Investigation of the impact of electromagnetic fields emitted close to the head by smart glasses
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Philipp Jungk
,
Matthias Wienke
,
Christoph Schiefer
Abstract
The functionality of smart glasses includes the possibility of wireless communication. For this purpose, WiFi or Bluetooth modules are integrated into the glasses. They emit electromagnetic radiation in the vicinity of the user’s head. This simulation study investigates the impact of varying positions, frequencies, and antenna types of the embedded WiFi or Bluetooth modules on different tissue types in the human head. The absorption of electromagnetic energy causes the main impact on the tissue in the head. This physical process is best described by the specific absorption rate SAR. To investigate the effects of position, frequency, and antenna type on the simulated SAR values multiple simulations have been carried out considering real-world applications of smart glasses. The results show that the type of antenna has little effect on the SAR values of the different tissues. The maximum regulated output powers explain the frequencies’ impact on the exposure. According to our findings, the greatest influence on the SAR values can be attributed to the placement of the antenna. Finally, our study reveals that positioning the antenna at the front side of the head is optimal for most tissues because of its maximal distance to the head tissues.
Acknowledgements
We thank Yannic Heyer for providing an overview into the topic.
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Research funding: The research was funded by the employers’ liability insurance association for trade and logistics (BGHW/Germany). The funding organization played no role in the study design; in the collection, analysis, and interpretation of data; in the writing of the report; or the decision to submit the report for publication.
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Author contributions: U.H., C.S. and V.H. administered the project. D.F., U.H., P.J. and M.W. conceptualized the project. C.S., D.F. and U.H. acquisited the funds. P.J., M.W. and D.F. designed the methodology. P.J. and M.W. curated the data. D.F., M.W., P.J. and C.A. analyzed the data. D.F. and C.A. supervised the project and validated it. P.J., M.W. and D.F. visualized the project and wrote the original draft. D.F., U.H., V.H., C.A. and C.T. reviewed and edited the original draft. Conceptualization: Friemert, Wienke, Jungk, Hartmann. Data curation: Wienke, Jungk. Formal analysis: Friemert, Wienke, Jungk, Alteköster. Funding acquisition: Hartmann, Friemert, Schiefer. Investigation: Wienke, Jungk, Alteköster, Friemert. Methodology: Friemert, Wienke, Jungk. Project administration: Hartmann, Harth, Schiefer. Supervision: Friemert, Alteköster. Validation: Friemert, Alteköster. Roles/Writing – original draft: Wienke, Jungk, Friemert. Writing - review & editing: Friemert, Hartmann, Terschüren, Harth, Alteköster. All authors have accepted responsibility for the entire content of this manuscript and approved its submission.
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Competing interests: Authors state no conflict of interest.
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Informed consent: Not applicable.
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Ethical approval: Not applicable.
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© 2022 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston
Articles in the same Issue
- Frontmatter
- Research Articles
- Towards fully automated detection of epileptic disorders: a novel CNSVM approach with Clough–Tocher interpolation
- Frontal-occipital network alterations while viewing 2D & 3D movies: a source-level EEG and graph theory approach
- Real-time recognition of different imagined actions on the same side of a single limb based on the fNIRS correlation coefficient
- Simultaneous validation of wearable motion capture system for lower body applications: over single plane range of motion (ROM) and gait activities
- Embedded system design for classification of COPD and pneumonia patients by lung sound analysis
- Investigation of the impact of electromagnetic fields emitted close to the head by smart glasses
- A method to classify bone marrow cells with rejected option
Articles in the same Issue
- Frontmatter
- Research Articles
- Towards fully automated detection of epileptic disorders: a novel CNSVM approach with Clough–Tocher interpolation
- Frontal-occipital network alterations while viewing 2D & 3D movies: a source-level EEG and graph theory approach
- Real-time recognition of different imagined actions on the same side of a single limb based on the fNIRS correlation coefficient
- Simultaneous validation of wearable motion capture system for lower body applications: over single plane range of motion (ROM) and gait activities
- Embedded system design for classification of COPD and pneumonia patients by lung sound analysis
- Investigation of the impact of electromagnetic fields emitted close to the head by smart glasses
- A method to classify bone marrow cells with rejected option
