When-clauses and temporal meanings across languages
-
Lilián Guerrero
Abstract
Typological studies have tended to take for granted the default interpretation for English and imposed ‘simultaneity’ as the basic meaning of when-clauses for all languages. This in opposition to the approach taken in reference grammars, which generally report temporal linkage markers like when as encoding one or several meanings. Data from languages other than English show that comparative studies should also be open to the possibility that when-clauses do not always, or only, denote simultaneity. To support this claim and argue against the default interpretation of simultaneity, in this study I explore the range of temporal meanings of when-clauses across languages and provide evidence from Spanish and Yaqui corpora. Unlike English, corpus-based studies show that Spanish equivalent cuando-clauses equally introduce simultaneous and sequential readings, while Yaqui o-/kai-clauses predominantly express sequential meanings. Furthermore, a convenience sample of 28 unrelated languages reveals that, if there is a when-clause in a language, it can locate the event of the adverbial clause earlier, later, or around the same time as the main clause. The analysis of the semantic side of when-clauses demonstrates that there are language-specific tendencies regarding their temporal meanings. On these grounds, I propose that a better understanding of when-clauses can be arrived at by classifying them as ‘unspecific’ temporal clauses. This categorization would motivate a richer analysis of new data and a systematic comparison between unspecific, simultaneous and sequential clauses. Finally, I advance a four-way classification regarding general versus specific markers, and the temporal relations they encode, two of which account for most languages analyzed.
Acknowledgments
I would like to thank three anonymous reviewers, as well as the editors, for their helpful comments and suggestions on earlier versions of this paper. All remaining errors are exclusively my responsibility.
-
Research funding: This study was partially supported by the UNAM-DGAPA-PAPIIT grant (IN400919) and Conacyt-Ciencia Básica (A1-S-24378).
Abbreviations
I use the Leipzig Glossing Rules, with the following additions:
- 0
-
third person inanimate
- a
-
set A-ergative marking
- ag
-
agent
- anaph
-
anaphoric
- anim
-
animate
- antcont
-
anterior-continuing
- asa
-
as soon as
- atp
-
antipassive derivation
- au
-
augment
- b
-
set B-absolutive marking
- clm
-
clause linkage marker
- cnj
-
conjunct (dependent) verbal order
- con
-
connective
- conj
-
conjunction
- cons
-
consequence
- contr
-
contrast
- desid
-
desiderative
- dif
-
diffuse-locative
- dir
-
directional
- dm
-
discourse marker
- dp
-
dependent marker
- ds
-
different subject
- emph
-
emphatic
- ep
-
epenthetic
- g
-
TAM-verbal suffix
- genp
-
general preposition
- ic
-
initial change
- idf
-
indefinite
- imm
-
immediate
- inanim
-
inanimate
- inc
-
inchoative
- ine
-
inesive
- int
-
intensifier
- ix
-
orthographical notation
- lc
-
locative connective
- locc
-
contact locative
- nf
-
non-finite
- nfut
-
non-future
- nfppr
-
no-final personal pronoun
- o
-
object
- pasc
-
past continuous
- pers
-
personal
- pot
-
potential
- prep
-
preposition
- prt
-
partitive
- prv
-
perfective aspect
- rdp
-
reduplication
- rm
-
remote
- rp
-
remote past
- s
-
subject
- sp
-
southern present
- spec
-
specific
- ss
-
same subject
- stv
-
stative
- tmn
-
terminative
- vai
-
intransitive verb with animate S
- vblz
-
verbalizer
- vii
-
intransitive verb with inanimate S
- vti
-
transitive verb with inanimate O.
Appendix: Language sample
| Language (ISO) | Genetic affiliation | Geographic location | Source |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abkhaz (abk) | North West Caucasian | Abkhaz Republic | Hewitt (2007, 2010 |
| Barbareño (boi) | Chumashan | California | Wash (2001) |
| Caviña (aro) | Pano-Tacanan | Bolivia | Guillaume (2008) |
| Eton (eto) | Bantu | Cameron | Van de Velde (2008) |
| Galo (adl) | (Tani) Tibeto-Burman | Arunachal Pradesh (India) | Post (2009) |
| Goemai (ank) | West Chadic | Central Nigeria | Hellwig (2009) |
| Huastec Nahuatl (nhe) | Southern Uto-Aztecan | Central Mexico | Olguín (2016) |
| Jamsay (djm) | Dogon; Niger-Congo | Mali, Burkina Faso | Heath (2008) |
| Hup (jup) | Naduhup | Brazil | Epps (2008) |
| Iquito (iqu) | Zaparoan | Peru | Michael (2009) |
| Ket (ket) | Yeniseian (Dené-Yeniseian?) | Russia | Vajda (2004) |
| Kokama-Kokamilla (cod) | Tupi | Peru (Amazonian) | Vallejos (2010) |
| Konso (kxc) | Cushitic (Afro-Asiatic) | Ethiopia | Mous and Oda (2009) |
| Lamaholot (slp) | Malayo-Polynesian (Austronesian) | Eastern Indonesia | Nishiyama and Kelen |
| Lezgian (lez) | Northeast Caucasian | Russian, Azerbaijan | Haspelmath (1993) |
| Machu (mnc) | Tungusic (Altaic) | Manchuria (China) | Gorelova (2002) |
| Malí (gcc) | Baining (non-Austronesian) | New Britain | Stebbins (2009) |
| Manambu (mle) | Ndu (non-Austronesian) | East Sepik | Aikhenvald (2009b) |
| Martuthunira (vma) | Pama-Nyungan (Australian) | Westerm Australian | Dench (1995, 2009 |
| Northern Paiute (pao) | Northern Uto-Azteca | Nevada, California, Oregon, Idaho | Toosarvandani (2016) |
| Ojibwe (oji) | Algonquian | Northern Great Lakes (USA) | Valentine (2009) |
| Papuan Malay (pmy) | Creole | West Papuan, East Indonesian | Kluge (2017) |
| Sandawe (sad) | Isolated | Tanzania | Eaton (2010) |
| Slave (den) | Athabaskan (Na-Dené) | Northwest territory (Canada) | Rice (1989) |
| Tamil (tam) | Elamo-Dravidian | India | Lehman (1989) |
| Toqabaqita (mlu) | Oceanic (Austronesian) | Malaita | Lichtenberk (2008) |
| Yucatec Maya (yua) | Maya | Yucatan peninsula (Mexico) | Bohnemeyer (2009) |
| Wardaman (wrr) | Non-Pama Nyungan (Australian) | Northern territory, Australian | Merlan (1994) |
Corpora
Content of the Spanish corpus
Castellanos, Rosario. 1957. Balún Canán, México: Fondo de Cultura Económica. (=Balún).
Lope Blanch, Juan M. 1976. El habla de la Ciudad de México. Materiales para su estudio, México: UNAM. Available online at: http://www.iifilologicas. unam.mx/elhablamexico/ (=Formal speech).
Martín Butragueño, Pedro & Yolanda Lastra. 2011–2013. Corpus sociolingüístico de la ciudad de México. México: El Colegio de México. Available online at: https://lef.colmex.mx/corpus_sociolinguistico.html (=CSCM).
Reyes, José Luis. 2007. Recetas mexicanas con personalidad internacional. Available online at: https://docplayer.es/12924276-Recetas-mexicanas-con-personalidad-internacional.html (=recipes).
Content of the Yaqui corpus
Buitimea, Crescencio. 2007. Peesio betana nottiwame [The return from Hermosillo] Regreso de Hermosillo. Hermosillo: Universidad de Sonora (=Buitimea).
Félix, Rolando. Ms. Historia de vida Crescencio (=HVC).
Guerrero, Lilián. 2019. Historia de vida de Don Fermín. Tlalocan XXIV (=HVF).
Guerrero, Lilián. 2021. U ili taabu into u go’i [The rabbit and the coyote]‘El conejo y el coyote’. Uto-Aztecan Narratives. Gabriela García & Tim Thorner (eds). Texts in the Indigenous Languages of the Americas-International Journal of American Linguistics 87(1 Suppl). S1–S20.
Guerrero, Lilián. n.d. Historia de vida de Lalo (=HVL).
Guerrero, Lilián. n.d. Historia de vida de Aurelia (=HVA).
Silva, Carlos. 2004. La secuencia temporal en el discurso narrativo yaqui. Hermosillo: Universidad de Sonora MA thesis (=HVH).
Silva, Carlos, Pablo Álvarez & Crescencio Buitimea. 1998. Jiak nokpo etejoim [Chats in Yaqui language] Pláticas en Lengua Yaqui. Hermosillo: Universidad de Sonora (= Silva et al.)
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© 2021 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston
Articles in the same Issue
- Frontmatter
- Articles
- Endoclitics in Andi
- When-clauses and temporal meanings across languages
- The complexity and history of verb-stem ablauting patterns in Siyuewu Khroskyabs
- Profile of reflexives in Hill Mari
- Alternations of classificatory verb stems in Tłı̨chǫ Yatıì: a cognitive semantic account
- Is there really an aspectual se in Spanish?
- Adjectives as roots of nominal groups: the big mess construction in dependency grammar
- Book Reviews
- Focus manifestation in Mandarin Chinese and Cantonese: A comparative perspective
- Johanita, Kirsten: Written Afrikaans since standardization: A century of change
- Eye-tracking: A guide for applied linguistics research
- Variation in Indonesian Sign Language: A typological and sociolinguistic analysis
- Staging language: Place and identity in the enactment, performance and representation of regional dialects
- Language, gender and sexuality: An introduction
- Non-lexical pragmatics: Time, causality and logical words
- A multi-locus analysis of Arabic negation: Micro-variation in Southern Levantine, Gulf and Standard Arabic
- A critical introduction to language evolution: Current controversies and future prospects
Articles in the same Issue
- Frontmatter
- Articles
- Endoclitics in Andi
- When-clauses and temporal meanings across languages
- The complexity and history of verb-stem ablauting patterns in Siyuewu Khroskyabs
- Profile of reflexives in Hill Mari
- Alternations of classificatory verb stems in Tłı̨chǫ Yatıì: a cognitive semantic account
- Is there really an aspectual se in Spanish?
- Adjectives as roots of nominal groups: the big mess construction in dependency grammar
- Book Reviews
- Focus manifestation in Mandarin Chinese and Cantonese: A comparative perspective
- Johanita, Kirsten: Written Afrikaans since standardization: A century of change
- Eye-tracking: A guide for applied linguistics research
- Variation in Indonesian Sign Language: A typological and sociolinguistic analysis
- Staging language: Place and identity in the enactment, performance and representation of regional dialects
- Language, gender and sexuality: An introduction
- Non-lexical pragmatics: Time, causality and logical words
- A multi-locus analysis of Arabic negation: Micro-variation in Southern Levantine, Gulf and Standard Arabic
- A critical introduction to language evolution: Current controversies and future prospects
