Empirical and Theoretical Models of Equilibrium and Non-Equilibrium Transition Temperatures of Supplemented Phase Diagrams in Aqueous Systems (IUPAC Technical Report)
Empirical and Theoretical Models of Equilibrium and Non-Equilibrium Transition Temperatures of Supplemented Phase Diagrams in Aqueous Systems (IUPAC Technical Report)
Horacio R. Corti, C. Austen Angell, Tony Auffret, Harry Levine, M. Pilar Buera, David S. Reid, Yrjö H. Roos, and Louise Slade
Pure and Applied Chemistry, 2010
Vol. 82, No. 5, pp. 1065–1097
This paper describes the main thermodynamic concepts related to the construction of supplemented phase (or state) diagrams for aqueous solutions containing vitrifying agents used in the cryo- and dehydro-preservation of natural (foods, seeds, etc.) and synthetic (pharmaceuticals) products. It also reviews the empirical and theoretical equations employed to predict equilibrium transitions (ice freezing, solute solubility) and non-equilibrium transitions (glass transition and the extrapolated freezing curve). The comparison with experimental results is restricted to carbohydrate aqueous solutions because these are the most widely used cryoprotectant agents. The paper identifies the best standard procedure to determine the glass transition curve over the entire water-content scale, and how to determine the temperature and concentration of the maximally freeze-concentrated solution.
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