Startseite Eco-friendly synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Phyllanthus niruri leaf extract: Assessment of antimicrobial activity, effectiveness on tropical neglected mosquito vector control, and biocompatibility using a fibroblast cell line model
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Eco-friendly synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Phyllanthus niruri leaf extract: Assessment of antimicrobial activity, effectiveness on tropical neglected mosquito vector control, and biocompatibility using a fibroblast cell line model

  • K. Prabakaran , M. Baranitharan EMAIL logo , M. Mathiyazhagan , N. C. Sumedha , P. Surya , H. Irrusappan , Shobana Sampath , Mohammad Z. Ahmed und Perumal Asaithambi EMAIL logo
Veröffentlicht/Copyright: 25. Oktober 2024
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Open Chemistry
Aus der Zeitschrift Open Chemistry Band 22 Heft 1

Abstract

Mosquitoes are rapidly advancing as vectors of several severe diseases. The increasing resistance of mosquitoes and the environmental harm caused by insecticides pose significant challenges for eradicating mosquito vectors. In this study, 18 plant extracts were tested for larvicidal properties against Aedes aegypti, Culex quinquefasciatus, and Anopheles stephensi larvae. Phyllanthus niruri (Pn) showed enhanced larvicidal activity in both laboratory and field trials. The biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using Pn leaf methanol extract (Pn-LME) was confirmed by UV-visible spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy. Among various concentrations, 3 mM AgNPs exhibited significant LC90 values of 0.83, 1.46, and 9.11 ppm compared to 9.25, 93.48, and 14.60 ppm of Pn-LME against A. stephensi, C. quinquefasciatus, and A. aegypti, respectively. This indicates the high mortality of mosquito vectors at low AgNP concentrations. Additionally, Pn-AgNPs showed enhanced antibacterial activity and no cytotoxicity in normal fibroblast cells (L929). Field trials demonstrated a 98.70% decrease in mosquito larval density at A. stephensi breeding sites, a 96.55% reduction at C. quinquefasciatus sites, and a 97.85% reduction at Ae. aegypti sites. This study presents an eco-friendly and cost-effective AgNP bio-pesticide synthesized from Pn leaves for controlling and preventing the transmission of filarial, dengue, and malaria vectors.

Keywords: silver nanoparticle; green synthesis; plant extract; Phyllanthus niruri ; larvicidal activity; antibacterial

1 Introduction

Among the anthropods, mosquitoes transmit more diseases, affecting millions of people worldwide. Very recently, the World Health Organization (WHO) announced mosquitoes as the “number one public enemy.” A mosquito acts as a vector for several life-threatening vector-borne diseases, such as encephalitis, chikungunya fever, yellow fever, malaria, dengue fever, filariasis, and West Nile virus infection. In addition, they pose a significant health hazard in the southeastern countries of Asia and the Indian subcontinent. This challenge of mosquito-extending diseases has become a huge concern due to the exponential urbanization and propulsive population along with the migration of humans from rural to urban areas. In our country, NVBDCP is a multifaceted, comprehensive public health activity that involves the avoidance and organization of mosquito disease [1]. Vector control is a challenge globally, as it is directed against the immature stages of mosquitoes. The problem of vector control varies across countries and varies according to the rural and urban parts of a country [1]. The mosquito-carrying disease causes increased mortality and morbidity while also greatly inflicting the economy, including labour and commercial output loss, mainly in subtropical and tropical countries. While every region of the world is affected by these diseases, the squirting of insecticides is the most common conventional method of vector control; however, the highlighted advantage of insecticides has become limited, and mosquitoes are allied with livestock and human diseases, particularly affecting human health. Mosquito-borne diseases reduce human productivity, cause chronic debilitation and early death, and exacerbate economic hardship by placing a burden on the health care system and resources. Low production is also caused by the enormous number of mosquitoes, which severely irritates animals and wildlife and causes significant blood loss. Mosquitoes are ubiquitous throughout the world, with the exception of Antarctica. From arctic tundra, salt marshes, boreal forests, and ditches to every tidal zone of oceans, they thrive in a broad range of extreme biotic communities. The greatest mosquito diversity occurs in tropical rainforests, but a dense population can be found in poor biomes such as tundra [2].

A. stephensi mosquitoes are the chief vector that transmits malaria parasites among humans in India and other regions of Asian countries. The trend of malaria being a huge health hazard continues globally, and nearly three billion people are affected annually in around 106 or more countries that are already prone to malaria [3]. In fact, 91% of the ∼200 million cases occurred in 2010 owing to Plasmodium falciparum, making malaria one of the widespread ailments in the tropical world. In India, various ecological and disease vectors contribute to the prevalence of malaria. India accounts for ∼80% of malaria incidence among southeast Asian countries, with the highest number of affected individuals in the world. India accounted for 753 attributable deaths and 1.3 million confirmed malaria cases; however, the expected deaths and cases were 20 times more in 2011. Numerous potentially fatal illnesses, including West Nile virus, filariasis, avian malaria, Japanese encephalitis, and St. Louis encephalitis, are mostly spread by C. quinquefasciatus. It is a vector for lymphatic filariasis in humans and has been assessed to afflict 120 million people worldwide. This mosquito species is the only vector of lymphatic filarial worms (Wuchereria bancrofti), according to the WHO. Filariasis remains a major public concern and a socioeconomic challenge in many countries in the tropics. The parasite remains endemic in tropical regions, with an estimated 120 million people affected in 81 countries, and about nearly one billion individuals are threatened by contracting the disease. Also, A. aegypti is generally notorious as a vector for dengue as well as chikungunya and is broadly situated in subtropical and tropical areas. Dengue virus (DENV) and chikungunya virus (CHIKV) are usually carried by A. aegypti, which generally breeds in peri-urban and urban regions. Breakthrough of dengue fever and chikungunya is a significant health concern in every part of rural India. An estimated 390 million cases of dengue fever are reported annually, making the re-emergence of arbovirus illness a concern. Among these, 100 million patients demand medical care, and >5 lakh patients require hospitalization. Regretfully, reports from India account for 34% of worldwide reports. DENV serotypes 1, 2, 3, and 4 are responsible for endemicity and spread throughout the year in different parts of the world. The main carrier of this virus is A. aegypti.

Over the years, controlling vector-causing diseases has spread widely, and hence, the ultimate motive to irradiate vectors has been a crucial demand in numerous studies. A few techniques that involve irradiation of diseases caused by mosquitoes include targeting adult mosquitoes using chemical insecticides or removal of the larvae themselves prior to their maturation by using insecticides, particularly synthetic and herbal larvicides, as a promising remedy [2]. It appears that pesticides and larvicides are quite dangerous to the environment and other living things, including people. Sometimes, the insecticides and other chemicals used will remain undesirably in the environment for longer periods, ending up as residues in food. The earth justifies the operational failure to control illness because of natural resistance. Chemical insecticides, such as DEET and DDT, which are used to kill pathogen-causing vectors, have gained widespread use since their discovery. Thus, to overcome the rules outlined by the Environment Protection Act, agents that are biocontrollable, biodegradable, and cost-effective, are safe and have been gaining more attention, thus bringing biosynthetic insecticides and larvicides.

Plants contain phytochemicals that can be used against insects and vectors without causing damage to the environment [4,5]. Plant-based materials have been used in human products to protect against insects. Secondary metabolites and phytochemicals available in plants provide protection against vectors and insects. Plants possess many bioactive chemicals that serve as growth inhibitors, anti-feed ants, insecticides, oviposition deterrents, moulting hormones, repellents, and juvenile hormones. Also, phytochemicals sometimes cause delays in the advancement of resistance in vector bodies owing to their new structure and ease of biodegradability [1,6]. More than 2,000 plant species have been studied for their insecticidal properties, and 344 plant species have shown mosquitocidal activities. Essential plant oils and their extracts are known to be bioactive compounds with mosquito control potency, and previous investigations on plant material have shown several bioactive compounds with mosquito-killing ability. Plants with mosquitocidal activity include Argemone Mexicana, Lantana camara, Azadirachtaindica, Atlantiamonophylla, Solanum xanthocarpum, Citrullus vulgaris, Artemisia annua, Ocimum sanctum, Solanum nigrum, Citrus sinensis, Morninga oleifera, Chrysanthemum indicum, Ocimum gratissimum, and Lantana camara.

In particular, Phyllanthus niruri is an erect annual herb belonging to the Euphorbiaceae family and is extensively found in subtropical and tropical countries. They are commonly known as Keezhanelli in the vernacular tongue of Tamil. They grow to a height of 10–60 cm. It has a simple main stem, which could branch where the younger parts are usually terrete. The cataphylls and stipules are 1.5–1.9 mm high, with its deltoid acuminate blade subulate acuminate and of 1–1.5 mm length. The leaves are usually 3–11 mm × 1.5–6 mm longer minute apiculate at the apex or inequilateral at the base. The herb has white flowers that are usually minute, and the petioles could range in length from 0.3 to 0.5 mm of triangular acuminate. The flower has unisexual cymules, each consisting of 2–3 males and 2 female flowers for males that are millimetres long. The calyx had five subequal lobes. The lobes are toothed free, transmitting, and bifid shallow at the apex and divergent arms [7]. There were six triangular seeds of light brown shade, with seed capsules on stalks that were 1–2 mm high and exhibited 5–6 back ribs. It is more commonly used in Ayurvedic medicine in India for ailments related to the stomach, liver, genitourinary system, spleen, and kidney, and diseases such as jaundice, asthma, hepatitis, and malaria. The literature in Ayurvedic has shown its usage as an antidyspnoic, antispasmodic, and antitussive, which relieves polydipsia, Kapha Pitta Dosha, antianaemic, haemorrhagic disease, leprosy, jaundice, relieves burning sensation, refrigerant, urinary disorders, and trauma. Recently, P. niruri has been gaining exponential attention owing to its fresh start in the antiviral activity against the hepatitis B virus. The aim of this study is to evaluate the antibacterial and insecticidal toxicity of Pn-LME and Pn-silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) against the vector mosquitoes A. stephensi, C. quinquefasciatus, and A. aegypti, as shown in Figure 1.

Figure 1 Schematic illustration of green synthesis of AgNPs using Pn-LME for effective vector control applications.
Figure 1

Schematic illustration of green synthesis of AgNPs using Pn-LME for effective vector control applications.

2 Materials and methods

2.1 Sample collection

Phyllanthus niruri (Kizhanelli) was obtained from Puducherry, India (latitude 11°93′63″N; longitude 79°77′23″N). These leaves were identified taxonomically using common taxonomic keys. Once a consistent weight was reached, the leaves were gathered from the surrounding area, rinsed in water, and then dried at RT in the Zoology Department. The dried leaves were finely powdered using an electric blender.

2.2 Extraction of metabolic compounds from plants

In a conical flask, 50 g of each powdered dried leaf was added. Methanol (approximately) of the analytical grade was then added, and the mixture was shaken for 72 h while being shaken periodically with aluminium foil. The extracts were then filtered through “Whatman No. 1” filter paper after approximately 72 h. The remaining solvent was separated and removed from the extract using a vacuum in a rotary evaporator (Heidolph, Germany). The concentrated leaf extract (110 mg) was dried and stored at 4°C until use further phytochemical analysis and mosquito larvicidal assay studies.

2.3 Phytochemical analysis of Pn-LME

Pn-LME was subjected to phytochemical screening using typical conventional techniques in order to identify the presence of phytoconstituents [1], such as flavonoids, coumarin, terpenoids, glycosides, alkaloids, phenolic compounds, cardiac glycosides, and saponins.

2.4 Green synthesis of AgNPs from Pn-LME

About 10 ml of the leaf extract was mixed using aqueous solution (90 ml) and silver nitrate (AgNO3) (1 mM). After centrifugation (15,000 rpm, 15 min) and lyophilization of AgNPs, this solution was allowed to form a dark yellowish-brown solution [8] for 3 h at room temperature (25 ± 3°C) in an orbital shaker (120 rpm).

2.5 Characterization of Pn-AgNPs

Pn-AgNPs were determined using a UV-vis spectrophotometer (OPTIGEN POP) with a scanning range of 200–700 nm [9]. AgNPs synthesized via green synthesis (Pn-AgNPs) were added for recording the intensity using 20 kV scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM; FESEM Supra-55 Carlseiss, Germany) to determine their morphological and structural composition. By applying thin layers of AgNPs on a 40 μm × 4 μm carbon-coated grid, an extra solvent was used for blotting paper. Further, the film was dried using a mercury lamp for 5 min. The surfaces of the thin films of the AgNPs were scanned. The functional group changes on the AgNP surface were examined qualitatively using FT-IR spectroscopy (Thermo Nicolet spectrum 6700) [10]. The X’Pert Pro X-ray diffractometer (Philip, Netherlands) was used in the (2θ) mode to obtain the X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns.

2.6 Mosquito larval collection

Using a 350 ml standard larval dipper, mosquito larvae samples were collected from breeding grounds and still water. Dips were taken gently with a 3–5 min pause to allow the larvae of mosquito to move freely in the air–water interface, and, therefore, a minimum of 8–15 dips were taken. Field-collected larvae were transferred to the laboratory for identification of A. stephensi, C. quinquefasciatus, and A. aegypti. Using the identification of the US mosquito larvae manual as a guide, the collected larvae were examined under a microscope at 10× and 40× magnifications and classified into different genera based on their morphology [11].

2.7 Mosquito larvicidal bioassay of Pn-AgNPs

The WHO methodology was followed while performing the larvicidal experiments at room temperature (25 ± 3°C). Disposable paper cups coated in wax were utilized for the mosquito toxicity test (with a 350 ml capacity), and the dried leaf extract was utilized to create a uniform stock solution (100 mg/l) for the bioassays. The stock solution (25 mg/l) was diluted by dissolving 300 ml of distilled water. Into these, 25 early third instar larvae of different species of mosquito were separately introduced. The mosquito larvae were provided with food supplements such as yeast and dog biscuits at a ratio of 1:2. Additionally, the death rates were noted every 24 and 48 h, and the mortality percentage was computed using the following formula [12]. Further, the mortality rate was observed for every 24 and 48 h, and the mortality% was calculated as follows:

Mortality % = Number of dead larva Total number of larva exposed × 100 .

2.8 Antimicrobial activity of AgNPs

Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, including Bacillus subtilis, K. pneumoniae, E. coli, and S. aureus, were used in the investigation of antibacterial activity. The well diffusion technique was used for the in vitro antimicrobial experiments [13]. The concentration of the bacterial suspension in Mueller Hinton agar was set at 108 cfu/ml. With 50, 100, 250, and 500 µg of the AgNPs synthesized, sterile filter paper discs of 6 mm in diameter were soaked and dried in air to evaporate the solvent. The dried discs were applied over seeded Mueller Hinton agar plates at uniform distances with sterile forceps. About 20 g of ciprofloxacin was added as a positive control. The culture plates were incubated at 37°C for a full day. Using Vernier calipers to measure the inhibitory zone diameter in millimetres and record the results, antimicrobial activity was represented in terms of this diameter. The experiments were performed in triplicate.

2.9 Cell culture and MTT assay of AgNPs

At a concentration of 1 × 104 cells/well in DMEM with 1× antibiotic solution and 10% foetal bovine serum (Himedia, India), the fibroblast cell line was individually plated in 96-well plates in a controlled CO2 incubator at 37°C. A 96-well plate is used for the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) tetrazolium (MTT) assay. After 4 h of incubation at various concentrations (25–500 μg/ml), the cells were treated with MTT. The absorbance at 570 nm was measured using a plate spectrophotometer to determine formazan formation.

2.10 Field trial

The procedure of the field trial was followed as prescribed, with some modifications [14]. By calculating the LC50 and LC90 values for each treatment, the amount of AgNPs transformed by Pn-LME was determined by measuring the surface area of the standing water bodies in each habitat. The required amounts of AgNPs were combined with water, and 0.05% teepol was used as an emulsifying agent. Knapsack sprayers (Sujatha Products Pvt Limited, India, 2010) were used to apply AgNPs to the surface of the water bodies. The density of larvae was measured 24, 48, and 72 h after treatment using dipper sampling and larval counting techniques. A control sample was used to calculate the composition of every larval habitat before 24 h of treatment as a reference. For the treatment, six trials were performed for AgNPs synthesized using P. niruri alone. The reduction percentage was estimated using the following formula:

Reduction percentage = C − T C × 100 ,

where T and C represent the total number of treated mosquitoes and the total number of mosquitoes under control, respectively.

2.11 Statistical analysis

The SPSS 25.0 version software was used to calculate the value of the regression equation, mean, standard (±SD), and lethal concentrations (LC50 and LC90, and other statistics with 95% confidence limits).

3 Results and discussion

3.1 Preliminary phytochemical screening

Pn-LME was prepared using methanol as the solvent, with an extract quantity of 0.6396 g and a yield percentage of 6.40%. Interestingly, Pn-LME revealed the presence of flavonoids, alkaloids, phenolic compounds, terpenoids, tannins, saponins, coumarins, and cardiac glycosides in the phytochemical screening test (Table 1). Similarly, PCs from indigenous medicinal plants could be different solvents extracted from various parts as well as species and are incredibly efficient bio-recourse phyto-pesticidal agents [12,15]. Similar investigations have demonstrated that secondary metabolites, such as tannins, steroids, phenols, and other bioactive metabolites, are the main players in the production of AgNPs [16].

Table 1

Phytochemical screening of Pn-LME

Sl. no. Phytoconstituents Pn-LME
1 Alkaloids ✓
2 Flavonoids ✓
3 Terpenoids ✓
4 Phenolic compounds ✓
5 Saponins ✓
6 Tannins ✓
7 Glycosides ✓
8 Cardiac glycosides ✓
9 Coumarins ✓

✓: presence of phytoconstituents.

3.2 AgNP characterization

The transition from translucent yellow to brown indicates the formation of the Pn-AgNP composite. The UV-vis spectrum of Pn-AgNPs exhibited a surface plasmon resonance peak at 422 nm (Figure 2). In accordance with the study of Elumalai et al. [17], the UV spectra of Am-AgNPs displayed a peak at 421 nm, indicating a direct band gap of approximately 2.25 eV.

Figure 2 UV-vis spectra analysis of AgNPs synthesized using Pn-LE.
Figure 2

UV-vis spectra analysis of AgNPs synthesized using Pn-LE.

As shown in Figure 3, AgNP generation from Pn-LE was characterized by XRD analysis. Using Bragg’s formula, the 2θ values of the XRD patterns were determined to be 26.8°, 31.2°, 45.1°, 54.6°, 57.4°, and 76.6°, which correspond to 111, 200, 220, and 311. The lattice constant, which was also calculated from the pattern, was found to be α = 3.201 Å, which is in good agreement with the Joint Committee on Power Diffraction Standard data (JCPDS-PDF-04-0783). Analysis of Pn-AgNP crystals using XRD showed strong agreement with previously studied values. In line with previous studies, this study revealed a faint signal that validated the presence of certain chemical compounds [18].

Figure 3 XRD analysis of AgNPs synthesized using Pn-LE.
Figure 3

XRD analysis of AgNPs synthesized using Pn-LE.

3.3 SEM characterization

Because many reaction parameters must be considered and regulated, it is extremely difficult to repeatedly synthesize AgNPs with defined morphologies. Multiple analytical techniques should be used to analyse the particle size and shape. They should be isolated from synthetic byproducts that can disrupt biological systems. Colloidal stability in different media should be guaranteed at physiological temperatures throughout the experimental period, and the concentration should be high enough to have a discernible biological effect. According to these standards, we selected various synthesis methods from the literature and made necessary modifications where necessary.

In addition, we took into account the fact that each particle was stabilized with the same ligand to reduce the possible influence of the organic shell on the particle properties, as shown in Figures 1 and 2. It is impossible to make particles that are exactly the same size but have different shapes shown in Figure 2. The spherical particles produced by microwave synthesis were approximately twice as large as the particle size. An intact 3D surface plot for AgNPs is shown in Figure 3. The sizes and shapes of the different particles are shown in Figure 1. SEM showed that each particle was remarkably consistent in both size and shape (Figure 2). The core diameters of the metallic particles in the samples were summed up. The bases of the platelets were either triangular or circular, as described in the literature. The dice had sharp edges. The synthesis produced very small amounts of prisms and pentagonal decahedrons as byproducts. The rods were highly anisotropic with diameters in the range of 50–100 nm. Although it must be recognized that it is impossible to produce AgNPs with 100% identical size and shape, the differences between samples (Figure 1) are significantly greater than the variation within each sample.

3.4 TEM characterization

Figure 4 shows the shape and size of the different AgNPs obtained from the TEM images. The majority of the AgNPs were spherical and monodisperse, regardless of their size. The exact size and shape of the AgNPs can be seen in the high-resolution images obtained by TEM. If the particles are spherical or rod-shaped or have various morphologies, they are usually visible. Determining the consistency and distribution of particle sizes in a sample can be aided by precise size measurement. The properties and applications of nanoparticles can be influenced by their tendency to cluster or agglomerate, as revealed by TEM. Understanding the degree of aggregation can help determine whether the nanoparticle dispersion is stable. Size distribution histograms were constructed by measuring a significant number of nanoparticles in the TEM images. For applications requiring specific size ranges, these data help understand the mean size and particle size range. When AgNPs are analysed using TEM, detailed information about their size, shape, distribution, and crystal structure becomes visible. These special features are important to ensure the effectiveness and durability of the nanoparticles and to adapt them for specific applications. By considering these features, it is possible to improve the synthesis techniques, predict the performance in real-world applications, and guarantee the consistency and quality of the nanoparticles produced. The SEM and TEM images verify the nanoscale size of the AgNPs. Propensity was noted in numerous earlier outcomes in previous investigations. The biosynthesized TiO2NPs were well disseminated and spherical, with an average individual diameter of 25 nm, according to the SEM and TEM images [19]. SEM analysis of the H. auriculata AgNP cake extract currently available reports that it is primarily spherical or cubic. The results indicated above align with earlier research [20,21] that employed plant extract in the AgNP synthesis process.

Figure 4 SEM (a)–(c) and TEM (d) images of spherical AgNPs synthesized using Pn-LE.
Figure 4

SEM (a)–(c) and TEM (d) images of spherical AgNPs synthesized using Pn-LE.

The FTIR spectra of AgNPs obtained from P. niruri presented major peaks at 3901.25, 3883.06, 3851.44, 3836.20, 3818.85, 3799.14, 3709.28, 3687.69, 3673.52, 3626.85, 3585.70, 3565.27, 3445.19, 2952.01, 2919.70, 2359.51, 2342.03, 1791.17, 1771.06, 1748.66, 1732.82, 1715.95, 1698.60, 1682.89, 1652.17, 1646.00, 1635.10, 1557.94, 1540.17, 1520.76, 1506.91, 1488.88, 1471.89, 1456.45, 1435.48, 1417.61, 1384.44, 1338.60, 1278.98, 1032.75, 668.32, 649.13, 616.75, 578.81, 568.06, 546.86, 536.07, 525.64, 515.71, and 506.20 cm−1 (Figure 5), and the peaks were strong and sharp and corresponded to functional groups like alcohols, phenols (O–H stretch, free hydroxyl, 3626.85 cm−1), alcohols, phenols (O–H stretching [strong and broad], H-bonded, 3445.19 cm−1), alkanes (C–H stretch [medium], 2952.01 and 2919.70 cm−1), carbonyls (general) (C═O stretching [strong], 1748.66, 1732.82, 1715.95, 1698.60 and 1682.89 cm−1), alkenes (–C═C– stretching [medium], 1652.17 and 1646.00 cm−1), 1* amines (N–H bending [medium], 1635.10 cm−1), nitro compounds (N–O asymmetric stretching [strong], 1540.17, 1520.76, and 1506.91 cm−1), aromatics (C–C stretching [in ring] [medium], 1488.88, 1471.89, 1456.45, 1435.48, and 1417.61 cm−1), nitro compounds (N–O symmetric stretching [medium], 1338.60 cm−1), alcohols, carboxylic acids, esters, ethers (C–O stretch [strong], 1278.98 and 1032.75 cm−1), alkynes (–C≡C–H: C–H bending [broad, strong], 668.32, 649.13 and 616.75 cm−1) and alkyl halides (C–Br stretching [medium], 578.81, 568.06, 546.86, 536.07, 525.64, and 515.71 cm−1). FTIR studies revealed the presence of strong bonds, such as alcohols, phenols (O–H stretching), carbonyls (C═O stretching), nitro compounds (N–O asymmetric stretching), alcohols, carboxylic acids, and ester and ether (C–O stretching) groups present in Pn-LME are involved in the reduction of Ag+ ions to Ag0NPs. The maxima are almost the same, and the results agree with each other [22–24]. The functional groups of the synthesized SP-AgNPs were determined by logging the FTIR spectrum signature. It is possible that these functional groups play a role in both Ag° capping and nanoparticle formation [25]. The positions of many amide I band spectra show that the secondary structure of the protein in the selenium nanoparticle capping layer is different from that of the biological proteins. Strong bands at 3,381 (primary amine), 2,916 (C–H stretching of the alkanes), 2,848 (C–H–O stretching of aldehyde), 1,607 (N–H bending of primary amines), and 1,207 cm−1 (C–N stretching of aliphatic amines) were detected in the FTIR spectra of AgNPs [26].

Figure 5 FTIR spectra of synthesized AgNPs from Pn-LE.
Figure 5

FTIR spectra of synthesized AgNPs from Pn-LE.

3.5 Larvicidal activity

The larvicidal activity of Pn-LME against mosquito larvae is shown in Table 2 and Figure 6. The extract more efficiently controlled the mosquito larvae, and the LC50 and LC90 values of 11.92 and 14.60 ppm (A. aegypti), 4.46 and 9.25 ppm (A. stephensi) were also moderately effective against the C. quinquefasciatus larvae (LC50 = 47.86 ppm and LC90 = 93.48 ppm). The results of larvicidal activity revealed that Pn-LME were more effective against the mosquito larvae of A. stephensi, C. quinquefasciatus, and A. aegypti that and are presented as LC50 and LC90 values. In addition, Table 3 and Figure 7 reveal the larval mortality of A. stephensi, C. quinquefasciatus, and A. aegypti after the treatment of AgNPs synthesized from P. niruri. The AgNPs have more efficiently controlled the larvae of A. stephensi (LC50 = 0.45 ppm and LC90 = 0.83 ppm), followed by A. aegypti (LC50 = 1.20 ppm and LC90 = 1.46 ppm) and C. quinquefasciatus (LC50 = 4.78 ppm and LC90 = 9.11 ppm). Similarly, the research provided the larval activity of green-synthesized AgNPs with the Chrysanthemum indicum extract against mosquito species [27]. Furthermore, the larval and pupal activity of Acacia catechu-AgNPs tested LC50 values of 71.04, 74.78, 85.33, and 88.91 ppm against insecticides [1]. Previous studies have reported the toxicity effects of Vina rosa-synthesized AgNPs from P. reticulata tested against A. stephensi and C. quinquefasciatus [28,29]. They found that after 24h of incubation, the greatest larvicidal effects of the LC50 and LD50 values were statistically significant (p < 0.0267). Based on an assessment of the biofabricated XC-SeNP larval killing activity against A. aegypti larvae in their fourth instar, the LC50 and LC90 values were found to be 79.4 and 722.4 ppm, respectively [30]. Additionally, A. aegypti (45.1 ppm) and C. quinquefasciatus (41.1 ppm) larvae in their fourth instar were suppressed by the synthesized nanoparticles [31]. About 4.287 µl/ml of AgNPs is needed to kill 50% of the larvae, while 10.795 µl/ml is needed to kill 90% of the larvae, according to the LC50 and LC90 analyses [32]. The Blumeamollis-AgNPs were tested against HVM larvae, and the predominant LC50/LC90 values of 18.17/39.56, 23.45/42.49, and 21.82/40.43 µg/ml were observed on A. subpictus, C. vishnui, and A. vittatus, respectively [17]. Damage to mosquito larvae treated with Dillenia indica-mediated selenium nanoparticles.

Table 2

LC50/LC90 values of Pn-LME against mosquito larvae

Mosquito species Intercept Slope LC50 (PPM) (90%UCL-LCL) LC90(PPM) (90%UCL-LCL) χ 2 (df)
A. stephensi 1.75 2.38 ± 0.06 4.46 (3.93–5.05) 9.25 (7.09–12.06) 11.1
C. quinquefasciatus 1.91 2.39 ± 0.06 47.86 (42.53–53.85) 93.48 (72.54–120.48) 16.1
A. aegypti 6.35 10.75 ± 0.02 11.92 (11.49–12.37) 14.60 (13.62–15.6) 1.3
Figure 6 LC50/LC90 values of Pn-LME against mosquito larvae.
Figure 6

LC50/LC90 values of Pn-LME against mosquito larvae.

Table 3

LC50/LC90 values of AgNPs synthesized using Pn-LE against mosquito larvae

Sl. no. Mosquito species Intercept Slope LC50 (PPM) (90%UCL-LCL) LC90 (PPM) (90%UCL-LCL) χ² (df)
1 A. stephensi 2.14 6. 68 ± 0.05 0.45 (0.40–0.50) 0.83 (0.67–1.01) 15.2
2 A. aegypti 6.38 3.82 ± 0.02 1.20 (1.15 -1.24) 1.46 (1.36–1.57) 4.40
3 C. quinquefasciatus 1.98 1.89 ± 0.05 4.78 (4.26–5.35) 9.11 (7.15–11.68) 13.1
Figure 7 LC50/LC90 values of AgNPs synthesized using Pn-LE against mosquito larvae.
Figure 7

LC50/LC90 values of AgNPs synthesized using Pn-LE against mosquito larvae.

3.6 Microbial activity

Additionally, AgNPs synthesized with P. niruri extract were tested for antibacterial activity against four different bacterial species: S. aureus, K. pneumoniae, E. coli, and B. subtilis. The results are displayed in Figure 8 and presented in Table 4. AgNPs showed notable inhibitory zones against S. aureus and E. coli at all concentrations tested (50–500 µg). However, negligible inhibition of B. subtilis and K. pneumoniae was noted at 50 and 100 µg of AgNPs. A linear increase in the extent of the zone of inhibition was observed for each of the bacterial strains studied in relation to an increase in the concentration of AgNPs. Similarly, the biocompatibility by antimicrobials tested against Pn-AgNPs drug-resistant human pathogens like S. aureus, E. coli, Pseudomonas sp., P. vulgaris, and S. typhi. Furthermore, research has shown that AgNPs can inhibit pathogenic microorganisms such as E. coli and S. coccus [33,34]. The zones of inhibition for the antibacterial activity were 9.6 ± 0.58 and 10.67 ± 0.58 mm [35], while 3.33 ± 0.13 and 3.67 ± 0.11 mm for S. aureus and E. coli were the locations of the weak antibacterial activity. The findings also revealed the minimum inhibitory concentration and minimum bactericidal concentration values of SP-AgNPs against B. subtilis (45 and 60 g/ml) and E. coli (40 and 60 g/ml). According to the study of Liao et al. [36], AgNP damage to bacterial cell walls is most likely the cause of the zone of inhibition. AgNPs destroy enzymes and DNA and render cellular proteins inert; this could be a consequence of direct AgNP involvement. Moreover, AgNPs produced by plants can serve as a substitute for antibiotics to combat microbial pathogens [37]. The tetracycline-synergistic antibacterial activities of the characterized AgNPs were next investigated. The results show that while the nanoparticles are only somewhat effective against B. cereus and K. pneumonia, they are more active against E. coli and S. aureus [38]. The antibacterial activity of the biosynthesized Myristica fragrans-AgNPs was evaluated against multidrug-resistant S. enterica and S. typhi according to agar well diffusion, minimum inhibitory concentration, and IC50. The antibacterial activity of the synthesized AgNPs (2–10 mM) against the clinical pathogens Klebsiella sp. and Staphylococcus sp. was evaluated under in vitro conditions. The synthesized Spirulina AgNPs were evaluated against Staphylococcus sp. and Klebsiella sp. AgNPs (1–4 mM) extensively reduced the growth rate of pathogens. An effective method of utilizing market green vegetable waste for the synthesis of AgNPs with high antibacterial efficiency.

Figure 8 Disc diffusion assay of AgNPs synthesized using Pn-LE.
Figure 8

Disc diffusion assay of AgNPs synthesized using Pn-LE.

Table 4

Antibacterial activity of different concentrations of AgNPs synthesized using Pn-LME extract by disc diffusion assay

50 µg 100 µg 250 µg 500 µg +Control
B. subtilis Nil Nil 9 12 35
K. pneumoniae Nil Nil 8 13 36
E. coli 8 10 12 13 36
S .aureus 8 9 11 14 35

Values are the mean values of three independent analyses; zone of inhibition (mm) excluding the diameter of the disc (6 mm); Nil – no inhibition.

3.7 Cell culture and MTT activity

Fibroblast viability was evaluated by computing the viability percentage of treated cells compared with the untreated control. AgNPs showed a dose-dependent decrease in the viability of L929 cells. Viability dropped below 80% at concentrations above 500 µg/ml of AgNPs. The results revealed that AgNPs are bio-compatible up to the concentration of 250 µg/ml, as shown in Figure 9, and their respective viabilities are listed in Table 5. The behaviour and toxicity of AgNPs were greatly influenced by the composition of the CCM, especially when it contained a high number of amino acids, as evidenced by earlier studies conducted in the RTL-W1.

Figure 9 Photomicrographs of fibroblast cell line (L929) cells treated with various concentrations of AgNPs synthesized using Pn-LE.
Figure 9

Photomicrographs of fibroblast cell line (L929) cells treated with various concentrations of AgNPs synthesized using Pn-LE.

Table 5

Percentage viability of fibroblast cell line (L929) treated with Pn-AgNPs

Tested concentration (µg/ml) OD at 570 nm % of cell viability
Control 0.306 ± 0.003 100 ± 0.00
25 0.271 ± 0.006 93.24 ± 1.89
50 0.241 ± 0.002 82.70 ± 0.69
100 0.220 ± 0.001 75.60 ± 0.41
250 0.195 ± 0.005 67.12 ± 1.64
500 0.173 ± 0.002 59.45 ± 0.80

Values are mean ± standard error.

Likewise, we obtained consistent results from several cell lines, and fresh cell lines from different species are accessible [39].

3.8 Field trial

The field trial of AgNPs synthesized from Pn-LME was conducted in different water bodies like potable water bodies (breeding grounds of malarial vector A. stephensi), sewage water bodies (breeding grounds of filarial vector C. quinquefasciatus), and stagnant water bodies (breeding grounds of dengue vector A. aegypti), as shown in Tables 6–8. The selected six breeding grounds had the following average surface areas: 1.8 × 1.8 × 1.6 (A. stephensi), 0.6 × 1.6 × 0.3 (C. quinquefasciatus), and 0.7 × 0.8 × 0.5 (A. aegypti). The percentages of larvae density in A. stephensi drinkable water were 65.68, 85.40, and 98.70% at 24-, 48- and 72-h following treatment with bio-pesticide AgNPs synthesized from P. niruri. The sewage water contents of C. quinquefasciatus were 63.62, 85.33, and 96.55% (Table 7), and those of stagnant water were 62.45, 86.70, and 97.85% at 24, 48, and 72 h, respectively (Table 8). Field trials have corroborated that bio-pesticide AgNPs synthesized from P. niruri could be effective larvicidal agents against mosquito vectors [14].

Table 6

Effect of AgNPs synthesized using Pn-LE against the mosquito larval density at the breeding ground (potable water) of A. stephensi

Sl. no. Before treatment Larval density after treatment
24 h 48 h 72 h
1 57 19 8 1
2 62 22 11 2
3 45 16 9 0
4 39 17 7 0
5 64 18 6 1
6 41 14 4 0
Total 308 106 45 4
Average 51.33 17.67 7.50 0.67
Reduction % 65.58% 85.40% 98.70%
Table 7

Effect of AgNPs synthesized using Pn-LE against the mosquito larval density at the breeding ground (Sewage water) of C. quinquefasciatus

Sl. no. Before treatment Larval density after treatment
24 h 48 h 72 h
1 154 56 25 9
2 132 45 14 3
3 121 46 24 0
4 126 44 13 5
5 145 51 22 7
6 133 53 21 4
Total 811 295 119 28
Average 135.17 49.17 19.83 4.67
Reduction % 63.62% 85.33% 96.55%
Table 8

Effect of AgNPs synthesized using Pn-LE against the mosquito larval density at the breeding ground (stagnant water) of A. aegypti

Sl. no. Before treatment Larval density after treatment
24 h 48 h 72 h
1 84 35 12 3
2 68 28 11 2
3 89 25 8 0
4 74 29 10 1
5 87 32 14 4
6 64 26 7 0
Total 466 175 62 10
Average 77.67 29.17 10.33 1.67
Reduction % 62.45% 86.70% 97.85%

4 Conclusions

The current study demonstrates that AgNPs synthesized with P. niruri exhibit significant lethality against A. aegypti, A. stephensi, and C. quinquefasciatus. The formation of AgNPs was characterized by XRD, HR-TEM, FE-SEM, and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy. These nanoparticles exhibited enhanced antibacterial activity against B. subtilis, K. pneumoniae, S. aureus, and E. coli. Additionally, the Pn-AgNPs synthesized showed enhanced antibacterial activity and low cytotoxicity in normal fibroblast cells (L929). Field trials revealed an increased larvicidal effect within 24–72 h, with the rate of reduction increasing over time. Therefore, our study presents an ideal eco-friendly bio-pesticide solution of AgNPs (3 mM) for controlling filarial, dengue, and malaria vectors. Further experiments are necessary to identify the active constituents and to elucidate their mechanisms of action against these species.

Acknowledgements

The authors are thankful to the Researchers Supporting Project (number RSPD2024R728), King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. The Government Arts College for Men (Autonomous), Chennai, India and Dr. K. Elumalai, Department of Advanced Zoology & Biotechnology supplied the laboratory facilities for this work. We thank the members of the Madurai-based Centre for Research in Medical Entomology (ICMR) for providing the mosquitoes.

  1. Funding information: Authors state no funding involved.

  2. Author contributions: K. Prabakaran and M. Mathiyazhagan: methodology, writing – original draft. C.N. Sumetha and Pinku Satnami: data curation and validation. P. Sasi, H. Irrusappan, and Shobana Sampath: formal analysis and resources. M. Baranitharan and Perumal Asaithambi: conceptualization, supervision, and writing – review. P. Surya, G. John James, and Mohammad Z. Ahmed: visualization and software.

  3. Conflict of interest: The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest regarding the publication of this paper.

  4. Ethical approval: The conducted research is not related to either human or animal use.

  5. Data availability statement: Data will be made available on request.

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Received: 2024-03-09
Revised: 2024-06-23
Accepted: 2024-08-12
Published Online: 2024-10-25

© 2024 the author(s), published by De Gruyter

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

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  62. Ameliorative effects of thistle and thyme honeys on cyclophosphamide-induced toxicity in mice
  63. Study of phytochemical compound and antipyretic activity of Chenopodium ambrosioides L. fractions
  64. Investigating the adsorption mechanism of zinc chloride-modified porous carbon for sulfadiazine removal from water
  65. Performance repair of building materials using alumina and silica composite nanomaterials with electrodynamic properties
  66. Effects of nanoparticles on the activity and resistance genes of anaerobic digestion enzymes in livestock and poultry manure containing the antibiotic tetracycline
  67. Effect of copper nanoparticles green-synthesized using Ocimum basilicum against Pseudomonas aeruginosa in mice lung infection model
  68. Cardioprotective effects of nanoparticles green formulated by Spinacia oleracea extract on isoproterenol-induced myocardial infarction in mice by the determination of PPAR-γ/NF-κB pathway
  69. Anti-OTC antibody-conjugated fluorescent magnetic/silica and fluorescent hybrid silica nanoparticles for oxytetracycline detection
  70. Curcumin conjugated zinc nanoparticles for the treatment of myocardial infarction
  71. Identification and in silico screening of natural phloroglucinols as potential PI3Kα inhibitors: A computational approach for drug discovery
  72. Exploring the phytochemical profile and antioxidant evaluation: Molecular docking and ADMET analysis of main compounds from three Solanum species in Saudi Arabia
  73. Unveiling the molecular composition and biological properties of essential oil derived from the leaves of wild Mentha aquatica L.: A comprehensive in vitro and in silico exploration
  74. Analysis of bioactive compounds present in Boerhavia elegans seeds by GC-MS
  75. Homology modeling and molecular docking study of corticotrophin-releasing hormone: An approach to treat stress-related diseases
  76. LncRNA MIR17HG alleviates heart failure via targeting MIR17HG/miR-153-3p/SIRT1 axis in in vitro model
  77. Development and validation of a stability indicating UPLC-DAD method coupled with MS-TQD for ramipril and thymoquinone in bioactive SNEDDS with in silico toxicity analysis of ramipril degradation products
  78. Biosynthesis of Ag/Cu nanocomposite mediated by Curcuma longa: Evaluation of its antibacterial properties against oral pathogens
  79. Development of AMBER-compliant transferable force field parameters for polytetrafluoroethylene
  80. Treatment of gestational diabetes by Acroptilon repens leaf aqueous extract green-formulated iron nanoparticles in rats
  81. Development and characterization of new ecological adsorbents based on cardoon wastes: Application to brilliant green adsorption
  82. A fast, sensitive, greener, and stability-indicating HPLC method for the standardization and quantitative determination of chlorhexidine acetate in commercial products
  83. Assessment of Se, As, Cd, Cr, Hg, and Pb content status in Ankang tea plantations of China
  84. Effect of transition metal chloride (ZnCl2) on low-temperature pyrolysis of high ash bituminous coal
  85. Evaluating polyphenol and ascorbic acid contents, tannin removal ability, and physical properties during hydrolysis and convective hot-air drying of cashew apple powder
  86. Development and characterization of functional low-fat frozen dairy dessert enhanced with dried lemongrass powder
  87. Scrutinizing the effect of additive and synergistic antibiotics against carbapenem-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa
  88. Preparation, characterization, and determination of the therapeutic effects of copper nanoparticles green-formulated by Pistacia atlantica in diabetes-induced cardiac dysfunction in rat
  89. Antioxidant and antidiabetic potentials of methoxy-substituted Schiff bases using in vitro, in vivo, and molecular simulation approaches
  90. Anti-melanoma cancer activity and chemical profile of the essential oil of Seseli yunnanense Franch
  91. Molecular docking analysis of subtilisin-like alkaline serine protease (SLASP) and laccase with natural biopolymers
  92. Overcoming methicillin resistance by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus: Computational evaluation of napthyridine and oxadiazoles compounds for potential dual inhibition of PBP-2a and FemA proteins
  93. Exploring novel antitubercular agents: Innovative design of 2,3-diaryl-quinoxalines targeting DprE1 for effective tuberculosis treatment
  94. Drimia maritima flowers as a source of biologically potent components: Optimization of bioactive compound extractions, isolation, UPLC–ESI–MS/MS, and pharmacological properties
  95. Estimating molecular properties, drug-likeness, cardiotoxic risk, liability profile, and molecular docking study to characterize binding process of key phyto-compounds against serotonin 5-HT2A receptor
  96. Fabrication of β-cyclodextrin-based microgels for enhancing solubility of Terbinafine: An in-vitro and in-vivo toxicological evaluation
  97. Phyto-mediated synthesis of ZnO nanoparticles and their sunlight-driven photocatalytic degradation of cationic and anionic dyes
  98. Monosodium glutamate induces hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis hyperactivation, glucocorticoid receptors down-regulation, and systemic inflammatory response in young male rats: Impact on miR-155 and miR-218
  99. Quality control analyses of selected honey samples from Serbia based on their mineral and flavonoid profiles, and the invertase activity
  100. Eco-friendly synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Phyllanthus niruri leaf extract: Assessment of antimicrobial activity, effectiveness on tropical neglected mosquito vector control, and biocompatibility using a fibroblast cell line model
  101. Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles containing Cichorium intybus to treat the sepsis-induced DNA damage in the liver of Wistar albino rats
  102. Quality changes of durian pulp (Durio ziberhinus Murr.) in cold storage
  103. Study on recrystallization process of nitroguanidine by directly adding cold water to control temperature
  104. Determination of heavy metals and health risk assessment in drinking water in Bukayriyah City, Saudi Arabia
  105. Larvicidal properties of essential oils of three Artemisia species against the chemically insecticide-resistant Nile fever vector Culex pipiens (L.) (Diptera: Culicidae): In vitro and in silico studies
  106. Design, synthesis, characterization, and theoretical calculations, along with in silico and in vitro antimicrobial proprieties of new isoxazole-amide conjugates
  107. The impact of drying and extraction methods on total lipid, fatty acid profile, and cytotoxicity of Tenebrio molitor larvae
  108. A zinc oxide–tin oxide–nerolidol hybrid nanomaterial: Efficacy against esophageal squamous cell carcinoma
  109. Research on technological process for production of muskmelon juice (Cucumis melo L.)
  110. Physicochemical components, antioxidant activity, and predictive models for quality of soursop tea (Annona muricata L.) during heat pump drying
  111. Characterization and application of Fe1−xCoxFe2O4 nanoparticles in Direct Red 79 adsorption
  112. Torilis arvensis ethanolic extract: Phytochemical analysis, antifungal efficacy, and cytotoxicity properties
  113. Magnetite–poly-1H pyrrole dendritic nanocomposite seeded on poly-1H pyrrole: A promising photocathode for green hydrogen generation from sanitation water without using external sacrificing agent
  114. HPLC and GC–MS analyses of phytochemical compounds in Haloxylon salicornicum extract: Antibacterial and antifungal activity assessment of phytopathogens
  115. Efficient and stable to coking catalysts of ethanol steam reforming comprised of Ni + Ru loaded on MgAl2O4 + LnFe0.7Ni0.3O3 (Ln = La, Pr) nanocomposites prepared via cost-effective procedure with Pluronic P123 copolymer
  116. Nitrogen and boron co-doped carbon dots probe for selectively detecting Hg2+ in water samples and the detection mechanism
  117. Heavy metals in road dust from typical old industrial areas of Wuhan: Seasonal distribution and bioaccessibility-based health risk assessment
  118. Phytochemical profiling and bioactivity evaluation of CBD- and THC-enriched Cannabis sativa extracts: In vitro and in silico investigation of antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects
  119. Investigating dye adsorption: The role of surface-modified montmorillonite nanoclay in kinetics, isotherms, and thermodynamics
  120. Antimicrobial activity, induction of ROS generation in HepG2 liver cancer cells, and chemical composition of Pterospermum heterophyllum
  121. Study on the performance of nanoparticle-modified PVDF membrane in delaying membrane aging
  122. Impact of cholesterol in encapsulated vitamin E acetate within cocoliposomes
  123. Review Articles
  124. Structural aspects of Pt(η3-X1N1X2)(PL) (X1,2 = O, C, or Se) and Pt(η3-N1N2X1)(PL) (X1 = C, S, or Se) derivatives
  125. Biosurfactants in biocorrosion and corrosion mitigation of metals: An overview
  126. Stimulus-responsive MOF–hydrogel composites: Classification, preparation, characterization, and their advancement in medical treatments
  127. Electrochemical dissolution of titanium under alternating current polarization to obtain its dioxide
  128. Special Issue on Recent Trends in Green Chemistry
  129. Phytochemical screening and antioxidant activity of Vitex agnus-castus L.
  130. Phytochemical study, antioxidant activity, and dermoprotective activity of Chenopodium ambrosioides (L.)
  131. Exploitation of mangliculous marine fungi, Amarenographium solium, for the green synthesis of silver nanoparticles and their activity against multiple drug-resistant bacteria
  132. Study of the phytotoxicity of margines on Pistia stratiotes L.
  133. Special Issue on Advanced Nanomaterials for Energy, Environmental and Biological Applications - Part III
  134. Impact of biogenic zinc oxide nanoparticles on growth, development, and antioxidant system of high protein content crop (Lablab purpureus L.) sweet
  135. Green synthesis, characterization, and application of iron and molybdenum nanoparticles and their composites for enhancing the growth of Solanum lycopersicum
  136. Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles from Olea europaea L. extracted polysaccharides, characterization, and its assessment as an antimicrobial agent against multiple pathogenic microbes
  137. Photocatalytic treatment of organic dyes using metal oxides and nanocomposites: A quantitative study
  138. Antifungal, antioxidant, and photocatalytic activities of greenly synthesized iron oxide nanoparticles
  139. Special Issue on Phytochemical and Pharmacological Scrutinization of Medicinal Plants
  140. Hepatoprotective effects of safranal on acetaminophen-induced hepatotoxicity in rats
  141. Chemical composition and biological properties of Thymus capitatus plants from Algerian high plains: A comparative and analytical study
  142. Chemical composition and bioactivities of the methanol root extracts of Saussurea costus
  143. In vivo protective effects of vitamin C against cyto-genotoxicity induced by Dysphania ambrosioides aqueous extract
  144. Insights about the deleterious impact of a carbamate pesticide on some metabolic immune and antioxidant functions and a focus on the protective ability of a Saharan shrub and its anti-edematous property
  145. A comprehensive review uncovering the anticancerous potential of genkwanin (plant-derived compound) in several human carcinomas
  146. A study to investigate the anticancer potential of carvacrol via targeting Notch signaling in breast cancer
  147. Assessment of anti-diabetic properties of Ziziphus oenopolia (L.) wild edible fruit extract: In vitro and in silico investigations through molecular docking analysis
  148. Optimization of polyphenol extraction, phenolic profile by LC-ESI-MS/MS, antioxidant, anti-enzymatic, and cytotoxic activities of Physalis acutifolia
  149. Phytochemical screening, antioxidant properties, and photo-protective activities of Salvia balansae de Noé ex Coss
  150. Antihyperglycemic, antiglycation, anti-hypercholesteremic, and toxicity evaluation with gas chromatography mass spectrometry profiling for Aloe armatissima leaves
  151. Phyto-fabrication and characterization of gold nanoparticles by using Timur (Zanthoxylum armatum DC) and their effect on wound healing
  152. Does Erodium trifolium (Cav.) Guitt exhibit medicinal properties? Response elements from phytochemical profiling, enzyme-inhibiting, and antioxidant and antimicrobial activities
  153. Integrative in silico evaluation of the antiviral potential of terpenoids and its metal complexes derived from Homalomena aromatica based on main protease of SARS-CoV-2
  154. 6-Methoxyflavone improves anxiety, depression, and memory by increasing monoamines in mice brain: HPLC analysis and in silico studies
  155. Simultaneous extraction and quantification of hydrophilic and lipophilic antioxidants in Solanum lycopersicum L. varieties marketed in Saudi Arabia
  156. Biological evaluation of CH3OH and C2H5OH of Berberis vulgaris for in vivo antileishmanial potential against Leishmania tropica in murine models
https://doi.org/10.1515/chem-2024-0089
Schlagwörter für diesen Artikel
silver nanoparticle; green synthesis; plant extract; Phyllanthus niruri; larvicidal activity; antibacterial
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BY 4.0

Artikel in diesem Heft

  1. Regular Articles
  2. Porous silicon nanostructures: Synthesis, characterization, and their antifungal activity
  3. Biochar from de-oiled Chlorella vulgaris and its adsorption on antibiotics
  4. Phytochemicals profiling, in vitro and in vivo antidiabetic activity, and in silico studies on Ajuga iva (L.) Schreb.: A comprehensive approach
  5. Synthesis, characterization, in silico and in vitro studies of novel glycoconjugates as potential antibacterial, antifungal, and antileishmanial agents
  6. Sonochemical synthesis of gold nanoparticles mediated by potato starch: Its performance in the treatment of esophageal cancer
  7. Computational study of ADME-Tox prediction of selected phytochemicals from Punica granatum peels
  8. Phytochemical analysis, in vitro antioxidant and antifungal activities of extracts and essential oil derived from Artemisia herba-alba Asso
  9. Two triazole-based coordination polymers: Synthesis and crystal structure characterization
  10. Phytochemical and physicochemical studies of different apple varieties grown in Morocco
  11. Synthesis of multi-template molecularly imprinted polymers (MT-MIPs) for isolating ethyl para-methoxycinnamate and ethyl cinnamate from Kaempferia galanga L., extract with methacrylic acid as functional monomer
  12. Nutraceutical potential of Mesembryanthemum forsskaolii Hochst. ex Bioss.: Insights into its nutritional composition, phytochemical contents, and antioxidant activity
  13. Evaluation of influence of Butea monosperma floral extract on inflammatory biomarkers
  14. Cannabis sativa L. essential oil: Chemical composition, anti-oxidant, anti-microbial properties, and acute toxicity: In vitro, in vivo, and in silico study
  15. The effect of gamma radiation on 5-hydroxymethylfurfural conversion in water and dimethyl sulfoxide
  16. Hollow mushroom nanomaterials for potentiometric sensing of Pb2+ ions in water via the intercalation of iodide ions into the polypyrrole matrix
  17. Determination of essential oil and chemical composition of St. John’s Wort
  18. Computational design and in vitro assay of lantadene-based novel inhibitors of NS3 protease of dengue virus
  19. Anti-parasitic activity and computational studies on a novel labdane diterpene from the roots of Vachellia nilotica
  20. Microbial dynamics and dehydrogenase activity in tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) rhizospheres: Impacts on growth and soil health across different soil types
  21. Correlation between in vitro anti-urease activity and in silico molecular modeling approach of novel imidazopyridine–oxadiazole hybrids derivatives
  22. Spatial mapping of indoor air quality in a light metro system using the geographic information system method
  23. Iron indices and hemogram in renal anemia and the improvement with Tribulus terrestris green-formulated silver nanoparticles applied on rat model
  24. Integrated track of nano-informatics coupling with the enrichment concept in developing a novel nanoparticle targeting ERK protein in Naegleria fowleri
  25. Cytotoxic and phytochemical screening of Solanum lycopersicum–Daucus carota hydro-ethanolic extract and in silico evaluation of its lycopene content as anticancer agent
  26. Protective activities of silver nanoparticles containing Panax japonicus on apoptotic, inflammatory, and oxidative alterations in isoproterenol-induced cardiotoxicity
  27. pH-based colorimetric detection of monofunctional aldehydes in liquid and gas phases
  28. Investigating the effect of resveratrol on apoptosis and regulation of gene expression of Caco-2 cells: Unravelling potential implications for colorectal cancer treatment
  29. Metformin inhibits knee osteoarthritis induced by type 2 diabetes mellitus in rats: S100A8/9 and S100A12 as players and therapeutic targets
  30. Effect of silver nanoparticles formulated by Silybum marianum on menopausal urinary incontinence in ovariectomized rats
  31. Synthesis of new analogs of N-substituted(benzoylamino)-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridines
  32. Response of yield and quality of Japonica rice to different gradients of moisture deficit at grain-filling stage in cold regions
  33. Preparation of an inclusion complex of nickel-based β-cyclodextrin: Characterization and accelerating the osteoarthritis articular cartilage repair
  34. Empagliflozin-loaded nanomicelles responsive to reactive oxygen species for renal ischemia/reperfusion injury protection
  35. Preparation and pharmacodynamic evaluation of sodium aescinate solid lipid nanoparticles
  36. Assessment of potentially toxic elements and health risks of agricultural soil in Southwest Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
  37. Theoretical investigation of hydrogen-rich fuel production through ammonia decomposition
  38. Biosynthesis and screening of cobalt nanoparticles using citrus species for antimicrobial activity
  39. Investigating the interplay of genetic variations, MCP-1 polymorphism, and docking with phytochemical inhibitors for combatting dengue virus pathogenicity through in silico analysis
  40. Ultrasound induced biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles embedded into chitosan polymers: Investigation of its anti-cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma effects
  41. Copper oxide nanoparticles-mediated Heliotropium bacciferum leaf extract: Antifungal activity and molecular docking assays against strawberry pathogens
  42. Sprouted wheat flour for improving physical, chemical, rheological, microbial load, and quality properties of fino bread
  43. Comparative toxicity assessment of fisetin-aided artificial intelligence-assisted drug design targeting epibulbar dermoid through phytochemicals
  44. Acute toxicity and anti-inflammatory activity of bis-thiourea derivatives
  45. Anti-diabetic activity-guided isolation of α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibitory terpenes from Capsella bursa-pastoris Linn.
  46. GC–MS analysis of Lactobacillus plantarum YW11 metabolites and its computational analysis on familial pulmonary fibrosis hub genes
  47. Green formulation of copper nanoparticles by Pistacia khinjuk leaf aqueous extract: Introducing a novel chemotherapeutic drug for the treatment of prostate cancer
  48. Improved photocatalytic properties of WO3 nanoparticles for Malachite green dye degradation under visible light irradiation: An effect of La doping
  49. One-pot synthesis of a network of Mn2O3–MnO2–poly(m-methylaniline) composite nanorods on a polypyrrole film presents a promising and efficient optoelectronic and solar cell device
  50. Groundwater quality and health risk assessment of nitrate and fluoride in Al Qaseem area, Saudi Arabia
  51. A comparative study of the antifungal efficacy and phytochemical composition of date palm leaflet extracts
  52. Processing of alcohol pomelo beverage (Citrus grandis (L.) Osbeck) using saccharomyces yeast: Optimization, physicochemical quality, and sensory characteristics
  53. Specialized compounds of four Cameroonian spices: Isolation, characterization, and in silico evaluation as prospective SARS-CoV-2 inhibitors
  54. Identification of a novel drug target in Porphyromonas gingivalis by a computational genome analysis approach
  55. Physico-chemical properties and durability of a fly-ash-based geopolymer
  56. FMS-like tyrosine kinase 3 inhibitory potentials of some phytochemicals from anti-leukemic plants using computational chemical methodologies
  57. Wild Thymus zygis L. ssp. gracilis and Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehnh.: Chemical composition, antioxidant and antibacterial activities of essential oils
  58. 3D-QSAR, molecular docking, ADMET, simulation dynamic, and retrosynthesis studies on new styrylquinolines derivatives against breast cancer
  59. Deciphering the influenza neuraminidase inhibitory potential of naturally occurring biflavonoids: An in silico approach
  60. Determination of heavy elements in agricultural regions, Saudi Arabia
  61. Synthesis and characterization of antioxidant-enriched Moringa oil-based edible oleogel
  62. Ameliorative effects of thistle and thyme honeys on cyclophosphamide-induced toxicity in mice
  63. Study of phytochemical compound and antipyretic activity of Chenopodium ambrosioides L. fractions
  64. Investigating the adsorption mechanism of zinc chloride-modified porous carbon for sulfadiazine removal from water
  65. Performance repair of building materials using alumina and silica composite nanomaterials with electrodynamic properties
  66. Effects of nanoparticles on the activity and resistance genes of anaerobic digestion enzymes in livestock and poultry manure containing the antibiotic tetracycline
  67. Effect of copper nanoparticles green-synthesized using Ocimum basilicum against Pseudomonas aeruginosa in mice lung infection model
  68. Cardioprotective effects of nanoparticles green formulated by Spinacia oleracea extract on isoproterenol-induced myocardial infarction in mice by the determination of PPAR-γ/NF-κB pathway
  69. Anti-OTC antibody-conjugated fluorescent magnetic/silica and fluorescent hybrid silica nanoparticles for oxytetracycline detection
  70. Curcumin conjugated zinc nanoparticles for the treatment of myocardial infarction
  71. Identification and in silico screening of natural phloroglucinols as potential PI3Kα inhibitors: A computational approach for drug discovery
  72. Exploring the phytochemical profile and antioxidant evaluation: Molecular docking and ADMET analysis of main compounds from three Solanum species in Saudi Arabia
  73. Unveiling the molecular composition and biological properties of essential oil derived from the leaves of wild Mentha aquatica L.: A comprehensive in vitro and in silico exploration
  74. Analysis of bioactive compounds present in Boerhavia elegans seeds by GC-MS
  75. Homology modeling and molecular docking study of corticotrophin-releasing hormone: An approach to treat stress-related diseases
  76. LncRNA MIR17HG alleviates heart failure via targeting MIR17HG/miR-153-3p/SIRT1 axis in in vitro model
  77. Development and validation of a stability indicating UPLC-DAD method coupled with MS-TQD for ramipril and thymoquinone in bioactive SNEDDS with in silico toxicity analysis of ramipril degradation products
  78. Biosynthesis of Ag/Cu nanocomposite mediated by Curcuma longa: Evaluation of its antibacterial properties against oral pathogens
  79. Development of AMBER-compliant transferable force field parameters for polytetrafluoroethylene
  80. Treatment of gestational diabetes by Acroptilon repens leaf aqueous extract green-formulated iron nanoparticles in rats
  81. Development and characterization of new ecological adsorbents based on cardoon wastes: Application to brilliant green adsorption
  82. A fast, sensitive, greener, and stability-indicating HPLC method for the standardization and quantitative determination of chlorhexidine acetate in commercial products
  83. Assessment of Se, As, Cd, Cr, Hg, and Pb content status in Ankang tea plantations of China
  84. Effect of transition metal chloride (ZnCl2) on low-temperature pyrolysis of high ash bituminous coal
  85. Evaluating polyphenol and ascorbic acid contents, tannin removal ability, and physical properties during hydrolysis and convective hot-air drying of cashew apple powder
  86. Development and characterization of functional low-fat frozen dairy dessert enhanced with dried lemongrass powder
  87. Scrutinizing the effect of additive and synergistic antibiotics against carbapenem-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa
  88. Preparation, characterization, and determination of the therapeutic effects of copper nanoparticles green-formulated by Pistacia atlantica in diabetes-induced cardiac dysfunction in rat
  89. Antioxidant and antidiabetic potentials of methoxy-substituted Schiff bases using in vitro, in vivo, and molecular simulation approaches
  90. Anti-melanoma cancer activity and chemical profile of the essential oil of Seseli yunnanense Franch
  91. Molecular docking analysis of subtilisin-like alkaline serine protease (SLASP) and laccase with natural biopolymers
  92. Overcoming methicillin resistance by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus: Computational evaluation of napthyridine and oxadiazoles compounds for potential dual inhibition of PBP-2a and FemA proteins
  93. Exploring novel antitubercular agents: Innovative design of 2,3-diaryl-quinoxalines targeting DprE1 for effective tuberculosis treatment
  94. Drimia maritima flowers as a source of biologically potent components: Optimization of bioactive compound extractions, isolation, UPLC–ESI–MS/MS, and pharmacological properties
  95. Estimating molecular properties, drug-likeness, cardiotoxic risk, liability profile, and molecular docking study to characterize binding process of key phyto-compounds against serotonin 5-HT2A receptor
  96. Fabrication of β-cyclodextrin-based microgels for enhancing solubility of Terbinafine: An in-vitro and in-vivo toxicological evaluation
  97. Phyto-mediated synthesis of ZnO nanoparticles and their sunlight-driven photocatalytic degradation of cationic and anionic dyes
  98. Monosodium glutamate induces hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis hyperactivation, glucocorticoid receptors down-regulation, and systemic inflammatory response in young male rats: Impact on miR-155 and miR-218
  99. Quality control analyses of selected honey samples from Serbia based on their mineral and flavonoid profiles, and the invertase activity
  100. Eco-friendly synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Phyllanthus niruri leaf extract: Assessment of antimicrobial activity, effectiveness on tropical neglected mosquito vector control, and biocompatibility using a fibroblast cell line model
  101. Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles containing Cichorium intybus to treat the sepsis-induced DNA damage in the liver of Wistar albino rats
  102. Quality changes of durian pulp (Durio ziberhinus Murr.) in cold storage
  103. Study on recrystallization process of nitroguanidine by directly adding cold water to control temperature
  104. Determination of heavy metals and health risk assessment in drinking water in Bukayriyah City, Saudi Arabia
  105. Larvicidal properties of essential oils of three Artemisia species against the chemically insecticide-resistant Nile fever vector Culex pipiens (L.) (Diptera: Culicidae): In vitro and in silico studies
  106. Design, synthesis, characterization, and theoretical calculations, along with in silico and in vitro antimicrobial proprieties of new isoxazole-amide conjugates
  107. The impact of drying and extraction methods on total lipid, fatty acid profile, and cytotoxicity of Tenebrio molitor larvae
  108. A zinc oxide–tin oxide–nerolidol hybrid nanomaterial: Efficacy against esophageal squamous cell carcinoma
  109. Research on technological process for production of muskmelon juice (Cucumis melo L.)
  110. Physicochemical components, antioxidant activity, and predictive models for quality of soursop tea (Annona muricata L.) during heat pump drying
  111. Characterization and application of Fe1−xCoxFe2O4 nanoparticles in Direct Red 79 adsorption
  112. Torilis arvensis ethanolic extract: Phytochemical analysis, antifungal efficacy, and cytotoxicity properties
  113. Magnetite–poly-1H pyrrole dendritic nanocomposite seeded on poly-1H pyrrole: A promising photocathode for green hydrogen generation from sanitation water without using external sacrificing agent
  114. HPLC and GC–MS analyses of phytochemical compounds in Haloxylon salicornicum extract: Antibacterial and antifungal activity assessment of phytopathogens
  115. Efficient and stable to coking catalysts of ethanol steam reforming comprised of Ni + Ru loaded on MgAl2O4 + LnFe0.7Ni0.3O3 (Ln = La, Pr) nanocomposites prepared via cost-effective procedure with Pluronic P123 copolymer
  116. Nitrogen and boron co-doped carbon dots probe for selectively detecting Hg2+ in water samples and the detection mechanism
  117. Heavy metals in road dust from typical old industrial areas of Wuhan: Seasonal distribution and bioaccessibility-based health risk assessment
  118. Phytochemical profiling and bioactivity evaluation of CBD- and THC-enriched Cannabis sativa extracts: In vitro and in silico investigation of antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects
  119. Investigating dye adsorption: The role of surface-modified montmorillonite nanoclay in kinetics, isotherms, and thermodynamics
  120. Antimicrobial activity, induction of ROS generation in HepG2 liver cancer cells, and chemical composition of Pterospermum heterophyllum
  121. Study on the performance of nanoparticle-modified PVDF membrane in delaying membrane aging
  122. Impact of cholesterol in encapsulated vitamin E acetate within cocoliposomes
  123. Review Articles
  124. Structural aspects of Pt(η3-X1N1X2)(PL) (X1,2 = O, C, or Se) and Pt(η3-N1N2X1)(PL) (X1 = C, S, or Se) derivatives
  125. Biosurfactants in biocorrosion and corrosion mitigation of metals: An overview
  126. Stimulus-responsive MOF–hydrogel composites: Classification, preparation, characterization, and their advancement in medical treatments
  127. Electrochemical dissolution of titanium under alternating current polarization to obtain its dioxide
  128. Special Issue on Recent Trends in Green Chemistry
  129. Phytochemical screening and antioxidant activity of Vitex agnus-castus L.
  130. Phytochemical study, antioxidant activity, and dermoprotective activity of Chenopodium ambrosioides (L.)
  131. Exploitation of mangliculous marine fungi, Amarenographium solium, for the green synthesis of silver nanoparticles and their activity against multiple drug-resistant bacteria
  132. Study of the phytotoxicity of margines on Pistia stratiotes L.
  133. Special Issue on Advanced Nanomaterials for Energy, Environmental and Biological Applications - Part III
  134. Impact of biogenic zinc oxide nanoparticles on growth, development, and antioxidant system of high protein content crop (Lablab purpureus L.) sweet
  135. Green synthesis, characterization, and application of iron and molybdenum nanoparticles and their composites for enhancing the growth of Solanum lycopersicum
  136. Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles from Olea europaea L. extracted polysaccharides, characterization, and its assessment as an antimicrobial agent against multiple pathogenic microbes
  137. Photocatalytic treatment of organic dyes using metal oxides and nanocomposites: A quantitative study
  138. Antifungal, antioxidant, and photocatalytic activities of greenly synthesized iron oxide nanoparticles
  139. Special Issue on Phytochemical and Pharmacological Scrutinization of Medicinal Plants
  140. Hepatoprotective effects of safranal on acetaminophen-induced hepatotoxicity in rats
  141. Chemical composition and biological properties of Thymus capitatus plants from Algerian high plains: A comparative and analytical study
  142. Chemical composition and bioactivities of the methanol root extracts of Saussurea costus
  143. In vivo protective effects of vitamin C against cyto-genotoxicity induced by Dysphania ambrosioides aqueous extract
  144. Insights about the deleterious impact of a carbamate pesticide on some metabolic immune and antioxidant functions and a focus on the protective ability of a Saharan shrub and its anti-edematous property
  145. A comprehensive review uncovering the anticancerous potential of genkwanin (plant-derived compound) in several human carcinomas
  146. A study to investigate the anticancer potential of carvacrol via targeting Notch signaling in breast cancer
  147. Assessment of anti-diabetic properties of Ziziphus oenopolia (L.) wild edible fruit extract: In vitro and in silico investigations through molecular docking analysis
  148. Optimization of polyphenol extraction, phenolic profile by LC-ESI-MS/MS, antioxidant, anti-enzymatic, and cytotoxic activities of Physalis acutifolia
  149. Phytochemical screening, antioxidant properties, and photo-protective activities of Salvia balansae de Noé ex Coss
  150. Antihyperglycemic, antiglycation, anti-hypercholesteremic, and toxicity evaluation with gas chromatography mass spectrometry profiling for Aloe armatissima leaves
  151. Phyto-fabrication and characterization of gold nanoparticles by using Timur (Zanthoxylum armatum DC) and their effect on wound healing
  152. Does Erodium trifolium (Cav.) Guitt exhibit medicinal properties? Response elements from phytochemical profiling, enzyme-inhibiting, and antioxidant and antimicrobial activities
  153. Integrative in silico evaluation of the antiviral potential of terpenoids and its metal complexes derived from Homalomena aromatica based on main protease of SARS-CoV-2
  154. 6-Methoxyflavone improves anxiety, depression, and memory by increasing monoamines in mice brain: HPLC analysis and in silico studies
  155. Simultaneous extraction and quantification of hydrophilic and lipophilic antioxidants in Solanum lycopersicum L. varieties marketed in Saudi Arabia
  156. Biological evaluation of CH3OH and C2H5OH of Berberis vulgaris for in vivo antileishmanial potential against Leishmania tropica in murine models
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