The effects of heating rate and sintering time on the biaxial flexural strength of monolithic zirconia ceramics
-
Perihan Oyar
and
Rukiye Durkan
Abstract
The strength of zirconia ceramic materials used in restorations is dependent upon sintering. Varying sintering protocols may affect the biaxial flexural strength of zirconia materials. This in vitro study was conducted to investigate the effects of sintering parameters on the biaxial flexural strength of monolithic zirconia. Two different monoblock zirconia ceramics were used. Following coloration, samples of both types of ceramics were divided into groups according to whether or not biaxial flexural strength testing was performed directly after sintering or following thermocycling. Biaxial flexural strength data was analysed with a Shapiro Wilk normality test, followed by 1-way ANOVA, Tukey post hoc tests for inter-group comparisons, and paired samples t-tests for intra-group comparisons. A significant difference was found between the biaxial flexural strengths of Zircon X and Upcera ceramics before thermocycling (p<0.05). In both Zircon X and Upcera ceramic groups, the thermocycling process created a significant difference in the biaxial flexural strength values of the ceramic samples in Group 6 (p<0.05) which had the slowest heating rate and longest holding time. The zirconia ceramics have higher BFS at higher heating rates either before or after thermocycling. The holding time has significant effects on thermocycling and flexural strength. The zirconia achieved its optimum strength when it sintered at longer time regardless of heating rates.
Acknowledgments
The authors thank Associate Professor İsmet Doğan, Head of Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics at Afyonkarahisar University of Health Sciences, for performing the statistical analysis of this study.
-
Conflicts of Interest: The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.
-
Data availability: The data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.
-
Ethical approval: Not applicable (All authors declare that no human or animal subjects or specimens were used in this study).
References
1. Kongkiatkamon, S, Booranasophone, K, Tongtaksin, A, Kiatthanakorn, V, Rokaya, D. Comparison of fracture load of the four translucent zirconia crowns. Molecules 2021;26:5308. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26175308.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
2. Abdulmajeed, AA, Lim, KG, Narhi, TO, Cooper, LF. Complete-arch implant-supported monolithic zirconia fixed dental prostheses: a systematic review. J Prosthet Dent 2016;115:672–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.prosdent.2015.08.025.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
3. Shah, K, Holloway, JA, Denry, IL. Effect of coloring with various metal oxides on the microstructure, color, and flexural strength of 3Y-TZP. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2008;87:329–37. https://doi.org/10.1002/jbm.b.31107.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
4. Bapat, RA, Yang, HJ, Chaubal, TC, Dharmadhikari, S, Abdulla, AM, Arora, S, et al.. Review on synthesis, properties and multifarious therapeutic applications of nanostructured zirconia in dentistry. RSC Adv 2022;27:12773–93. https://doi.org/10.1039/d2ra00006g.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
5. Sailer, I, Makarov, NA, Thoma, DS, Zwahlen, M, Pjetursson, BE. Allceramic or metal-ceramic tooth-supported fixed dental prostheses (FDPs)? A systematic review of the survival and complication rates. Part I: single crowns (SCs). Dent Mater 2015;31:603–23, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dental.2015.02.011.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
6. Sailer, I, Balmer, M, Husler, J, Hammerle, CHF, Kanel, S, Thoma, DS. 10-year randomized trial (RCT) of zirconia-ceramic and metal-ceramic fixed dental prostheses. J Dent 2018;76:32–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdent.2018.05.015.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
7. Pjetursson, BE, Sailer, I, Makarov, NA, Zwahlen, M, Thoma, DS. Allceramic or metal-ceramic tooth-supported fixed dental prostheses (FDPs)? A systematic review of the survival and complication rates. Part II: multiple-unit FDPs. Dent Mater 2015;31:624–39. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dental.2015.02.013.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
8. Sulaiman, TA, Abdulmajeed, AA, Donovan, TE, Cooper, LF, Walter, R. Fracture rate of monolithic zirconia restorations up to 5 years: a dental laboratory survey. J Prosthet Dent 2016;116:436–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.prosdent.2016.01.033.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
9. Zhang, Y, Mai, Z, Barani, A, Bush, M, Lawn, B. Fracture-resistant monolithic dental crowns. Dent Mater 2016;32:442–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dental.2015.12.010.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
10. Padrós, R, Giner, L, Herrero-Climent, M, Falcao-Costa, C, Ríos-Santos, JV, Gil, FJ. Influence of the CAD-CAM systems on the marginal accuracy and mechanical properties of dental restorations. Int J Environ Res Publ Health 2020;17:4276. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17124276.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
11. Besimo, CE, Spielmann, HP, Rohner, HP. Computer-assisted generation of all-ceramic crowns and fixed partial dentures. Int J Comput Dent 2001;4:243–62.Search in Google Scholar
12. Inokoshi, M, Zhang, F, De Munck, J, Minakuchi, S, Naert, I, Vleugels, J, et al.. Influence of sintering conditions on low-temperature degradation of dental zirconia. Dent Mater 2014;30:669–78. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dental.2014.03.005.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
13. Soult, MD, LienW, Savett, DA, Gallardo, FF, Vandewalle, KS. Effect of high-speed sintering on the properties of a zirconia material. Gen Dent 2019;67:30–4.Search in Google Scholar
14. Ebeid, K, Wille, S, Hamdy, A, Salah, T, El-Etreby, A, Kern, M. Effect of changes in sintering parameters on monolithic translucent zirconia. Dent Mater 2014;30:e419–24. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dental.2014.09.003.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
15. Sen, N, Sermet, IB, Cinar, S. Effect of coloring and sintering on the translucency and biaxial strength of monolithic zirconia. J Prosthet Dent 2018;119:308. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.prosdent.2017.08.013.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
16. Kim, MJ, Ahn, JS, Kim, JH, Kim, HY, Kim, WC. Effects of the sintering conditions of dental zirconia ceramics on the grainsize and translucency. J Adv Prosthodont 2013;5:161–6. https://doi.org/10.4047/jap.2013.5.2.161.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
17. Kaizer, MR, Gierthmuehlen, PC, Dos Santos, MB, Cava, SS, Zhang, Y. Speed sintering translucent zirconia for chairside one-visit dental restorations: optical, mechanical, and wear characteristics. Ceram Int 2017;43:10999–1005. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2017.05.141.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
18. Gómez, SY, Da Silva, AL, Gouvêa, D, Castro, RHR, Hotza, D. Nanocrystalline yttria-doped zirconia sintered by fast firing. Mater Lett 2016;166:196–200. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matlet.2015.12.042.Search in Google Scholar
19. Liu, H, Inokoshi, M, Nozaki, K, Shimizubata, M, Nakai, H, Cho Too, TD, et al.. Influence of high-speed sintering protocols on translucency, mechanical properties, microstructure, crystallography, and low-temperature degradation of highly translucent zirconia. Dent Mater 2022;38:451–86. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dental.2021.12.028.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
20. Kauling, AE, Güth, JF, Erdelt, K, Edelhoff, D, Keul, C. Influence of speed sintering on the fit and fracture strength of 3-unit monolithic zirconia fixed partial dentures. J Prosthet Dent 2020;24:380–6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.prosdent.2019.09.003.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
21. Kilinc, H, Sanal, FA. Effect of sintering and aging processes on the mechanical and optical properties of translucent zirconia. J Prosthet Dent 2021;126:129. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.prosdent.2021.03.024.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
22. Hjerppe, J, Närhi, T, Fröberg, K, Vallittu, PK, Lassila, LV. Effect of shading the zirconia framework on biaxial strength and surface microhardness. Acta Odontol Scand 2008;66:262–7, https://doi.org/10.1080/00016350802247123.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
23. Jiang, L, Liao, Y, Wan, Q, Li, W. Effects of sintering temperature and particle size on the translucency of zirconium dioxide dental ceramic. J Mater Sci Mater Med 2011;22:2429–35, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10856-011-4438-9,Search in Google Scholar PubMed
24. Lümkemann, N, Stawarczyk, B. Impact of hydrothermal aging on the light transmittance and flexural strength of colored yttria-stabilized zirconia materials of different formulations. J Prosthet Dent 2020;S0022–3913:30084–6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.prosdent.2020.01.016.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
25. ISO 6872. Dentistry-ceramic materials. International Standards Organization (ISO); Geneva; Switzerland, 2015. Available athttps://www.iso.org/standard/74247.html.Search in Google Scholar
26. Ersoy, NM, Aydoğdu, HM, Değirmenci, BÜ, Çökük, N, Sevimay, M. The effects of sintering temperature and duration on the flexural strength and grain size of zirconia. Acta Biomater Odontol Scand 2015;1:43–50. https://doi.org/10.3109/23337931.2015.1068126.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
27. Papia, E, Jimbo, R, Chrcanovic, BR, Andersson, M, Vult von Steyern, P. Surface structure and mechanical properties of impaction- modified Y-TZP. Dent Mater 2014;30:808–16, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dental.2014.05.002.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
28. Guazzato, M, Quach, L, Albakry, M, Swain, MV. Influence of surface and heat treatments on the flexural strength of Y-TZP dental ceramic. J Dent 2005;33:9–18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdent.2004.07.001.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
29. Kosmac, T, Oblak, C, Jevnikar, P, Funduk, N, Marion, L. The effect of surface grinding and sandblasting on flexural strength and reliability of Y-TZP zirconia ceramic. Dent Mater 1999;15:426–33. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0109-5641(99)00070-6.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
30. Stawarczyk, B, Frevert, K, Ender, A, Roos, M, Sener, B, Wimmer, T. Comparison of four monolithic zirconia materials with conventional ones: contrast ratio, grain size, four-point flexural strength and two-body wear. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2016;59:128–38, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmbbm.2015.11.040.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
31. Chevalier, J. What future for zirconia as a biomaterial? Biomaterials 2006;27:535–43. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biomaterials.2005.07.034.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
32. Juntavee, N, Attashu, S. Effect of different sintering process on flexural strength of translucency monolithic zirconia. J Clin Exp Dent 2018;10:e821–30. https://doi.org/10.4317/jced.54749.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
33. Kongkiatkamon, S, Peampring, C. Effect of speed sintering on low temperature degradation and biaxial flexural strength of 5Y-TZP zirconia. Molecules 2022;27:5272. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27165272.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
34. Kongkiatkamon, S, and Peampring, C. Comparison of regular and speed sintering on low-temperature degradation and fatigue resistance of translucent zirconia crowns for implants: an in vitro study. J Funct Biomater 2022:13:281, https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb13040281.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
35. Juntavee, N, Uasuwan, P. Flexural strength of different monolithic computer-assisted design and computer-assisted manufacturing ceramic materials upon different thermal tempering processes. Eur J Dermatol 2020;14:566–74. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0040-1713957.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
36. Tekeli, S, Erdogan, M. A quantitative assessment of cavities in 3 mol% yttria-stabilized tetragonal zirconia specimens containing various grain size. Ceram Int 2002;28:785–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0272-8842(02)00044-5.Search in Google Scholar
37. Hjerppe, J, Vallittu, PK, Fröberg, K, Lassila, LV. Effect of sintering time on biaxial strength of zirconium dioxide. Dent Mater 2009;25:166–71. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dental.2008.05.011.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
38. Madruga, CFL, Dal Piva, AMO, Rocha Pereira, GK, Caneppele, TMF, Valandro, LF, Bottino, MA. Sintering mode of a translucent Y-TZP: effects on its biaxial flexure fatigue strength, surface morphology and translucency. J Esthetic Restor Dent. 2022;34:1197–205, https://doi.org/10.1111/jerd.12923.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
39. Cokic, SM, Vleugels, J, Van Meerbeek, B, Camargo, B, Willemsb, E, Maoyin, Li, et al.. Mechanical properties, aging stability and translucency of speed-sintered zirconia for chairside restorations. Dent Mater 2020;36:959–72, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dental.2020.04.026.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
40. Oyar, P, Durkan, R, Deste, G. Effects of sintering time and hydrothermal aging on the mechanical properties of monolithic zirconia ceramic systems. J Prosthet Dent 2021;126:688–91. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.prosdent.2020.09.006.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
© 2023 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston
Articles in the same Issue
- Frontmatter
- Review
- Effectiveness of FES-supported leg exercise for promotion of paralysed lower limb muscle and bone health—a systematic review
- Research Articles
- Stimulation of spinal cord according to recorded theta hippocampal rhythm during rat move on treadmill
- EEG-based driver states discrimination by noise fraction analysis and novel clustering algorithm
- Active fault tolerant deep brain stimulator for epilepsy using deep neural network
- Stacked machine learning models to classify atrial disorders based on clinical ECG features: a method to predict early atrial fibrillation
- A diagnostic method for cardiomyopathy based on multimodal data
- Hyperspectral imaging enables the differentiation of differentially inflated and perfused pulmonary tissue: a proof-of-concept study in pulmonary lobectomies for intersegmental plane mapping
- Hyperspectral imaging-based cutaneous wound classification using neighbourhood extraction 3D convolutional neural network
- The effects of heating rate and sintering time on the biaxial flexural strength of monolithic zirconia ceramics
Articles in the same Issue
- Frontmatter
- Review
- Effectiveness of FES-supported leg exercise for promotion of paralysed lower limb muscle and bone health—a systematic review
- Research Articles
- Stimulation of spinal cord according to recorded theta hippocampal rhythm during rat move on treadmill
- EEG-based driver states discrimination by noise fraction analysis and novel clustering algorithm
- Active fault tolerant deep brain stimulator for epilepsy using deep neural network
- Stacked machine learning models to classify atrial disorders based on clinical ECG features: a method to predict early atrial fibrillation
- A diagnostic method for cardiomyopathy based on multimodal data
- Hyperspectral imaging enables the differentiation of differentially inflated and perfused pulmonary tissue: a proof-of-concept study in pulmonary lobectomies for intersegmental plane mapping
- Hyperspectral imaging-based cutaneous wound classification using neighbourhood extraction 3D convolutional neural network
- The effects of heating rate and sintering time on the biaxial flexural strength of monolithic zirconia ceramics
