontiers of narrative studies 5(2). 176–199.10.1515/fns-2019-0012Search in Google Scholar
Tomasi, Dario. 1988. Cinema e racconto: Il personaggio. Torino: Loescher.Search in Google Scholar
Walton, Kendall. 1990. Mimesis as make-believe: On the foundations of the representational arts. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.10.2307/2108134Search in Google Scholar
Wilde, Lukas R.A. 2019 a. Recontextualizing characters: Media convergence and pre-/meta-narrative character circulation. IMAGE: Journal of interdisciplinary image science 29 (special issue). 3–21.Search in Google Scholar
Wilde, Lukas R.A. 2019 b. Kyara revisited: The pre-narrative character-state of Japanese character theory. Frontiers of narrative studies 5(2). 220–247.10.1515/fns-2019-0014Search in Google Scholar
© 2019 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston
Articles in the same Issue
- Frontmatter
- Frontmatter
- Introduction: Characters across media
- Transmedia characters: Theory and analysis
- Buck Rogers in the 25th century: Transmedia extensions of a pulp hero
- Kyara revisited: The pre-narrative character-state of Japanese character theory
- Which Donald is this? Which tyche is this? A semiotic approach to nomadic cartoonish characters
- Versifying Batman: Superheroes in contemporary poetry
- “We don’t get to stay the same way we started”: The walking dead, augmented television, and sociological character-building
Articles in the same Issue
- Frontmatter
- Frontmatter
- Introduction: Characters across media
- Transmedia characters: Theory and analysis
- Buck Rogers in the 25th century: Transmedia extensions of a pulp hero
- Kyara revisited: The pre-narrative character-state of Japanese character theory
- Which Donald is this? Which tyche is this? A semiotic approach to nomadic cartoonish characters
- Versifying Batman: Superheroes in contemporary poetry
- “We don’t get to stay the same way we started”: The walking dead, augmented television, and sociological character-building