Abstract
Bans on retail tobacco displays, of the type proposed by New York’s Mayor Bloomberg in March 2013, have been operative in several economies since 2001. Despite an enormous number of studies in public health journals using attitudinal data, we can find no econometric event studies of the type normally used in Economics. This paper attempts to fill that gap by using data from 13 cross sections of the annual Canadian Tobacco Use Monitoring Surveys. These data afford an ideal opportunity to study events of this type given that each of Canada’s 10 provinces implemented display bans at various points between 2003 and 2009. Accordingly, we use difference-in-difference methods to study three behaviors following the introduction of bans: participation in smoking, the intensity of smoking and quit intentions. A critical element of the study concerns the treatment of contraband tobacco. Our estimates provide very little support for the hypothesis that behaviors changed following the bans.
References
Abrevaya, J. (2006) “Estimating the Effect of Smoking on Birth Outcomes using a Matched Panel Data Approach,” Journal of Applied Econometrics, 21(4):489–519.10.1002/jae.851Search in Google Scholar
Abrevaya, J. and L. Puzzello (2012) “Taxes, Cigarette Consumption, and Smoking Intensity: Comment,” American Economic Review, 102(4):1751–1763.10.1257/aer.102.4.1751Search in Google Scholar
Adda, J. and F. Cornaglia (2013) “Taxes, Cigarette Consumption, and Smoking Intensity: A Reply,” American Economic Review, 103(7):3102–3114.10.1257/aer.103.7.3102Search in Google Scholar
Adams, E. K., S. Markowitz, V. Kannan, P. M. Dietz, V. T. Tong and A. M. Malarcher (2012) “Reducing Prenatal Smoking: the Role of State Policies,” American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 43(1):34–40.10.1016/j.amepre.2012.02.030Search in Google Scholar
Athey, S. and G. Imbens (2006) “Identification and Inference in Nonlinear Difference-In-Difference Models,” Econometrica, 74(2):431–498.10.1111/j.1468-0262.2006.00668.xSearch in Google Scholar
Bertrand, M., E. Duflo and S. Mullainathan (2004) “How Much Should We Trust Differences-In-Differences Estimates?” Quarterly Journal of Economics, 119(1):249–275.10.1162/003355304772839588Search in Google Scholar
Brown, A., C. Boudreau, C. Moodie, G. Fong, G. Li, A. McNeill, M. Thompson, L. Hassan, A. Hyland, J. Thrasher, H. Yong, R. Borland, G. Hastings and D. Hammond (2011) “Support for Removal of Point-of-Purchase Tobacco Advertising and Displays: Findings from the International Tobacco Control (ITC) Canada Survey,” Tobacco Control, 2011:555–559.Search in Google Scholar
Cameron, C. and D. Miller (2013) “A Practitioner’s Guide to Cluster-Robust Inference,” Journal of Human Resources, Forthcoming.Search in Google Scholar
Carpenter, C., S. Postolek and C. Warman (2011) “Public Place Smoking Laws and Exposure to Environmental Tobacco Smoke,” American Economic Journal – Economic Policy, 3(3):35–61.10.1257/pol.3.3.35Search in Google Scholar
Clattenburg, E., J. Elf and B. Apelberg (2013) “Unplanned Cigarette Purchases and Tobacco Point of Sale Advertising: A Potential Barrier to Smoking Cessation,” Tobacco Control, 22(6):376–381.10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2012-050427Search in Google Scholar
Cohen, J., L. Planinac, A. Lavack, D. Robinson, S. O’Connor and J. DiNardo (2011) “Changes in Retail Tobacco Promotions in a Cohort of Stores Before, During, and After A Tobacco Product Display Ban,” American Journal of Public Health, 101(10):1879–1881.10.2105/AJPH.2011.300172Search in Google Scholar
Currie, J., E. Hanushek, E. Kahn, M. Neidell and S. Rivkin (2009) “Does Pollution Increase School Absences?” Review of Economics and Statistics, 91(4):682–694.10.1162/rest.91.4.682Search in Google Scholar
Cutler, D., W. Fung, M. Kremer, M. Singhal and T. Vogl (2010) “Early-Life Malaria Exposure and Adult Outcomes: Evidence from Malaria Eradication in India,” American Economic Journal: Applied Economics, 2(2):72–94.10.1257/app.2.2.72Search in Google Scholar
Donald, S. and K. Lang (2007) “Inference with Difference-In-Differences and other Panel Data,” Review of Economics and Statistics, 89(2):221–233.10.1162/rest.89.2.221Search in Google Scholar
Easton, S. (2004) Marijuana Growth in British Columbia. Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada: The Fraser Institute.Search in Google Scholar
Gedenk, K. and S. Neslin (1998) “The Role of Retail Promotion in Determining Future Brand Loyalty: Its Effect on Purchase Event Feedback,”Journal of Retailing, 75(4):433–459.10.1016/S0022-4359(99)00018-4Search in Google Scholar
Harper, T. (2005) “Why the Tobacco Industry Fears Point-Of-Sale Display Bans,” Tobacco Control, 15(3):270–271.10.1136/tc.2006.015875Search in Google Scholar
Harris, J., A. Balsa and P. Triunfo (2014) Tobacco Control Campaign In Uruguay: Impact on Smoking Cessation during Pregnancy and Birth Outcomes. National Bureau of Economic Research, Working paper 19878.10.3386/w19878Search in Google Scholar
Henriksen, L., E. Feighery, Y. Wang and S. Fortmann (2004) “Association of Retail Tobacco Marketing with Adolescent Smoking,” American Journal of Public Health, 94(12):2081–2083.10.2105/AJPH.94.12.2081Search in Google Scholar
Hoek, J., H. Gifford, G. Pirikahu, G. Thomson and R. Edwards (2009) “How do Tobacco Retail Displays Affect Cessation Attempts? Findings from a Qualitative Study,” Tobacco Control, 19(4):334–337.10.1136/tc.2009.031203Search in Google Scholar
Huang, F. Chaloupka and G. Fong (2013) “Cigarette Graphic Warning Labels and Smoking Prevalence in Canada: A Critical Examination and Reformulation of the FDA Regulatory Impact Analysis,” Tobacco Control, 1–6. doi:10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2013-051170.10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2013-051170Search in Google Scholar
Hughes, J., J. Keely, K. Fagerstrom and P. Callas (2005) “Intentions to Quit Smoking Change Over Short Periods of Time,” Addictive Behaviors, 30:653–662.10.1016/j.addbeh.2004.08.011Search in Google Scholar
Joossens, L. and M. Raw (2011) “From Cigarette Smuggling To Illicit Tobacco Trade,” Tobacco Control, 21:230–234.10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2011-050205Search in Google Scholar
Li, L., R. Borland, G. Fong, J. Thrasher, D. Hammond and K. Cummings (2013) “Impact of Point-Of-Sale Tobacco Display Bans: Findings from the International Tobacco Control Four Country Survey,” Health Education Research, 28(5):898–910.10.1093/her/cyt058Search in Google Scholar
MacFadyen, L., Hastings, G., and MacKintosh, A. M. (2001). “Cross sectional study of young people’s awareness of and involvement with tobacco marketing.” British Medical Journal (Clinical Research Education), 322:513–517.Search in Google Scholar
McNeill, A., S. Lewis, C. Quinn, M. Mulcahy, L. Clancy, G. Hastings and R. Edwards (2011) “Evaluation of the Removal of Point-Of-Sale Tobacco Displays in Ireland,” Tobacco Control, 20(2):137–143.10.1136/tc.2010.038141Search in Google Scholar
Meyer, B. (1995) “Natural and Quasi-Experiments in Economics,” Journal of Business and Economic Statistics, 13(2):151–161.Search in Google Scholar
Moulton, B. (1990) “An Illustration of a Pitfall in Estimating the Effects of Aggregate Variables on Micro Units,” Review of Economics and Statistics, 72:334–338.10.2307/2109724Search in Google Scholar
Paynter, J. and R. Edwards (2009) “The Impact of Tobacco Promotion at the Point of Sale: A Systematic Review,” Nicotine and Tobacco Research, 11(1):25–35.10.1093/ntr/ntn002Search in Google Scholar
Physicians for a Smoke-Free Canada (2011) Estimating the Volume of Contraband Sales of Tobacco in Canada: 2006–2010, December, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.Search in Google Scholar
Quinn, C., S. Lewis, R. Edwards and A. McNeill (2011) “Economic Evaluation of the Removal of Tobacco Promotional Displays in Ireland,” Tobacco Control, 20:151–155.10.1136/tc.2010.039602Search in Google Scholar
Royal Canadian Mounted Police (2011) “Contraband Tobacco Enforcement Strategy,” Catalogue no. PS61-11/2010.Search in Google Scholar
Rubin, D. (1974) “Estimating Causal Effects of Treatments in Randomized and Nonrandomized Studies,” Journal of Educational Psychology, 66:688–701.10.1037/h0037350Search in Google Scholar
Sargent, J., M. Dalton, M. Beach, L. Mott, J. Tickle, M. Ahrens and T. Heatherton (2002) “Viewing Tobacco use in Movies: Does it Shape Attitudes that Mediate Adolescent Smoking?” American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 22(3):137–145.10.1016/S0749-3797(01)00434-2Search in Google Scholar
Scheffels, J. and R. Lavik (2013) “Out of Sight, Out of Mind? Removal of Point-Of-Sale Tobacco Displays in Norway,” Tobacco Control, 22(e1):e37–e42.10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2011-050341Search in Google Scholar
Scollo, M. M. and M. H. Winstanley (2012). Tobacco in Australia: Facts and Issues, 4th edn. Melbourne: Cancer Council Victoria. Available from www.TobaccoInAustralia.org.au.Search in Google Scholar
Wakefield, M., D. Germain and L. Henriksen (2008) “The Effect of Retail Cigarette Pack Displays on Impulse Purchase,” Addiction, 103(2):322–328.10.1111/j.1360-0443.2007.02062.xSearch in Google Scholar
Wooldridge, J. (2009) Introductory Econometrics: A Modern Approach, 4th edition. South Western Cengage Learning.Search in Google Scholar
©2014 by De Gruyter
Articles in the same Issue
- Frontmatter
- The Effects of Smoking Cessation on Weight Gain: New Evidence Using Workplace Smoking Bans
- Can Oral Nutritional Supplements Improve Medicare Patient Outcomes in the Hospital?
- Patient Outcomes and Cost Effects of Medicaid Formulary Restrictions on Antidepressants
- Retail Tobacco Display Bans
Articles in the same Issue
- Frontmatter
- The Effects of Smoking Cessation on Weight Gain: New Evidence Using Workplace Smoking Bans
- Can Oral Nutritional Supplements Improve Medicare Patient Outcomes in the Hospital?
- Patient Outcomes and Cost Effects of Medicaid Formulary Restrictions on Antidepressants
- Retail Tobacco Display Bans