Startseite Improvement of fuel properties of biodiesel with bioadditive ethyl levulinate
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Improvement of fuel properties of biodiesel with bioadditive ethyl levulinate

  • Derya Unlu , Nezahat Boz , Oguzhan Ilgen und Nilufer Hilmioglu EMAIL logo
Veröffentlicht/Copyright: 3. August 2018
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Open Chemistry
Aus der Zeitschrift Open Chemistry Band 16 Heft 1

Abstract

Biodiesel has poor cold flow properties due to their high saturated fatty acid content. Ethyl levulinate is used as bio-based cold flow improver additive in biodiesel. In this work, both ethyl levulinate and biodiesel were synthesized in the laboratory. Ethyl levulinate was added to the biodiesel at different rates, i.e, 5, 10, 15, 20 (vol %). The effect of ethyl levulinate addition on density, kinematic viscosity, acid value, cloud point and pour point was determined and compared to the EN 14214 and ASTM D6751 specification. Consequently, ethyl levulinate appears acceptable as a cold flow improver for biodiesel fuel.

Keywords: Biodiesel; Cold flow improver; Ethyl levulinate; Fuel bioadditive; Renewable energy
PACS: 88.20.F-; 88.85.M-

1 Introduction

Biofuel production from biomass is an important alternative energy source, so the conversion of waste biomass to raw materials and valuable biofuels / bioadditives has ever increasing interest in recent years. Compared to fossil fuels, biofuels have low sulfur content and reduce the CO2 emissions. Therefore, they don’t cause acid rain and have low harmful effects to the environment [1]. Besides that, they can be used directly or blended in the diesel engine without any modification. However, differences in the chemical compositions affect the engine performance and emission properties [2, 3, 4].

Biodiesel is the most popular alternative biofuel for the transport and fuel sector. Biodiesel can be produced from vegetable oil, animal oil/fats and various waste materials, and it can be used in diesel engines without modifications [5, 6, 7]. The biodiesel is called “green fuel” due to its biodegradable, renewable, non-toxic and environmental friendly properties [8, 9, 10, 11, 12]. However, there are also some disadvantages to the use of biodiesel in cold climates such as its higher viscosity, cloud point and pour point. For example, the higher viscosity value of biodiesel results in poor atomization qualities, and low combustion quality. Also, injector coking, ring sticking and gumming in diesel engines have been seen at the high viscosity levels [3]. To overcome these problems, utilization of fuel additives is required. In this regard, ethyl levulinate (EL) derived from biomass has been suggested as a potential fuel additive. EL was considered a bio-based cold flow improver for biodiesel fuels, because EL has a lower cloud point than biodiesel, resulting in better general cold flow properties. It also has excellent properties such as clean combustion and low toxicity according to the other oxygenates for fuel additive [13, 14]. Ethyl levulinate is a colourless or light yellow liquid. The density of EL at 25oC is 1.06 kg/m3 and kinematic viscosity is 1.50 mm2/s. The cloud point of EL is -5oC and pour point is -13oC [15].

The highlight of this study and main difference from the literature is the synthesis of ethyl levulinate for use as a fuel bioadditive. In the only study in literature about the fuel properties of ethyl levulinate, ethyl levulinate was supplied from MeadWestvaco Corp by Joshi et al [16]. In order to obtain high yield and high purity of ethyl levulinate, ethyl levulinate synthesis was carried out in a pervaporation membrane reactor. In addition, while the biodiesel was produced from cottonseed oil in literature, it was synthesized from the canola oil in this study. There is no study in the literature where both of ethyl levulinate and biodiesel are synthesized under laboratory conditions and the fuel properties of this binary mixture examined. In brief, the aim of this study was to investigate the effects of some fuel properties of blending EL with canola oil methyl esters. Using standard methods, density, kinematic viscosity, acid value, cloud point and pour point were determined. Comparison of the obtained results of blending biodiesel with EL to biodiesel fuel standards was examined.

2 Experimental

2.1 Materials

Methanol and potassium hydroxide (KOH) were all purchased from Merck Chemicals. Commercial canola oil was purchased from a local food market.

2.2 Synthesis of ethyl levulinate

The synthesis of the EL by using pervaporation catalytic membrane reactor with catalytic composite membrane was adapted from reference [17].

Ethyl levulinate was synthesized with esterification of levulinic acid with ethanol in a pervaporation catalytic membrane reactor. Sulfated zirconia loaded catalytic composite hydroxyethyl cellulose membrane was used in the system. Composite membrane has catalytic and separation layer. Composite membrane was placed in the reactor. Levulinic acid and ethanol as reactants were fed to the reactor by a feed pump and contact the catalytic layer of the membrane. Reactants are converted to products ‘ethyl levulinate and water’ in the catalytic layer of the membrane. While the water was permeated through the separation layer of the membrane due to the hydrophilic properties of hydroxyethyl cellulose, unconverted reactants and ethyl levulinate diffused back to reaction medium from the top surface of the membrane. Water was diffused through the membrane as the vapor phase because of the reduced pressure in the permeate side of the membrane and collected in the cold trap. Vapor was condensed in liquid nitrogen and obtained as liquid. Samples from the reaction medium and permeation were taken hourly and concentration of components was determined by using gas chromatography.

2.3 Biodiesel production

The conversion of the canola oil to biodiesel is a transesterification reaction of the triglycerides to fatty acid methyl esters. The reaction was carried out in a 1000 mL batch reactor equipped with a reflux condenser, a magnetic stirrer and a temperature controller. Initially, KOH catalyst and methanol were mixed and then canola oil was added to the reaction mixture. The system was heated to the reaction temperature under stirring at 800 rpm. Experiments of biodiesel synthesis were carried out under atmospheric pressure. Canola oil and methanol with a 6:1 methanol to oil molar ratio and 1.5 wt% of catalyst in oil were filled into the batch reactor. The reaction time is 5 hours. At the end of the reaction, the reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature. After the removal of excess methanol, the reaction mixture is poured into a separator funnel. It was kept constant overnight. Two phases are formed as biodiesel and glycerol. The upper phase is biodiesel and biodiesel is washed with water to remove the residuals. The bottom layer is glycerol. The content of the methyl ester in the biodiesel phase was analysed by using the gas chromatography.

Ethical approval: The conducted research is not related to either human or animals use.

3 Results And Discussion

3.1 Preparation and characterization of biodiesel samples

Biodiesel production is carried out in batch reactor. At the end of the 5 h reaction, yield of biodiesel is greater than 96% for each biodiesel synthesis reaction.

3.2 Fuel properties of ethyl levulinate blended with biodiesel

The fuel properties of the fuel mixture were investigated with addition of 5%, 10%, 15% and 20% by v/v EL as a biodiesel additive. In this study, fuel properties such as the density (15°C) (EN ISO 12185), viscosity (40°C) (EN ISO 3104), acid value (EN 14104), pour point (ISO 3016) and cloud point (ASTM D2386) were characterized and interpreted in accordance with the standards. The biodiesel parameters were tested according to procedures described in the EN 14214 and ASTM D6751 standards.

Fuel property tests and measurements were repeated three times. This means, each fuel property was analyzed three times and the mean value was calculated. Mean values are given in the Figures. The repeatability of fuel properties were also within ±1%.

3.2.1 Density

Density is an important fuel property for biodiesel. The density measurements (15°C) were performed according to the EN ISO 12185 analysis method. According to this standard, the density value of biodiesel should be between 860-900 kg/m3. The Figure 1 shows the density values obtained by the addition of different concentration of EL.

Figure 1 Effect of ethly levulinate amount on the density of the fuel mixture.
Figure 1

Effect of ethly levulinate amount on the density of the fuel mixture.

As a result, the density value given in Figure 1 was between 882.1-905.5 kg/m3. Density of biodiesel depends on the methyl esters concentration and contamination of biodiesel [18]. As the amount of EL increased, the density of the mixture increased. This situation is an expected result since EL(1016 kg/m3) has a higher density than biodiesel. The increase of the fuel mixture density with increasing EL amount in the fuel was also noted in the literature [19]. When the volume of 20% EL was added to fuel, the density value was found to be non-standard. Fuel injection equipment perform on a volumetric flow system, therefore higher density of biodiesel results in the consumption of greater amount of fuel [20]. Therefore, a maximum addition of 15% EL was found as suitable according to standards. Density of the fuel influences the consumption of fuel, combustion heat and exhaust emissions. High density fuel causes an increase in particulate and NOx emissions. Low density of fuel provides to form good mixing. The increment of the density value is not a problem when it is between the standard values [21, 22].

3.2.2 Kinematic viscosity

Kinematic viscosity measurement (40°C) was made according to the EN ISO 3104 analysis method. According to this standard, the kinematic viscosity value of biodiesel should be between 3.5 and 5 mm2/s. Figure 2 presents the variations in viscosity value versus EL amount.

Figure 2 Effect of ethly levulinate amount on the viscosity of the fuel mixture.
Figure 2

Effect of ethly levulinate amount on the viscosity of the fuel mixture.

Viscosity is the most important feature of biodiesel. It is a measure of the resistance of a liquid to flow [20]. High viscosity values of fuel has a negative effect in cold weather conditions. Viscosity is higher in value in low temperature [18].

The addition of 20% v/v EL is found as nonstandard. In this case, 15% v/v EL was found as a maximum value in accordance with the standards for kinematic viscosity. Kinematic viscosity values decreased with the addition of EL at all mixing ratios. As the addition of EL increased, the kinematic viscosity decreased. This is an expected result since EL has a lower kinematic viscosity value (1.50 mm2/s) than biodiesel (4.292 mm2/s) [16]. High viscosity makes mixing difficult between the fuel and air, therefore, full combustion does not occur [23]. The high viscosity value of biodiesel also prevents its use in the engine directly, and damages engine parts and the fuel system. The fluidity of fuel is very important for the fuel feed system. Atomization in cylinders is very difficult for the fuels with high viscosity. This state affects the combustion performance of the fuel and leads to decrement in thermal efficiency. High viscosity leads to accumulation of solid particles and plugging of the injectors. The high viscosity requires higher pump pressure and more energy is needed to pump the fuel, which causes wearing of the fuel pump. However, the low viscosity value of biodiesel causes weak lubrication and this insufficient lubrication results in wear and leakage [18]. All of these affect the combustion and engine performance of the fuel [22, 23, 24, 25, 26]. When the viscosity value is within the standards, it is not a problem in fuel properties [21].

3.2.3 Acid number

The acid number measurements (15°C) were performed according to the EN 14104 analysis method. Acid number of biodiesel, according to this standard is 0.5 mg KOH/g as maximum. Figure 3 shows the changes of acid number value with addition of EL in the fuel mixture.

Figure 3 Effect of ethly levulinate amount on the acid value.
Figure 3

Effect of ethly levulinate amount on the acid value.

When the 15-20% EL was added to biodiesel, acid number values of blends were nonstandard. A maximum addition of 10% EL was found as suitable according to standards for the acid number. As the addition of EL increased, the acid number increased. The acid number of EL is given as 0.36 mg KOH/g in the literature [16]. This value is higher than the number of acid number of pure biodiesel. Therefore, as the amount of EL increases, the value of acid number increases. In addition, the canola oil, which was used in the synthesis of canola oil methyl ester, has a higher acid number than other vegetable oils. Furthermore, the addition of EL in biodiesel increases the acidity. The increase in the number of acids results in the accumulation of solid particles in the fuel system and some problems in the filters and pumps. Free fatty acids can cause motor corrosion [27].

3.2.4 Pour point

The pour point measurements were performed according to the ISO 3016 analysis method. The pour point value of biodiesel, according to this standard is 0oC as maximum. The pour point of biodiesel/ethyl levulinate mixture for different ethyl levulinate amount is shown in Figure 4.

Figure 4 Effect of ethly levulinate amount on the pour point.
Figure 4

Effect of ethly levulinate amount on the pour point.

The lowest temperature at which movement is observed on the biodiesel is found to be the pour point [28]. While the pour point of pure biodiesel was -15°C, the pour point of biodiesel with the additive of ethyl levulinate was -12°C. The pour point was increased by the addition of ethyl levulinate. However, it was seen that there was no effect on pour point as the percentage of ethyl levulinate changed. The pour point remains constant for the addition of each concentration of ethyl levulinate. It was observed that the pour point slightly increased with the addition of ethyl levulinate. However, this value is acceptable due to the being below the maximum value.

3.2.5 Cloud Point

The cloud point measurements were performed according to the ASTM D 2386 analysis method. According to this standard, the cloud point value of biodiesel should be between 5°C and -65°C. Figure 5 presents the cloud point values under different ethyl levulinate amounts.

Figure 5 Effect of ethly levulinate amount on the cloud point.
Figure 5

Effect of ethly levulinate amount on the cloud point.

The disadvantage of biodiesel is high cloud point. All of biodiesel fuels have a high cloud point and these poor cold flow properties are the most important barrier for the use of biodiesel, so it is not suitable for cold climates. The cloud point is the temperature at which a solid suspension forms or freezes. When the fuel is cooled, wax forms at the cloud point temperature [20]. Therefore, decrement of cloud point is very important for biodiesel. The high cloud point causes the formation of crystals in the fuel at cold climatic conditions. These crystals are responsible for the plugging of fuel pipes and filters. As the concentration of ethyl levulinate increased, the cloud point decreased. This can be explained by the fact that ethyl levulinate has a lower cloud point (-79°C). This value is much lower than the cloud point of biodiesel. The canola oil contains a high percentage of saturated fatty acid methyl esters, resulting in high cloud point. Especially, decrement of cloud point is observed with the addition of 20 vol.% ethyl levulinate. The addition of ethyl levulinate reduced the cloud point of biodiesel. In particular, the addition of 20 vol.% ethyl levulinate is suitable for reducing the freezing point to -6°C [16, 28].

4 Conclusion

Recently, a novel fuel bioadditive “ethyl levulinate”, which has cold flow improvement properties, has attracted considerable attention in the biodiesel sector. In this work, fuel properties of biodiesel blended with ethyl levulinate were analyzed. The blend contains 5, 10, 15 and 20% ethyl levulinate (v/v). Ethyl levulinate affects the fuel colligative properties. The density of the mixture increased upon addition of ethyl levulinate. The blended biodiesel became less viscous with increasing ethyl levulinate amounts. The acid number of biodiesel increased upon blending with ethyl levulinate. The pour point was increased by the addition of ethyl levulinate to 5 vol.%, but after that it remains constant for each subsequent addition. The blending with ethyl levulinate has improved the cold flow performance of the biodiesel. The cloud point decreased with the addition of 20 vol. % ethyl levulinate. All fuel properties of blended fuel are in standard values. This work will assist in the evaluation of ethyl levulinate to improve the cold flow properties of biodiesel fuel. The addition of 20 vol.% ethyl levulinate is an appropriate value for the addition of ethyl levulinate because maximum cold flow improver value was obtained. The mixing with ethyl levulinate improves the cold flow performance of biodiesel. In order to improve the quality of biodiesel, it is possible to use ester ‘ethyl levulinate’.

  1. Conflict of interest: Authors state no conflict of interest.

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Received: 2018-01-21
Accepted: 2018-03-19
Published Online: 2018-08-03

© 2018 Derya Unlu et al., published by De Gruyter

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 License.

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  68. Production of Methanol as a Fuel Energy from CO2 Present in Polluted Seawater - A Photocatalytic Outlook
  69. Study of different extraction methods on finger print and fatty acid of raw beef fat using fourier transform infrared and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry
  70. Determination of trace fluoroquinolones in water solutions and in medicinal preparations by conventional and synchronous fluorescence spectrometry
  71. Extraction and determination of flavonoids in Carthamus tinctorius
  72. Therapeutic Application of Zinc and Vanadium Complexes against Diabetes Mellitus a Coronary Disease: A review
  73. Study of calcined eggshell as potential catalyst for biodiesel formation using used cooking oil
  74. Manganese oxalates - structure-based Insights
  75. Topological Indices of H-Naphtalenic Nanosheet
  76. Long-Term Dissolution of Glass Fibers in Water Described by Dissolving Cylinder Zero-Order Kinetic Model: Mass Loss and Radius Reduction
  77. Topological study of the para-line graphs of certain pentacene via topological indices
  78. A brief insight into the prediction of water vapor transmissibility in highly impermeable hybrid nanocomposites based on bromobutyl/epichlorohydrin rubber blends
  79. Comparative sulfite assay by voltammetry using Pt electrodes, photometry and titrimetry: Application to cider, vinegar and sugar analysis
  80. MicroRNA delivery mediated by PEGylated polyethylenimine for prostate cancer therapy
  81. Reversible Fluorescent Turn-on Sensors for Fe3+ based on a Receptor Composed of Tri-oxygen Atoms of Amide Groups in Water
  82. Sonocatalytic degradation of methyl orange in aqueous solution using Fe-doped TiO2 nanoparticles under mechanical agitation
  83. Hydrotalcite Anchored Ruthenium Catalyst for CO2 Hydrogenation Reaction
  84. Production and Analysis of Recycled Ammonium Perrhenate from CMSX-4 superalloys
  85. Topical Issue on Agriculture
  86. New phosphorus biofertilizers from renewable raw materials in the aspect of cadmium and lead contents in soil and plants
  87. Survey of content of cadmium, calcium, chromium, copper, iron, lead, magnesium, manganese, mercury, sodium and zinc in chamomile and green tea leaves by electrothermal or flame atomizer atomic absorption spectrometry
  88. Biogas digestate – benefits and risks for soil fertility and crop quality – an evaluation of grain maize response
  89. A numerical analysis of heat transfer in a cross-current heat exchanger with controlled and newly designed air flows
  90. Freshwater green macroalgae as a biosorbent of Cr(III) ions
  91. The main influencing factors of soil mechanical characteristics of the gravity erosion environment in the dry-hot valley of Jinsha river
  92. Free amino acids in Viola tricolor in relation to different habitat conditions
  93. The influence of filler amount on selected properties of new experimental resin dental composite
  94. Effect of poultry wastewater irrigation on nitrogen, phosphorus and carbon contents in farmland soil
  95. Response of spring wheat to NPK and S fertilization. The content and uptake of macronutrients and the value of ionic ratios
  96. The Effect of Macroalgal Extracts and Near Infrared Radiation on Germination of Soybean Seedlings: Preliminary Research Results
  97. Content of Zn, Cd and Pb in purple moor-grass in soils heavily contaminated with heavy metals around a zinc and lead ore tailing landfill
  98. Topical Issue on Research for Natural Bioactive Products
  99. Synthesis of (±)-3,4-dimethoxybenzyl-4-methyloctanoate as a novel internal standard for capsinoid determination by HPLC-ESI-MS/MS(QTOF)
  100. Repellent activity of monoterpenoid esters with neurotransmitter amino acids against yellow fever mosquito, Aedes aegypti
  101. Effect of Flammulina velutipes (golden needle mushroom, eno-kitake) polysaccharides on constipation
  102. Bioassay-directed fractionation of a blood coagulation factor Xa inhibitor, betulinic acid from Lycopus lucidus
  103. Antifungal and repellent activities of the essential oils from three aromatic herbs from western Himalaya
  104. Chemical composition and microbiological evaluation of essential oil from Hyssopus officinalis L. with white and pink flowers
  105. Bioassay-guided isolation and identification of Aedes aegypti larvicidal and biting deterrent compounds from Veratrum lobelianum
  106. α-Terpineol, a natural monoterpene: A review of its biological properties
  107. Utility of essential oils for development of host-based lures for Xyleborus glabratus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae), vector of laurel wilt
  108. Phenolic composition and antioxidant potential of different organs of Kazakh Crataegus almaatensis Pojark: A comparison with the European Crataegus oxyacantha L. flowers
  109. Isolation of eudesmane type sesquiterpene ketone from Prangos heyniae H.Duman & M.F.Watson essential oil and mosquitocidal activity of the essential oils
  110. Comparative analysis of the polyphenols profiles and the antioxidant and cytotoxicity properties of various blue honeysuckle varieties
  111. Special Issue on ICCESEN 2017
  112. Modelling world energy security data from multinomial distribution by generalized linear model under different cumulative link functions
  113. Pine Cone and Boron Compounds Effect as Reinforcement on Mechanical and Flammability Properties of Polyester Composites
  114. Artificial Neural Network Modelling for Prediction of SNR Effected by Probe Properties on Ultrasonic Inspection of Austenitic Stainless Steel Weldments
  115. Calculation and 3D analyses of ERR in the band crack front contained in a rectangular plate made of multilayered material
  116. Improvement of fuel properties of biodiesel with bioadditive ethyl levulinate
  117. Properties of AlSi9Cu3 metal matrix micro and nano composites produced via stir casting
  118. Investigation of Antibacterial Properties of Ag Doped TiO2 Nanofibers Prepared by Electrospinning Process
  119. Modeling of Total Phenolic contents in Various Tea samples by Experimental Design Methods
  120. Nickel doping effect on the structural and optical properties of indium sulfide thin films by SILAR
  121. The effect mechanism of Ginnalin A as a homeopathic agent on various cancer cell lines
  122. Excitation functions of proton induced reactions of some radioisotopes used in medicine
  123. Oxide ionic conductivity and microstructures of Pr and Sm co-doped CeO2-based systems
  124. Rapid Synthesis of Metallic Reinforced in Situ Intermetallic Composites in Ti-Al-Nb System via Resistive Sintering
  125. Oxidation Behavior of NiCr/YSZ Thermal Barrier Coatings (TBCs)
  126. Clustering Analysis of Normal Strength Concretes Produced with Different Aggregate Types
  127. Magnetic Nano-Sized Solid Acid Catalyst Bearing Sulfonic Acid Groups for Biodiesel Synthesis
  128. The biological activities of Arabis alpina L. subsp. brevifolia (DC.) Cullen against food pathogens
  129. Humidity properties of Schiff base polymers
  130. Free Vibration Analysis of Fiber Metal Laminated Straight Beam
  131. Comparative study of in vitro antioxidant, acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase activity of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) collected during different growth stages
  132. Isothermal Oxidation Behavior of Gadolinium Zirconate (Gd2Zr2O7) Thermal Barrier Coatings (TBCs) produced by Electron Beam Physical Vapor Deposition (EB-PVD) technique
  133. Optimization of Adsorption Parameters for Ultra-Fine Calcite Using a Box-Behnken Experimental Design
  134. The Microstructural Investigation of Vermiculite-Infiltrated Electron Beam Physical Vapor Deposition Thermal Barrier Coatings
  135. Modelling Porosity Permeability of Ceramic Tiles using Fuzzy Taguchi Method
  136. Experimental and theoretical study of a novel naphthoquinone Schiff base
  137. Physicochemical properties of heat treated sille stone for ceramic industry
  138. Sand Dune Characterization for Preparing Metallurgical Grade Silicon
  139. Catalytic Applications of Large Pore Sulfonic Acid-Functionalized SBA-15 Mesoporous Silica for Esterification
  140. One-photon Absorption Characterizations, Dipole Polarizabilities and Second Hyperpolarizabilities of Chlorophyll a and Crocin
  141. The Optical and Crystallite Characterization of Bilayer TiO2 Films Coated on Different ITO layers
  142. Topical Issue on Bond Activation
  143. Metal-mediated reactions towards the synthesis of a novel deaminolysed bisurea, dicarbamolyamine
  144. The structure of ortho-(trifluoromethyl)phenol in comparison to its homologues – A combined experimental and theoretical study
  145. Heterogeneous catalysis with encapsulated haem and other synthetic porphyrins: Harnessing the power of porphyrins for oxidation reactions
  146. Recent Advances on Mechanistic Studies on C–H Activation Catalyzed by Base Metals
  147. Reactions of the organoplatinum complex [Pt(cod) (neoSi)Cl] (neoSi = trimethylsilylmethyl) with the non-coordinating anions SbF6– and BPh4–
  148. Erratum
  149. Investigation on Two Compounds of O, O’-dithiophosphate Derivatives as Corrosion Inhibitors for Q235 Steel in Hydrochloric Acid Solution
https://doi.org/10.1515/chem-2018-0070
Schlagwörter für diesen Artikel
Biodiesel; Cold flow improver; Ethyl levulinate; Fuel bioadditive; Renewable energy
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Artikel in diesem Heft

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  53. Effects and Mechanisms of Jinniu Capsule on Methamphetamine-Induced Conditioned Place Preference in Rats
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  61. Preparation of Calcium Fluoride using Phosphogypsum by Orthogonal Experiment
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  65. Effect of Malus halliana Koehne Polysaccharides on Functional Constipation
  66. Structural Properties and Nonlinear Optical Responses of Halogenated Compounds: A DFT Investigation on Molecular Modelling
  67. DMFDMA catalyzed synthesis of 2-((Dimethylamino)methylene)-3,4-dihydro-9-arylacridin-1(2H)-ones and their derivatives: in-vitro antifungal, antibacterial and antioxidant evaluations
  68. Production of Methanol as a Fuel Energy from CO2 Present in Polluted Seawater - A Photocatalytic Outlook
  69. Study of different extraction methods on finger print and fatty acid of raw beef fat using fourier transform infrared and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry
  70. Determination of trace fluoroquinolones in water solutions and in medicinal preparations by conventional and synchronous fluorescence spectrometry
  71. Extraction and determination of flavonoids in Carthamus tinctorius
  72. Therapeutic Application of Zinc and Vanadium Complexes against Diabetes Mellitus a Coronary Disease: A review
  73. Study of calcined eggshell as potential catalyst for biodiesel formation using used cooking oil
  74. Manganese oxalates - structure-based Insights
  75. Topological Indices of H-Naphtalenic Nanosheet
  76. Long-Term Dissolution of Glass Fibers in Water Described by Dissolving Cylinder Zero-Order Kinetic Model: Mass Loss and Radius Reduction
  77. Topological study of the para-line graphs of certain pentacene via topological indices
  78. A brief insight into the prediction of water vapor transmissibility in highly impermeable hybrid nanocomposites based on bromobutyl/epichlorohydrin rubber blends
  79. Comparative sulfite assay by voltammetry using Pt electrodes, photometry and titrimetry: Application to cider, vinegar and sugar analysis
  80. MicroRNA delivery mediated by PEGylated polyethylenimine for prostate cancer therapy
  81. Reversible Fluorescent Turn-on Sensors for Fe3+ based on a Receptor Composed of Tri-oxygen Atoms of Amide Groups in Water
  82. Sonocatalytic degradation of methyl orange in aqueous solution using Fe-doped TiO2 nanoparticles under mechanical agitation
  83. Hydrotalcite Anchored Ruthenium Catalyst for CO2 Hydrogenation Reaction
  84. Production and Analysis of Recycled Ammonium Perrhenate from CMSX-4 superalloys
  85. Topical Issue on Agriculture
  86. New phosphorus biofertilizers from renewable raw materials in the aspect of cadmium and lead contents in soil and plants
  87. Survey of content of cadmium, calcium, chromium, copper, iron, lead, magnesium, manganese, mercury, sodium and zinc in chamomile and green tea leaves by electrothermal or flame atomizer atomic absorption spectrometry
  88. Biogas digestate – benefits and risks for soil fertility and crop quality – an evaluation of grain maize response
  89. A numerical analysis of heat transfer in a cross-current heat exchanger with controlled and newly designed air flows
  90. Freshwater green macroalgae as a biosorbent of Cr(III) ions
  91. The main influencing factors of soil mechanical characteristics of the gravity erosion environment in the dry-hot valley of Jinsha river
  92. Free amino acids in Viola tricolor in relation to different habitat conditions
  93. The influence of filler amount on selected properties of new experimental resin dental composite
  94. Effect of poultry wastewater irrigation on nitrogen, phosphorus and carbon contents in farmland soil
  95. Response of spring wheat to NPK and S fertilization. The content and uptake of macronutrients and the value of ionic ratios
  96. The Effect of Macroalgal Extracts and Near Infrared Radiation on Germination of Soybean Seedlings: Preliminary Research Results
  97. Content of Zn, Cd and Pb in purple moor-grass in soils heavily contaminated with heavy metals around a zinc and lead ore tailing landfill
  98. Topical Issue on Research for Natural Bioactive Products
  99. Synthesis of (±)-3,4-dimethoxybenzyl-4-methyloctanoate as a novel internal standard for capsinoid determination by HPLC-ESI-MS/MS(QTOF)
  100. Repellent activity of monoterpenoid esters with neurotransmitter amino acids against yellow fever mosquito, Aedes aegypti
  101. Effect of Flammulina velutipes (golden needle mushroom, eno-kitake) polysaccharides on constipation
  102. Bioassay-directed fractionation of a blood coagulation factor Xa inhibitor, betulinic acid from Lycopus lucidus
  103. Antifungal and repellent activities of the essential oils from three aromatic herbs from western Himalaya
  104. Chemical composition and microbiological evaluation of essential oil from Hyssopus officinalis L. with white and pink flowers
  105. Bioassay-guided isolation and identification of Aedes aegypti larvicidal and biting deterrent compounds from Veratrum lobelianum
  106. α-Terpineol, a natural monoterpene: A review of its biological properties
  107. Utility of essential oils for development of host-based lures for Xyleborus glabratus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae), vector of laurel wilt
  108. Phenolic composition and antioxidant potential of different organs of Kazakh Crataegus almaatensis Pojark: A comparison with the European Crataegus oxyacantha L. flowers
  109. Isolation of eudesmane type sesquiterpene ketone from Prangos heyniae H.Duman & M.F.Watson essential oil and mosquitocidal activity of the essential oils
  110. Comparative analysis of the polyphenols profiles and the antioxidant and cytotoxicity properties of various blue honeysuckle varieties
  111. Special Issue on ICCESEN 2017
  112. Modelling world energy security data from multinomial distribution by generalized linear model under different cumulative link functions
  113. Pine Cone and Boron Compounds Effect as Reinforcement on Mechanical and Flammability Properties of Polyester Composites
  114. Artificial Neural Network Modelling for Prediction of SNR Effected by Probe Properties on Ultrasonic Inspection of Austenitic Stainless Steel Weldments
  115. Calculation and 3D analyses of ERR in the band crack front contained in a rectangular plate made of multilayered material
  116. Improvement of fuel properties of biodiesel with bioadditive ethyl levulinate
  117. Properties of AlSi9Cu3 metal matrix micro and nano composites produced via stir casting
  118. Investigation of Antibacterial Properties of Ag Doped TiO2 Nanofibers Prepared by Electrospinning Process
  119. Modeling of Total Phenolic contents in Various Tea samples by Experimental Design Methods
  120. Nickel doping effect on the structural and optical properties of indium sulfide thin films by SILAR
  121. The effect mechanism of Ginnalin A as a homeopathic agent on various cancer cell lines
  122. Excitation functions of proton induced reactions of some radioisotopes used in medicine
  123. Oxide ionic conductivity and microstructures of Pr and Sm co-doped CeO2-based systems
  124. Rapid Synthesis of Metallic Reinforced in Situ Intermetallic Composites in Ti-Al-Nb System via Resistive Sintering
  125. Oxidation Behavior of NiCr/YSZ Thermal Barrier Coatings (TBCs)
  126. Clustering Analysis of Normal Strength Concretes Produced with Different Aggregate Types
  127. Magnetic Nano-Sized Solid Acid Catalyst Bearing Sulfonic Acid Groups for Biodiesel Synthesis
  128. The biological activities of Arabis alpina L. subsp. brevifolia (DC.) Cullen against food pathogens
  129. Humidity properties of Schiff base polymers
  130. Free Vibration Analysis of Fiber Metal Laminated Straight Beam
  131. Comparative study of in vitro antioxidant, acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase activity of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) collected during different growth stages
  132. Isothermal Oxidation Behavior of Gadolinium Zirconate (Gd2Zr2O7) Thermal Barrier Coatings (TBCs) produced by Electron Beam Physical Vapor Deposition (EB-PVD) technique
  133. Optimization of Adsorption Parameters for Ultra-Fine Calcite Using a Box-Behnken Experimental Design
  134. The Microstructural Investigation of Vermiculite-Infiltrated Electron Beam Physical Vapor Deposition Thermal Barrier Coatings
  135. Modelling Porosity Permeability of Ceramic Tiles using Fuzzy Taguchi Method
  136. Experimental and theoretical study of a novel naphthoquinone Schiff base
  137. Physicochemical properties of heat treated sille stone for ceramic industry
  138. Sand Dune Characterization for Preparing Metallurgical Grade Silicon
  139. Catalytic Applications of Large Pore Sulfonic Acid-Functionalized SBA-15 Mesoporous Silica for Esterification
  140. One-photon Absorption Characterizations, Dipole Polarizabilities and Second Hyperpolarizabilities of Chlorophyll a and Crocin
  141. The Optical and Crystallite Characterization of Bilayer TiO2 Films Coated on Different ITO layers
  142. Topical Issue on Bond Activation
  143. Metal-mediated reactions towards the synthesis of a novel deaminolysed bisurea, dicarbamolyamine
  144. The structure of ortho-(trifluoromethyl)phenol in comparison to its homologues – A combined experimental and theoretical study
  145. Heterogeneous catalysis with encapsulated haem and other synthetic porphyrins: Harnessing the power of porphyrins for oxidation reactions
  146. Recent Advances on Mechanistic Studies on C–H Activation Catalyzed by Base Metals
  147. Reactions of the organoplatinum complex [Pt(cod) (neoSi)Cl] (neoSi = trimethylsilylmethyl) with the non-coordinating anions SbF6– and BPh4–
  148. Erratum
  149. Investigation on Two Compounds of O, O’-dithiophosphate Derivatives as Corrosion Inhibitors for Q235 Steel in Hydrochloric Acid Solution
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