Abstract
Vietnamese speakers can describe the future as behind them and gesture forwards to indicate the past, which suggests they use a conceptual model of Time in which the future is behind and the past is in front. This type of model has previously been shown to be pervasive only among older speakers of Aymara in the Andes (Núñez and Sweetser 2006. With the future behind them: Convergent evidence from Aymara language and gesture in the crosslinguistic comparison of spatial construals of time. Cognitive Science 30. 401–450). Whereas Time in the Aymara model does not “move”, the present data show that Time in Vietnamese can “approach” from behind the Ego and “continue forward” into the past. To our knowledge, no other language has been identified with a model where Time moves from behind Ego to in front. Recognition of this model in Vietnamese will open up new research opportunities, particularly since the model does not seem to be endangered in Vietnamese.
Abbreviations
- ANT
anterior
- ASP
aspect marker
- AUX
auxiliary
- CL
classifier
- CONJ
conjunction
- COP
copula
- DEM
demonstrative
- DEM.DIST
distal demonstrative
- DEM.PROX
proximal demonstrative
- EMPH
emphatic
- NEG
negation marker
- NEG.IMP
negative imperative
- PART
particle
- PASS
passive marker
- PL
plural marker
- PREP
preposition
- PROG
progressive aspect
- TOP
topic marker
- 1SG
first person singular pronoun
- 1PL
first person plural pronoun
- 3SG
third person singular pronoun
References
Bồ Đào Nha. 2016. Thứ sáu Tuần Thánh [Holy Friday]. Bồ Đào Nha [Portugal]. http://bodaonha.com/thu-sau-tuan-thanh.html (accessed 10 February 2016).Search in Google Scholar
Boroditsky, Lera. 2000. Metaphoric structuring: Understanding time through spatial metaphors. Cognition 75(1). 1–28.10.1016/S0010-0277(99)00073-6Search in Google Scholar
Boroditsky, Lera & Alice Gaby. 2010. Remembrances of times East: Absolute spatial representations of time in an Australian Aboriginal community. Psychological Science 21(11). 1635–1639.10.1177/0956797610386621Search in Google Scholar
Bui, Linh Thuy. 2014. Vietnamese demonstratives: A spatially-based polysemy network. Brisbane: University of Queensland dissertation.Search in Google Scholar
Casasanto, Daniel & Kyle Jasmin. 2012. The hands of time: Temporal gestures in English speakers. Cognitive Linguistics 23(4). 643–674.10.1515/cog-2012-0020Search in Google Scholar
Crystal, David. 2000. Language death. New York: Cambridge University Press.10.1017/CBO9781139106856Search in Google Scholar
Dancygier, Barbara & Eve Sweetser. 2014. Figurative language. New York: Cambridge University Press.Search in Google Scholar
de la Fuente, Juanma, Julio Santiago, Antonio Román, Cristina Dumitrache & Daniel Casasanto. 2014. When you think about it, your past is in front of you: How culture shapes spatial conceptions of time. Psychological Science 25(9). 1682–1690.10.1177/0956797614534695Search in Google Scholar
Fuhrman, Orly & Lera Boroditsky. 2010. Cross-cultural differences in mental representations of time: Evidence from an implicit nonlinguistic task. Cognitive Science 34. 1430–1451.10.1111/j.1551-6709.2010.01105.xSearch in Google Scholar
Fuhrman, Orly, Kelly McCormick, Eva Chen, Heidi Jiang, Dingfang Shu, Shuaimei Mao & Lera Boroditsky. 2011. How linguistic and cultural forces shape conceptions of time: English and Mandarin time in 3D. Cognitive Science 35. 1305–1328.10.1111/j.1551-6709.2011.01193.xSearch in Google Scholar
Hoàng, Phê (ed.). 2014. Từ điển tiếng Việt [Vietnamese dictionary]. Da Nang: Da Nang Publishing House.Search in Google Scholar
Kita, Sotaro. 2009. Cross-cultural variation of speech-accompanying gesture: A review. Language and Cognitive Processes 24(2). 145–167.10.4324/9781003059783-1Search in Google Scholar
Le Guen, Olivier. 2011. Speech and gesture in spatial language and cognition among the Yucatec Mayas. Cognitive Science 35. 905–938.10.1111/j.1551-6709.2011.01183.xSearch in Google Scholar
Le Guen, Olivier & Lorena I. P. Balam. 2012. No metaphorical timeline in gesture and cognition among Yucatec Mayas. Frontiers in Psychology 3(271). 1–15.10.3389/fpsyg.2012.00271Search in Google Scholar
Levinson, Stephen C. 2003. Space in language and cognition: Explorations in cognitive diversity. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.10.1017/CBO9780511613609Search in Google Scholar
McGlone, Matthew S. & Jennifer L. Harding. 1998. Back (or forward?) to the future: the role of perspective in temporal language comprehension. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning Memory and Cognition 24(5). 1211–1223.10.1037/0278-7393.24.5.1211Search in Google Scholar
McMonnies, Charles W. 1990. Left-right discrimination in adults. Clinical & Experimental Optometry 73(5). 155–158.10.1111/j.1444-0938.1990.tb03116.xSearch in Google Scholar
Moore, Kevin E. 2000. Spatial experience and temporal metaphors in Wolof: Point of view, conceptual mapping, and linguistic practice. Berkeley, CA: University of California, Berkeley dissertation.Search in Google Scholar
Moore, Kevin E. 2004. Ego-based and field-based frames of reference in space to time metaphors. In Michel Achard & Suzanne Kemmer (eds.), Language, culture, and mind, 151–165. Stanford, CA: CSLI Publications.Search in Google Scholar
Moore, Kevin E. 2006. Space-to-time mappings and temporal concepts. Cognitive Linguistics 17(2). 199–244.10.1515/COG.2006.005Search in Google Scholar
Moore, Kevin E. 2011. Ego-perspective and field-based frames of reference: Temporal meanings of FRONT in Japanese, Wolof, and Aymara. Journal of Pragmatics 43. 759–776.10.1016/j.pragma.2010.07.003Search in Google Scholar
Moore, Kevin E. 2012. Frames and the experiential basis of the Moving Time metaphor. Constructions and Frames 3(1). 80–103.10.1075/bct.58.03mooSearch in Google Scholar
Moore, Kevin E. 2014. The spatial language of time: Metaphor, metonymy and frames of reference. Amsterdam: Benjamins.10.1075/hcp.42Search in Google Scholar
Moore, Kevin E. accepted. Elaborating time in space: The structure and function of space-motion metaphors of time. To appear in Language and Cognition.10.1017/langcog.2016.6Search in Google Scholar
nguyentrongluan. 2013 (September 30). Bình Độ [Binh Do village]. Dựng nước – Giữ nước [Constructing water – keeping water]. http://www.vnmilitaryhistory.net/index.php?action=printpage;topic=28044.0 (accessed 5 June 2015).Search in Google Scholar
Nguyễn Phú Phong. 2002. Những vấn đề ngữ pháp tiếng Việt - loại từ và chỉ thị từ [Some issues of Vietnamese grammar - classifiers and demonstratives]. Hanoi: Hanoi National University Publishing House.Search in Google Scholar
Núñez, Rafael. 1999. Could the future taste purple? In R. Núñez & W. Freeman (eds.), Reclaiming cognition: The primacy of action, intention, and emotion, 41–60. Thorverton: Imprint Academic.Search in Google Scholar
Núñez, Rafael, Kensy Cooperrider, D. Doan & Jürg Wassman. 2012. Contours of time: Topographic construals of past, present, and future in the Yupno valley of Papua New Guinea. Cognition 124(1). 25–35.10.1016/j.cognition.2012.03.007Search in Google Scholar
Núñez, Rafael & Carlos Cornejo. 2012. Facing the sunrise: Cultural worldview underlying intrinsic-based encoding of absolute frames of reference in Aymara. Cognitive Science 36. 965–991.10.1111/j.1551-6709.2012.01237.xSearch in Google Scholar
Núñez, Rafael, Benjamin A. Motz, & Ursina Teuscher. 2006. Time after time: The psychological reality of the Ego- and Time-Reference-Point distinction in metaphorical construals of time. Metaphor and Symbol 21. 133–146.10.1207/s15327868ms2103_1Search in Google Scholar
Núñez, Rafael & Eve Sweetser. 2006. With the future behind them: Convergent evidence from Aymara language and gesture in the crosslinguistic comparison of spatial construals of time. Cognitive Science 30. 401–450.10.1207/s15516709cog0000_62Search in Google Scholar
Phượng Hồng. 2012 (June 6). Cảm xúc âm nhạc [Music emotions]. Blog Radio. http://blogviet.com.vn/cam-xuc-am-nhac/phuong-hong-cxan-106-/4147 (accessed 22 December 2015).Search in Google Scholar
Pragglejaz Group. 2007. MIP: A method for identifying metaphorically used words in discourse. Metaphor and Symbol 22(1). 1–39.10.1080/10926480709336752Search in Google Scholar
Thanh Nhân. 2016. Không để sốt giá hàng Tết [Keep prices on Tet Festival under control]. Người Lao động Online Newspaper. http://nld.com.vn/kinh-te/khong-de-sot-gia-hang-tet-2013120410471187.htm (accessed 10 February 2016).Search in Google Scholar
Tversky, Barbara, Sol Kugelmass & Atalia Winter. 1991. Cross-cultural and developmental-trends in graphic productions. Cognitive Psychology 23. 515–557.10.1016/0010-0285(91)90005-9Search in Google Scholar
Viện Văn học. 2004. Tuyển tập Văn học Dân gian Việt Nam [Total collection of Vietnamese folk literature] Vol. 3: Folk jokes. Hanoi: Educational Publishing House.Search in Google Scholar
Vũ Kiêm Ninh. 2014 (November 5). Về Làng [Return to the village]. Văn học nghệ thuật [Literature and art]. http://newvietart.com/index3.6014.html (accessed 14 December 2015).Search in Google Scholar
Appendix 1: Mỗi tuần một chuyện episodes included in the corpus
Le Hoang (2011—2012; accessed 10/2014—11/2014), Mỗi tuần một chuyện – Đối thoại với Lê Hoàng “One topic each week – Talk with Le Hoang”.
Included episodes:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hVhiyzXVc5Y, MTMC #1_Nguyen Cuong_Tham hoa am nhac, uploaded 4-10-2011;
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_I3fsmTH4x0, MTMC #2_Ton Nu Thi Ninh_Phu nu thanh dat, uploaded 5-10-2011;
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0m38fuX7LAY, MTMC #3_Nguyen Quang Dung_Lay chong giau, uploaded 4-10-2011;
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=S6A2jlXBjqo, MTMC #4_Viet Tron_So vo, uploaded 5-10-2011;
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2mynloge7AM, MTMC #10_Duc Huy_Van hoa café, uploaded 20-12-2011;
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fvvkvXM5_Z0, MTMC #11_Ngo Thai Uyen_Phu nu doc than, uploaded 20-12-2011;
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4qhgnietyqc, Mỗi Tuần Một Chuyện - Số 16- Ngành Sư phạm, 27-5-2013;
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VxhWoNUFXSM, Mỗi Tuần Một Chuyện - Số 17 - Thu Minh-Hiện tượng Gangnam Style 20-5-2013;
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BbZ7wl-4Xec, Mỗi Tuần Một Chuyện- Số 18 - Hôn Nhân Gia Đình Hiện Đại, 26-5-2013;
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=M4opwWB_SaI, Mỗi Tuần Một Chuyện số 20_Du lich, 28-5-2013;
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=irYqy6dhjFs, Mỗi tuần một chuyện - anh Bo Đan Trường nói về thực trạng "Fan cuồng" ở Việt Nam, 21-4-2013;
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QMP42b8hN5w, Mỗi Tuần Một Chuyện - Bảo tang, 27-5-2013;
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=y2JgNk92yY0, Mỗi Tuần Một Chuyện - số 10 - Nhãn hiệu, 27-5-2013;
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VFyHEzrQMP8, Mỗi tuần một chuyện: Đối thoại với Lê Hoàng & Hà Quang Minh - Nghề giám khảo, 10-3-2012;
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yr9yeHrCLgo, Mỗi tuần một chuyện - Nguyễn Công Vinh, 16-7-2012;
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=w0kohrWgKYQ, Mỗi tuần một chuyện - Kim Thư, 28-7-2012;
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uaRRiJwRXCo, Mỗi tuần một chuyện - Phan Quốc Việt & Trác Thúy Miễu, 8-3-2013;
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vgGx5YZ7b6I, Mỗi tuần một chuyện - Jose Dâu Tây 19-3-2012;
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0sEKb0EqZX8, MTMC Trang Ha, 13-1-2013;
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ltQKKHoHDd0, Mỗi tuần một chuyện - Vũ Ngọc Đãng, 15-5-2012;
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KnngqDKm5vM, MTMC_Chi Trung.mp4, 16-4-2012;
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lPt-rZWAswA, Mỗi tuần một chuyện - Diễn viên Đức Hải, 14-2-2012;
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jjRfydUehHM, Mỗi tuần một chuyện - Nguyễn Lân Dũng, 26-3-2012;
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_BvkuQPqTS4, Mỗi tuần một chuyện - Ngọc Hiếu, 10-9-2012;
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bEACQaTCyl0, Mỗi tuần một chuyện - Phan Hồn Nhiên, 6-3-2012;
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=u4fe-0Yi6Y8, Mỗi tuần một chuyện - Đặng Lê Nguyên Vũ, 8-3-2013;
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=johiB6O3c4k, Nguyễn Phương Mai: Tôi là một con lừa, 6-6-2013;
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YfLd9ttdU4k, Mỗi tuần một chuyện - Nguyễn Tiến Sơn, 7-5-2012;
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-Ji2vrXmOJI, Mỗi tuần một chuyện - Huỳnh Văn Thông, 6-8-2012;
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pUJPlBGyayE, Mỗi tuần một chuyện - Nguyễn Hữu Thế Trạch, 25-6-2012;
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TtXylymGrtw, Mỗi tuần một chuyện - Cát Khuê, 3-7-2012;
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=W1 cmefh4Rjk, Mỗi Tuần Một Chuyện - Số 19 - Nhạc Sến, 26-5-2013;
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qKP3sPkO0_c, Mỗi tuần một chuyện - Xuân Lan, 18-4-2012;
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zekWbf5khGE, Mỗi tuần một chuyện - Việt Tú, 24-7-2012;
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aXoo850SK50, Mỗi tuần một chuyện - Thiệu Ánh Dương, 25-4-2012;
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Bh717zgaK5M, Mỗi tuần một chuyện - Quách Tuấn Khanh & Nguyễn Thanh Tùng 20-3-2013;
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BGzHV9S49bg, Mỗi tuần một chuyện - Đàm Minh Thụy, 28-2-2012;
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eNuxHAHVVkE, Mỗi tuần một chuyện - Lan Phương, 9-10-2012;
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2Fh6tqG_KNM, Mỗi tuần một chuyện - Chu Minh Vũ, 24-9-2012;
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Kr4yV1OFEpM, Mỗi Tuần Một Chuyện - Đại Sứ du lịch, 21-5-2013;
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1eMaAfVHZxo, Mỗi tuần một chuyện - số 22-Nghị lực sống- Tuấn Khanh vs Hướng Dương 19-6-2013;
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=K3OuKto9db4, Mỗi tuần một chuyện - Di Li, 9-4-2012;
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0i1BRzHri4c, Mỗi tuần một chuyện - Mai Lâm, 31-6-2012;
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CjcmVJF1u3c, Mỗi tuần một chuyện - Hàn Liên Hải, 4-9-2012;
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mSyYq1P-pSM, MTMC so 23 Bat dong san, 23-6-2013
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8AuMdUOOAHU, Mỗi tuần một chuyện - Khánh Thi, 24-9-2012
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MvJWnedGpBk, Mỗi tuần một chuyện- Đối thoại với Lê Hoàng-số 21 Giới tính, 18-6-2013
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=V8mVUPrQrr4, Mỗi tuần một chuyện: Đối thoại với Lê Hoàng - Nhà sưu tập tranh Lê Thái Sơn, 6-3-2013
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=W1yRAagfpkM, Mỗi tuần một chuyện Kim Oanh, 16-5-2014
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HTnVHgzxkp0, Mỗi Tuần Một Chuyện - Lấy chồng ngoại, 3-7-2013
©2016 by De Gruyter Mouton
Articles in the same Issue
- Frontmatter
- Research Articles
- Metaphor in culture: LIFE IS A SHOW in Chinese
- When do language comprehenders mentally simulate locations?
- With the future coming up behind them: Evidence that Time approaches from behind in Vietnamese
- When variables align: A Bayesian multinomial mixed-effects model of English permissive constructions
- The role of DO-auxiliary in subject-auxiliary inversion: Developing Langacker’s notion of existential negotiation
- Book Reviews
- Raffaele Simone and Francesca Masini: Word classes: Nature, typology and representations
- Michel Achard: Impersonals and Other Agent Defocusing Constructions in French
Articles in the same Issue
- Frontmatter
- Research Articles
- Metaphor in culture: LIFE IS A SHOW in Chinese
- When do language comprehenders mentally simulate locations?
- With the future coming up behind them: Evidence that Time approaches from behind in Vietnamese
- When variables align: A Bayesian multinomial mixed-effects model of English permissive constructions
- The role of DO-auxiliary in subject-auxiliary inversion: Developing Langacker’s notion of existential negotiation
- Book Reviews
- Raffaele Simone and Francesca Masini: Word classes: Nature, typology and representations
- Michel Achard: Impersonals and Other Agent Defocusing Constructions in French