Startseite Geometric basis of action potential of skeletal muscle cells and neurons
Artikel Open Access

Geometric basis of action potential of skeletal muscle cells and neurons

  • Qing Li EMAIL logo
Veröffentlicht/Copyright: 16. September 2022
Artikel downloaden (PDF)
Open Life Sciences
Aus der Zeitschrift Open Life Sciences Band 17 Heft 1

Abstract

Although we know something about single-cell neuromuscular junctions, it is still unclear how multiple skeletal muscle cells coordinate to complete intricate spatial curve movement. Here, we hypothesize that skeletal muscle cell populations with action potentials are aligned according to curved manifolds in space (a curved shape in space). When a specific motor nerve impulse is transmitted, the skeletal muscle also moves according to the corresponding shape (manifolds). The action potential of motor nerve fibers has the characteristics of a time curve manifold, and this time-manifold curve of motor nerve fibers comes from the visual cortex in which spatial geometric manifolds are formed within the synaptic connection of neurons. This spatial geometric manifold of the synaptic connection of neurons originates from spatial geometric manifolds outside nature that are transmitted to the brain through the cone cells and ganglion cells of the retina. The essence of life is that life is an object that can move autonomously, and the essence of life’s autonomous movement is the movement of proteins. Theoretically, because of the infinite diversity of geometric manifold shapes in nature, the arrangement and combination of 20 amino acids should have infinite diversity, and the geometric manifold formed by the protein three-dimensional spatial structure should also have infinite diversity.

Keywords: action potential; skeletal muscle cells; synaptic connection of neurons; space curved manifolds; time curved manifolds

1 Introduction

In 1971, the place cells (hippocampal complex spike cells) were discovered by recording the activity of the hippocampus by the microelectrodes fixed to the skull of the rats [1]. When the rat ran to a specific area, these cells always showed activation, while other cells activated when it ran to another area. In 2005, the grid cells were discovered in the dorsocaudal medial entorhinal cortex (dMEC) by recording the spike activity of the fired cell in this area of rats, which is activated whenever the animal’s position coincides with any vertex of a regular grid of equilateral triangles spanning the surface of the environment [2]. Some cells respond to specific location areas of the environment, like place cells in the hippocampus. Furthermore, in 2015, the study indicated that the environmental boundaries influence grid cell firing, where the grid orientation, scale, symmetry, and homogeneity are affected by environmental geometry [3]. The hexagonal grid symmetry is permanently broken in highly polarized environments such as squares and trapezoids, the pattern being more elliptical and less homogeneous. In recent years, intrinsic, recurrently connected continuous attractor networks (CANs) of neurons have been put forward as a possible substrate of the grid pattern [4]. In 2022, a study with simultaneous recordings from many hundreds of grid cells by taking advantage of recently developed high-site-count neuropixels silicon probes that allow spike activity to be recorded simultaneously from thousands of cells in freely moving rats, and subsequent topological data analysis, show that the joint activity of grid cells from an individual module resides on a toroidal manifold, as expected in a two-dimensional CAN [5]. Positions on the torus correspond to the moving animal’s position in the environment. Individual cells are preferentially active at singular positions on the torus. This provides the first evidence for mankind where the network dynamics of neurons (visualization of CAN dynamics) on a toroidal manifold illustrates the population-level activity of grid cells. In a natural evolution, the cortical cortex of the brain has a division of labor; therefore, the cerebral cortex of higher animals is divided into many areas, such as the motor center controlling skeletal muscle movement and the visual center cortex controlling vision. Although the evidence of the manifold of neurons only appears in the hippocampus and dMEC, other nerve centers have common characteristics, and the visual center and motor center are no exception.

The evidence for the joint spike activity of grid cells from an individual module (a two-dimensional CAN) residing on a toroidal manifold raises questions about how this grid representation (or visual center neurons and motor center neurons representation) might be generated and maintained. Here, we propose that this toroidal manifold of CAN is generated by the spatial geometric manifold of the synaptic connection of neurons which originates from spatial geometric manifolds in outside nature that are transmitted to the brain through the cone cells and ganglion cells of the retina. Furthermore, the toroidal manifold of CAN is only one of all types of curve manifolds. Other types of manifolds will be confirmed in the future, so a curve manifold has universal significance.

The baseline for the hypothesis is: what is the essence of life, that is, what is the fundamental difference between living things and non-living things? There are several answers to this question. For example, the essence of life is the genetic code DNA [6], protein, or cell that can carry out the material exchange (metabolism) or the negative entropy that can be studied by physical and chemical methods [7]. All of these characteristics of life do not exist in non-biological bodies. All the above are true, but there are many answers. In any case, there was only one answer to this question. In our opinion, the essence of life is that it is an object that can move autonomously. In any case, all the contents of this article are hypotheses that have not been confirmed by experiments, but they can give us some positive hints.

So, what is autonomous movement? For example, the motion state of an inanimate body (non-organism), such as a basic particle, depends on its interaction with other substances; therefore, its motion is random, that is, quantized motion, so its motion is not autonomous motion. Here, we define autonomous motion as independent of other substances and can actively and consistently perform any space curve shape motion. We were unable to find a non-organism that could move autonomously in nature. A cell is an object that can perform autonomous movement; therefore, the essence of life is a cell. The autonomous movement of cells can also be divided into simple and complex movements, and organisms have evolved from single to multiple cells. A single cell performs simple autonomic movements, and multiple cells perform complex and fine autonomic movements. How do cells complete their autonomous movements? This was the main focus of this study.

2 Results

2.1 Why do cells move autonomously while other objects cannot?

The evolution of nature from inorganic to organic matter is complex. The origin of the cells is the main sign of this evolution. Let us use a single-cell organism to explain why the cell is the basic working unit of autonomous movement. For example, although bacteria are single-celled organisms, their complex structures are used to maintain their autonomous movement.

The cell membrane has the function of selective permeation and completes material exchange inside and outside the cell together with the cell wall [8,9]. Respiratory enzymes on the membrane participate in the energy metabolism of cells [10,11]. The cytoplasm is the primary site of bacterial metabolism [12,13]. The ribosome is a site of protein synthesis [14,15]. The Golgi matrix forms the basis for protein processing, sorting, and transportation [16,17]. The nucleoplasm is composed of genetic material DNA, which controls the life activity of bacteria and is the material basis of its genetic variation [18,19]. Flagellae are filaments attached to the surface of bacteria and are the motor organs of cells [20,21].

All the structures of the cell serve the autonomous movement of the cell. The ion channel of the cell membrane controls the cell to perform autonomous movement [22,23]. It transmits external information to the cell through the amount of ion flow, and the cell completes the corresponding movement according to the amount of information flow of the amplitude motion.

The flagellum motor contains a proton pump, which can transfer hydrogen ions to drive the rotation of the proton pump [24,25], convert chemical energy into mechanical energy, transmit torque to the flagellum joint device, and then drive the flagellum filaments to drive bacteria like a propeller [26]. Therefore, the autonomous movement of bacterial cells is simple, and their movement state and direction depend on the surrounding ionic environment. Proteins are the material basis for cellular work and a substance that exercises autonomic motion. Why do proteins exist on this material basis? The reasons for this are as follows: (1) Its physical and chemical properties, such as stretch, flexibility, and elasticity, enable it to complete a variety of complex and delicate movements [27,28]. (2) A protein are polymers composed of 20 different amino acids [29]. Its amino acid sequence and spatial position are almost endless [30], which indicates that it can complete the movement of infinite geometry and perform various physiological functions in cells.

2.2 Multicellular autonomous movement

2.2.1 Characteristics and functions of multicellular ion structure

The evolution of life from single cells to multiple cells is to complete more complex and fine autonomous movements. As mentioned earlier, the ion flow drives cells to complete autonomous movement, and the amount of ion flow determines the range of cell movement. Here, we take metazoan animals as an example because they have the ion channel structure of a sodium–potassium pump. Furthermore, we take human ion channels as an example because people can perform the most complex and fine autonomous movements. The brain dominates the human skeletal muscle movement. The structure and function of ion channels that complete the excitation–transfer coupling of nerve skeletal muscles have been systematically and completely studied [31]. We used a single cell as an example to illustrate this transfer coupling process.

In the axoplasm of axon terminals of motor nerve fibers, there are a large number of vesicles with a diameter of approximately 50 nm. ACh is contained in the vesicles, and ACh stored in each vesicle is usually constant [32,33]. When ACh is released by exocytosis in vesicles, it is called a quantum release. When there is a nerve impulse at the nerve endings, under the action of local membrane depolarization caused by an action potential, a large number of vesicles approach the axon membrane, and all ACh in the vesicles enters the junction space through the fusion of the vesicle membrane and axon membrane [34,35]. It is estimated that approximately 200–300 vesicle contents can be discharged by the arrival of action potential [36]. When ACh reaches the endplate membrane surface of skeletal muscle cells through the junction gap, it immediately interacts with the channel protein (sodium–potassium pump) on the membrane α-subunit binding, causing conformational changes in protein molecules, resulting in channel opening, sodium ion influx, and potassium ion outflow, resulting in endplate membrane depolarization [37,38]. This junction transmission maintains a one-to-one relationship; every time a nerve impulse reaches the end of the motor fiber, it reliably excites the muscle cells and produces a contraction.

Skeletal muscle is composed of a large number of muscle fibers arranged in parallel. Each muscle fiber is a muscle cell, and thousands of myofibrils exist in each muscle cell. Myofibrils take the sarcomere as the unit, and the finer structure of the sarcomere is a myofilament. Myofilaments are composed of thick myofilaments (main component of myosin) [39] and fine myofilaments (main component actin) [40,41]. The action potential generated by depolarizing the endplate membrane of muscle cells increases the calcium ion concentration in muscle plasma. Troponin binds a sufficient number of calcium ions to cause a conformational change in the troponin molecule, which is then transmitted to myosin. The conformation of the latter also changes and its structure has a certain torsion, which leads to the binding of actin and transverse bridge. The two bind, twist, and dissociate and then combine, twist, and dissociate to trigger the cross-bridge cycle [42,43]. This cycle causes fine muscle filaments to slide between thick muscle filaments to complete muscle contraction. The transverse bridge functions as an ATPase that can decompose ATP and provide energy.

2.2.2 Mechanism of multicellular autonomic movement

(1) A basic question arises. How can skeletal muscle complete complex and fine autonomous motion, that is, curve or straight-line motion with an arbitrary shape in space? However, this remains unclear. As previously mentioned, action potentials drive cell movement. For a single cell, we clearly understand the process of completing autonomous movement through ion exchange. How do the action potentials of multiple cells coordinate and complete the various forms of autonomous movement? Theoretically, when a nerve impulse in the cerebral cortex is transmitted, each cell is given a different motion amplitude and direction through different action potentials. Therefore, thousands of cells with different motion amplitudes and directions complete a fine movement of skeletal muscle, that is, a specific curve-shaped movement. Such action potentials should have the following characteristics. (1) They are not all or none but increase with an increase in stimulation [44]. (2) The resulting cell movements had different directions. (3) They cannot perform long-distance transmissions on the cell membrane.

However, the complexity of this mechanism is unimaginable. The subtlety of nature involves describing complex things with simplicity. Experimental studies have confirmed that skeletal muscle action potentials follow the principle of simplicity. The skeletal muscle action potential has the characteristics of all or none; that is, the action potential of each cell does not change with the stimulation intensity and conduction distance. Therefore, when nerve impulses are transmitted, each cell can only have two possible states: either producing action potentials or not producing action potentials. How do multicells perform complex movements based on these two states? Here, I propose a hypothesis that cell populations with action potentials are aligned according to curved manifolds in space(a curved shape in space) and that the skeletal muscle also moves according to this corresponding shape(manifolds) when a specific nerve impulse is transmitted. Cells outside this manifold are in a state without an action potential. As shown in Figure 1, different nerve impulses produce different curve manifolds, that is, the switching states of the action potentials of different cell groups. Here, all skeletal muscle cells can complete various complex and fine movements as long as each cell executes these two on-or-off switching states. It can be seen that the direction of motion of a single cell is determined by these manifolds. We can also refer to this manifold of multicellular action potentials as the spatial geometric distribution or spatial summation distribution of the action potentials.

Figure 1 The cell populations with action potentials are alligned according to a curved manifolds on space (a curved shape on space) and the skeletal muscle also moves according to this corresponding shape (manifolds) when an specific nerve impulses are transmitted. Other cells outside this manifolds are in a state without action potential. The cells in red are cells that have an action potential and forms a special geometric manifold. The cells in blue are cells that have no action potential and not manifolds formed.
Figure 1

The cell populations with action potentials are alligned according to a curved manifolds on space (a curved shape on space) and the skeletal muscle also moves according to this corresponding shape (manifolds) when an specific nerve impulses are transmitted. Other cells outside this manifolds are in a state without action potential. The cells in red are cells that have an action potential and forms a special geometric manifold. The cells in blue are cells that have no action potential and not manifolds formed.

(2) Therefore, the following question arises. Although the excitation transmission between the nerve endings of motor nerve fibers and muscle cells is 1-to-1, the relationship between the trunk of motor nerve fibers and muscle cells is not 1-to-1. How do nerve impulses in the cerebral cortex pass through the trunk of nerve fibers? Here, the concept of temporal geometric distribution (time-curved manifolds) is proposed, in view of the previous concept of spatial geometric distribution. In other words, the action potential of motor nerve fibers has the characteristics of a time-curved manifold, so how can we understand this time manifold? Because the action potential propagation speed of the nerve fibers is constant, the size of this time manifold is defined by the number of excited muscle cells per unit time, as shown in Figure 2. This time-manifold curve of motor nerve fibers corresponds to the space-manifold curve of the action potentials of skeletal muscle cells.

Figure 2 X-axis is time, Y-axis is the number of cells generating action potential, time-manifold curve is a function of independent variable x with respect to dependent variable y, and this time-manifold curve corresponds to space manifold curve.
Figure 2

X-axis is time, Y-axis is the number of cells generating action potential, time-manifold curve is a function of independent variable x with respect to dependent variable y, and this time-manifold curve corresponds to space manifold curve.

(3) Theoretically, the movement of skeletal muscle is based on the manifold shape formed by the action potential of the skeletal muscle cell group triggered by nerve impulses of motor nerve fibers. This manifold is formed by the spatial distribution of cells with an action potential (on), while the other cells do not produce an action potential (off). Each manifold is specific, and the actual movement of the skeletal muscle corresponds to this manifold. However, if the skeletal muscle cell group is closely connected in space, and if this manifold is formed by a group of cell groups in space, the movement of the skeletal muscle cannot be realized.

The same is true. The skeletal muscle consists of a large number of bundles of muscle fibers arranged in parallel. Each muscle cell is a muscle fiber, and each muscle fiber is slender and cylindrical. This structural feature determines that the movement of skeletal muscle has only two linear movements, contraction (shortening) and elongation, but cannot complete the complex and fine manifold movement. Multiple skeletal muscle cell groups are required to participate to complete this manifold movement. With the cooperation of the bone and joints, these cell groups coordinate to complete this manifold movement.

Here, we propose the following hypothesis: Each group of cells can complete only a simple linear motion of shortening and lengthening. The amplitude of this linear movement in each group of cells was determined by the number of cells stimulated to produce the action potential. The greater the number of cells, the greater the degree of contraction and relaxation (lengthening and shortening) of muscle cells.

To complete the three-dimensional manifold motion, three groups of cells are needed. One group of cells controls up and down movements, the second group controls left and right movements, and the third group controls front and rear movements. The three groups of muscle cells are different cell groups that cannot replace but have cross-action each other. Because each group can only move in a straight line of front and rear direction, the three groups require the participation of bones and joints to complete the three-dimensional manifold movement: for example, in the three-dimensional movement of middle fingertip cell groups, the group of cells of flexor digitorum profundus and flexor digitorum superficialis controlling the front and rear directions movements [45], the group of cells of palmar interossei and dorsal interossei controlling the left and right directions movements [46], and the group of cells of lumbricales controlling up and down directions movements [47]. The movements of three cell groups require joint participation. Their contraction and relaxation take the joints as the fulcrum to pull and control each cell group of the front and rear movement to make them perform front, rear, left, right, up, and down movements. When different degrees of motor nerve fiber impulses come, the different number of cells excited to produce action potential in each of the three groups of cell groups determines the degree of fingertip up and down, front and back, and left and right movements, resulting in various complex geometric manifold movements. This motion of space manifold curve of action potentials of skeletal muscle cells also corresponds to the time-manifold curve of motor nerve fibers.

(4) As mentioned earlier, the three-dimensional manifold movement of skeletal muscle moves according to the manifold shape formed by the action potential of the skeletal muscle cell group triggered by nerve impulses of motor nerve fibers, and motor nerve fibers carry this geometric manifold information in the form of time manifold, so there is no doubt that this manifold information comes from the motor center cortex of the brain, so how does the motor cortex transmit this information? Here, we propose the following hypothesis: as mentioned earlier, the essence of life is autonomous motion, and the essence of autonomous motion is geometric manifold motion. Therefore, a geometric manifold is the most basic determinant of life. Therefore, the manifold information of the cerebral cortex comes from nature and acts on our sensory system.

The external geometric manifold information is transmitted to the visual cortex through photons.

When an external object with a geometric shape is projected onto the eye through the optical system, the photon binds to the photoreceptor (rhodopsin) [48] on the membrane of the outermost photoreceptor cell (mainly cone cell) of the retina. The conformation of the latter changes activates the opening of the chemically gated Na+ channel of the cell membrane and generates a hyperpolarized receptor potential [49]. This receptor potential spreads to its axon terminals with electrical tension, affects the release of transmitters, and triggers the formation of an action potential in its lower ganglion cells, which has the cumulative characteristics of quantity and does not have the characteristics of all or no action potential. In fact, cones and bipolar cells do not have the ability to generate action potentials, but only ganglion cells. There are approximately six million cone cells and 1.2 million ganglion cells in the human retina [50]. Each ganglion cell is connected to 40,000–60,000 cone cells through dendrites. Ganglion cells form optic nerve fibers through long axons and project to the visual cortex [51].

When objects with different geometries project photons to the visual system, the number of photons absorbed by the cones is different, and the number of ganglion cells producing action potential is also different.

Just as the motor nerve fibers mentioned above have the characteristics of a time manifold, the cone cells and ganglion cells also have the characteristics of a time manifold when transmitting external space manifold information, where spatial geometric distribution in outside nature corresponds to temporal geometric distribution (time curved manifolds) of the cone cells and ganglion cells. The time manifold of cone cells is calculated by the number of photons bound by visual receptors per unit of time, and the time manifold of ganglion cells is calculated by the number of cells producing action units per unit of time. Thus, the geometric manifold of an external space can be described by the time manifold of cone and ganglion cells. This time manifold can be projected by the ganglion cells to the visual cortex through the optic nerve.

(5) How does the time-manifold information of ganglion cell action potentials transfer to the visual central cortex? Unlike the action potential geometric manifold of skeletal muscle cells, which have wide spatial ductility, the neurons in the visual cortex are closely connected. The limitation of the skull makes it impossible for these neurons to have motion space. Therefore, the time manifold of ganglion cells is stored in the visual cortex in a different way. Here, we propose the hypothesis that the synaptic connection of neurons of the visual cortex will form a spatial geometric manifold, which corresponds to the temporal geometric manifold of the ganglion action potential.

When ganglion cells (optic nerve fibers) transmit nerve impulses to the visual cortex through the lateral geniculate body, which has multiple synaptic connections with the visual cortex, a geometric manifold of synaptic connections between neurons in the visual cortex is formed. Owing to the different manifold shapes in the external space, the geometric manifold shapes of synaptic connections between neurons are also correspondingly different, and the two have a one-to-one relationship. How does the geometric manifold of synaptic connections form?

When the impulse of an optic nerve fiber with a special time-geometric manifold is transmitted, the action potential generated by the visual cortex neurons also has a time sequence. When the first neuron generating the action potential conducts excitation to the neurons adjacent to it, its conduction direction is also specific, which is transmitted according to the direction specified by this special geometric manifold; that is, it is only transmitted to the adjacent cells in a direction consistent with the manifold shape, and not to the adjacent cells in other directions. When this transmission is continuous, a synaptic connection between the neurons with a special geometric manifold is formed (Figure 3).

Figure 3 When the first neuron generating the action potential conducts excitation to the neurons adjacent to it, its conduction direction is also specific, which is transmitted according to the direction specified by this special geometric manifold, That is, it is only transmitted to the adjacent cells in the direction consistent with the manifold shape, not to the adjacent cells in other directions. When this transmission is continuous, a synaptic connection between neurons with a special geometric manifold is formed. The neurons in red are neurons that have an action potential and form synapses in a particular direction. The neurons in blue are neurons that have no action potential and do not form synapses in a particular direction.
Figure 3

When the first neuron generating the action potential conducts excitation to the neurons adjacent to it, its conduction direction is also specific, which is transmitted according to the direction specified by this special geometric manifold, That is, it is only transmitted to the adjacent cells in the direction consistent with the manifold shape, not to the adjacent cells in other directions. When this transmission is continuous, a synaptic connection between neurons with a special geometric manifold is formed. The neurons in red are neurons that have an action potential and form synapses in a particular direction. The neurons in blue are neurons that have no action potential and do not form synapses in a particular direction.

When a new special geometric manifold from the outside is transmitted through the impulse of optic nerve fibers, there is no existing synaptic connection with this shape between neurons; therefore, it is necessary to form a new synaptic connection with this special shape. It is known that the synaptic connections between neurons are mainly axon–cell body connections, which are composed of presynaptic membranes, synaptic spaces, and postsynaptic membranes. The action potential transmission of this synapse is unidirectional and mediated by neurotransmitters.

The synaptic structure is mainly composed of proteins. Therefore, the formation of a new synaptic geometric manifold loop requires the synthesis of new proteins, which is a complex process. Studies have shown that the formation of an axon-somatic synapse is mainly mediated by the axon guidance pathway. This axonal guidance mechanisms are mediated by many molecules, such as netrin (midline axonal guidance), Neuroglian and Fasciclins (longitudinal axonal guidance) [52], and so on.

The formation of a new synaptic geometric manifold loop cannot be generated by only one impulse transmission; it can only be generated by many times of the same stimulation. Therefore, the synaptic geometric manifold does not have infinity; that is, the manifold shape generated and consolidated between neuronal synapses completely depends on the stimulation intensity and duration of this shape that emerges in the visual pathway. In contrast, if a new synaptic manifold cannot be consolidated and strengthened for a long time, this manifold may be gradually lost, which is called memory loss.

Long-term and short-term memory can be explained using this concept [53]. Long-term memory is the generation of a synaptic manifold that represents the synthesis of new proteins. Short-term memory implies that there is no synthesis of new proteins. It is a new external manifold stimulation, which is similar to or consistent with the existing brain synaptic manifold. On the contrary, if a new synaptic manifold cannot be consolidated and strengthened for a long time, then this manifold may be gradually lost, which is called memory loss.

From this, we can see that the synaptic manifold of neurons is the basis and essence of memory. The more synaptic manifolds, the stronger the memory and logical thinking ability.

In natural evolution, the cortical cortex of the brain has a division of labor; therefore, the cerebral cortex of higher animals is divided into many areas [54], such as the motor center controlling skeletal muscle movement and the visual center cortex controlling vision. How do they relate, or how does the movement center cortex start the geometric manifold movement of the skeletal muscle? It is speculated that they have an intermediate nerve nucleus connection similar to nerve fibers or multiple synaptic connections with each other. This needs further research. As mentioned earlier, how the action potential manifold conducted by visual nerve fibers leads to the new synthesis of neuronal proteins and synapse formation is still a mystery now.

3 Protein is the basis of autonomous movement of life

As previously mentioned, the essence of life’s autonomous movement is the movement of proteins. Only 20 basic amino acids make up proteins, but their arrangement and combination have the possibility of infinite diversity, which also conforms to the law of nature to express complex diversity with simplicity. The geometric manifold movement of skeletal muscle is mainly performed by myosin and actin on muscle fibers, with the participation of other proteins [55,56]. With the aid of bones and joints, only a limited number of proteins can complete various complex manifold movements (but cannot move on an infinite number of manifold shapes). However, theoretically, owing to the infinite diversity of geometric manifold shapes in nature, the arrangement and combination of 20 amino acids should have infinite diversity, and the geometric manifold formed by the protein three-dimensional spatial structure should also have infinite diversity. The transformation from one manifold to another (change in the autonomic movement state of life) only requires a change in the arrangement and combination of amino acids.

Because DNA is a genetic material and protein synthesis uses it as a template [57], the infinite diversity of arrangement and combination of 20 amino acids also determines the infinite diversity of arrangement and combination of four nucleotides (infinite diversity of genes), which also follows the natural law of expressing complexity with simplicity.

Theoretically, if a large number of proteins and genes are placed in a cell or arranged in a system from gene to protein, the movement of proteins from one shape to another will become extremely complex in this organism. Living organisms use cells as the working unit to solve this problem. There are fewer proteins and genes in each cell, and the division of labor of each cell is the same or different. Instead of the direct change of a group of three-dimensional manifolds composed of many proteins, in the connection between cells, the change in manifolds can be realized only by increasing and decreasing the number of cells. Therefore, physiological replication and apoptosis of cells are essential to meet the needs of protein manifold changes. Manifold changes in cells have the following advantages. (1) Each cell has fewer genomes and produces fewer proteins, and its time and process are simplified. (2) For manifold changes containing more proteins, only the replication and apoptosis of their cells can be changed without direct change. Here, the protein–protein interaction (a small group of proteins connected with a small group) replaces the overall connection of a large group of proteins.

From these reasons, it can be seen that the essence of life is autonomous movement, and the material basis of autonomous movement is protein. Therefore, autonomous movement is a change in the geometric manifold of a protein. Furthermore, the protein geometric manifold is the essence and basis of all life phenomena. Gene expression, gene regulation (gene–protein interaction), and protein synthesis regulation are aimed at changing this geometric manifold.

Under the stimulation of various external pressures, when skeletal muscle or other organs need to move in a new geometric manifold that does not exist in the synaptic connection of their own nerve center, the three-dimensional manifold structure of the protein needs to meet and merge into this manifold shape, so the gene mutations that control protein synthesis occur; it has been suggested that transposons can change genome size and cause mutations, which may cause changes in the geometric manifold of proteins. When mutations or other factors lead to the dissociation of protein–protein interactions, multiple cells die, resulting in a large area of protein fracture (collapse of geometric manifold), and the organism begins to senescence or death.

4 Perspectives

In the future, to confirm the properties of the spatial geometric manifolds of the synaptic connection of neurons of the visual cortex, probes are needed where individual spikes can be reliably distinguished in temporal resolution and the action potentials of large-scale neuronal populations in the local field of the visual cortex can be measured [58]. Furthermore, when hundreds and thousands of well-isolated single neurons are simultaneously recorded from different fields of the visual cortex in awake animals, surprising experimental results may be obtained. By then, it becomes possible that a direct observation on the spatial summation distribution of action potentials with all or none pattern within the group of skeletal muscle cells.

tel: +86-13833450232

  1. Funding information: Author states no funding involved.

  2. Author contribution: Qing Li does full work in this article.

  3. Conflict of interest: Author states no conflict of interest.

  4. Data availability statement: Data sharing is not applicable to this article as no datasets were generated or analyzed during the current study.

References

[1] O’Keefe J, Dostrovsky J. The hippocampus as a spatial map. Preliminary evidence from unit activity in the freely-moving rat. Brain Res. 1971;34(1):171–5.10.1016/0006-8993(71)90358-1Suche in Google Scholar

[2] Hafting T, Fyhn M, Molden S, Moser MB, Moser EI. Microstructure of a spatial map in the entorhinal cortex. Nature. 2005;436(7052):801–6.10.1038/nature03721Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

[3] Krupic J, Bauza M, Burton S, Barry C, O’Keefe J. Grid cell symmetry is shaped by environmental geometry. Nature. 2015;518(7538):232–5.10.1038/nature14153Suche in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

[4] Moser EI, Moser MB, McNaughton BL. Spatial representation in the hippocampal formation: a history. Nat Neurosci. 2017;20(11):1448–64.10.1038/nn.4653Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

[5] Gardner RJ, Hermansen E, Pachitariu M, Burak Y, Baas NA, Dunn BA, et al. Toroidal topology of population activity in grid cells. Nature. 2022;602(7895):123–8.10.1038/s41586-021-04268-7Suche in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

[6] Wilkins MHF, Stokes AR, Wilson HR. Molecular structure of deoxypentose nucleic acids. Nature. 1953;171(4356):738–40.10.1007/978-3-662-47150-0_6Suche in Google Scholar

[7] Schrödinger R. What is life? – The physical aspect of the living cell. United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press; 1944.Suche in Google Scholar

[8] Bohuszewicz O, Liu J, Low HH. Membrane remodelling in bacteria. J Struct Biol. 2016;196(1):3–14.10.1016/j.jsb.2016.05.010Suche in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

[9] Cao Y, Lin H. Characterization and function of membrane vesicles in Gram-positive bacteria. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. 2021;105(5):1795–801.10.1007/s00253-021-11140-1Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

[10] Frazier AE, Vincent AE, Turnbull DM, Thorburn DR, Taylor EW. Assessment of mitochondrial respiratory chain enzymes in cells and tissues. Methods Cell Biol. 2020;155:121–56.10.1016/bs.mcb.2019.11.007Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

[11] Papa S, Capitanio G, Papa F. The mechanism of coupling between oxido-reduction and proton translocation in respiratory chain enzymes. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc. 2018;93(1):322–49.10.1111/brv.12347Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

[12] Abbondanzieri EA, Meyer AS. More than just a phase: the search for membraneless organelles in the bacterial cytoplasm. Curr Genet. 2019;65(3):691–4.10.1007/s00294-018-00927-xSuche in Google Scholar PubMed

[13] Schulz F, Horn M. Intranuclear bacteria: inside the cellular control center of eukaryotes. Trends Cell Biol. 2015;25(6):339–46.10.1016/j.tcb.2015.01.002Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

[14] Wilson DN. Ribosome-targeting antibiotics and mechanisms of bacterial resistance. Nat Rev Microbiol. 2014;12(1):35–48.10.1038/nrmicro3155Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

[15] Huter P, Müller C, Arenz S, Beckert B, Wilson DN. Structural basis for ribosome rescue in bacteria. Trends Biochem Sci. 2017;42(8):669–80.10.1016/j.tibs.2017.05.009Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

[16] Pierini R, Cottam E, Roberts R, Wileman T. Modulation of membrane traffic between endoplasmic reticulum, ERGIC and Golgi to generate compartments for the replication of bacteria and viruses. Semin Cell Dev Biol. 2009;20(7):828–33.10.1016/j.semcdb.2009.03.015Suche in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

[17] Vaughn B, Kwaik YA. Idiosyncratic biogenesis of intracellular pathogens-containing vacuoles. Front Cell Infect Microbiol. 2021;11:722433.10.3389/fcimb.2021.722433Suche in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

[18] McCluggage F, Fox AH. Paraspeckle nuclear condensates: global sensors of cell stress? Bioessays. 2021;43(5):e2000245.10.1002/bies.202000245Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

[19] Loh D, Reiter RJ. Melatonin: regulation of biomolecular condensates in neurodegenerative disorders. Antioxid (Basel). 2021;10(9):1483.10.3390/antiox10091483Suche in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

[20] Nakamura S, Minamino T. Flagella-driven motility of bacteria. Biomolecules. 2019;9(7):279.10.3390/biom9070279Suche in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

[21] Zhang WJ, Wu LF. Flagella and swimming behavior of marine magnetotactic bacteria. Biomolecules. 2020;10(3):460.10.3390/biom10030460Suche in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

[22] Saotome K, Murthy SE, Kefauver JM, Whitwam T, Patapoutian A, Ward AB. Structure of the mechanically activated ion channel Piezo1. Nature. 2018;554(7693):481–6.10.1038/nature25453Suche in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

[23] Changeux JP. Structural identification of the nicotinic receptor ion channel. Trends Neurosci. 2018;41(2):67–70.10.1016/j.tins.2017.11.003Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

[24] Armitage JP, Berry RM. Assembly and dynamics of the bacterial flagellum. Annu Rev Microbiol. 2020;74:181–200.10.1146/annurev-micro-090816-093411Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

[25] Khan S. The architectural dynamics of the bacterial flagellar motor switch. Biomolecules. 2020;10(6):833.10.3390/biom10060833Suche in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

[26] Tan JX, Zhang X, Wang XF, Xu CH, Chang SH, Wu HJ, et al. Structural basis of assembly and torque transmission of the bacterial flagellar motor. Cell. 184(10):2665–79.e19.10.1016/j.cell.2021.03.057Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

[27] Dodson G, Verma CS. Protein flexibility: its role in structure and mechanism revealed by molecular simulations. Cell Mol Life Sci. 2006;63(2):207–19.10.1007/s00018-005-5236-7Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

[28] Yaseen A, Nijim M, Williams B, Qian L, Li M, Wang JX, et al. FLEXc: protein flexibility prediction using context-based statistics, predicted structural features, and sequence information. BMC Bioinforma. 2016;17(Suppl 8):281.10.1186/s12859-016-1117-3Suche in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

[29] Iida T, Santa T, Toriba AKI. Amino acid sequence and D/L-configuration determination methods for D-amino acid-containing peptides in living organisms. Biomed Chromatogr. 2001;15(5):319–27.10.1002/bmc.80Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

[30] Dalangin R, Kim A, Campbell RE. The role of amino acids in neurotransmission and fluorescent tools for their detection. Int J Mol Sci. 2020;21(17):6197.10.3390/ijms21176197Suche in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

[31] Sine SM. End-plate acetylcholine receptor: structure, mechanism, pharmacology, and disease. Physiol Rev. 2012;92(3):1189–234.10.1152/physrev.00015.2011Suche in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

[32] Kuffler SW, Yoshikami D. The number of transmitter molecules in a quantum: an estimate from iontophoretic application of acetylcholine at the neuromuscular synapse. J Physiol. 1975;251(2):465–82.10.1113/jphysiol.1975.sp011103Suche in Google Scholar

[33] Heuser JE, Salpeter SR. Organization of acetylcholine receptors in quick-frozen, deep-etched, rotary-replicated Torpedo postsynaptic membrane. J Cell Biol. 1979;82(1):150–73.10.1083/jcb.82.1.150Suche in Google Scholar

[34] Rosenberry TL. Quantitative simulation of endplate currents at neuromuscular junctions based on the reaction of acetylcholine with acetylcholine receptor and acetylcholinesterase. Biophys J. 1979;26(2):263–89.10.1016/S0006-3495(79)85249-2Suche in Google Scholar

[35] Bartol TM Jr, Land BR, Salpeter EE, Salpeter MM. Monte Carlo simulation of miniature endplate current generation in the vertebrate neuromuscular junction. Biophys J. 1991;59(6):1290–307.10.1016/S0006-3495(91)82344-XSuche in Google Scholar

[36] Mconochie DJ, Steinbach JH. Block by acetylcholine of mouse muscle nicotinic receptors, stably expressed in fibroblasts. J Gen Physiol. 1995;106(1):113–47.10.1085/jgp.106.1.113Suche in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

[37] Linder TM, Quastel DM. A voltage-clamp study of the permeability change induced by quanta of transmitter at the mouse end-plate. J Physiol. 1978;281:535–58.10.1113/jphysiol.1978.sp012438Suche in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

[38] Katz B, Miledi R. The statistical nature of the acetycholine potential and its molecular components. J Physiol. 1972;224(3):665–99.10.1113/jphysiol.1972.sp009918Suche in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

[39] Nyland LR, Palmer BM, Chen Z, Manghan DW, Vigoreaux JO. Cardiac myosin binding protein-C is essential for thick-filament stability and flexural rigidity. Biophys J. 2009;96(8):3273–80.10.1016/j.bpj.2008.12.3946Suche in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

[40] Pollard TD, Cooper JA. Actin, a central player in cell shape and movement. Science. 2009;326(5957):1208–12.10.1126/science.1175862Suche in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

[41] Granzier HL, Akster HA, Ter, Keurs HE. Effect of thin filament length on the force-sarcomere length relation of skeletal muscle. Am J Physiol. 1991;260:C1060–70.10.1152/ajpcell.1991.260.5.C1060Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

[42] Littlefield R, Almenar-Queralt A, Fowler VM. Actin dynamics at pointed ends regulates thin filament length in striated muscle. Nat Cell Biol. 2001;3(6):544–51.10.1038/35078517Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

[43] Mardahl-Dumesnil M, Fowler VM. Thin filaments elongate from their pointed ends during myofibril assembly in Drosophila indirect flight muscle. J Cell Biol. 2001;155(6):1043–53.10.1083/jcb.200108026Suche in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

[44] Liu Q, Philip BK, Dobosiewicz M, Bargmann CI. C. elegans AWA olfactory neurons fire calcium-mediated all-or-none action potentials. Cell. 2018;175(1):57–70.e17.10.1016/j.cell.2018.08.018Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

[45] Vélez-García JF, Arbeláez-Quiñones AC, Montealegre-Hurtado KD. Evolutionary adaptations in the flexor digitorum profundus muscle in Tamandua mexicana (Xenarthra, Myrmecophagidae). Anat Rec (Hoboken). 2021;304(4):758–70.10.1002/ar.24502Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

[46] Nayak VS, Priya A, Bhat N, Nayak SS, D’Souza AS, Bangera H, et al. Cadaveric study on morphology of dorsal interossei of hand and its anatomical variation. J Clin Diagn Res. 2016;10(6):AC04–6.10.7860/JCDR/2016/19068.8034Suche in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

[47] Leijnse JN. A generic morphological model of the anatomic variability in the m. flexor digitorum profundus, m. flexor pollicis longus and mm. lumbricales complex. Acta Anat (Basel). 1997;160(1):62–74.10.1159/000147997Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

[48] Poo M, Cone RA. Lateral diffusion of rhodopsin in the photoreceptor membrane. Nature. 1974;247(5441):438–41.10.1038/247438a0Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

[49] Alles SRA, Smith PA. Etiology and pharmacology of neuropathic pain. Pharmacol Rev. 2018;70(2):315–47.10.1124/pr.117.014399Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

[50] Vaney DI, Sivyer B, Taylor WR. Direction selectivity in the retina: symmetry and asymmetry in structure and function. Nat Rev Neurosci. 2012;13(3):194–208.10.1038/nrn3165Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

[51] Detwiler PB. Phototransduction in retinal ganglion cells. Yale J Biol Med. 2018;91(1):49–52.Suche in Google Scholar

[52] Araújo SJ, Tear G. Axon guidance mechanisms and molecules: lessons from invertebrates. Nat Rev Neurosci. 2003;4(11):910–22.10.1038/nrn1243Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

[53] Bliss TV, Collingridge GL. A synaptic model of memory: long-term potentiation in the hippocampus. Nature. 1993;361(6407):31–9.10.1038/361031a0Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

[54] Okazawa G, Hatch CE, Mancoo A, Machens CK, Kiani R. Representational geometry of perceptual decisions in the monkey parietal cortex. Cell. 2021;184(14):3748–61.e18.10.1016/j.cell.2021.05.022Suche in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

[55] Guhathakurta P, Prochniewicz E, Thomas DD. Actin-myosin interaction: structure, function and drug discovery. Int J Mol. 2018;19(9):2628.10.3390/ijms19092628Suche in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

[56] Dominguez R, Holmes KC. Actin structure and function. Annu Rev Biophys. 2011;40:169–86.10.1146/annurev-biophys-042910-155359Suche in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

[57] Huang HM, Stephan P, Kries H. Engineering DNA-templated nonribosomal peptide synthesis. Cell Chem Biol. 2021;28(2):221–7.e7.10.1016/j.chembiol.2020.11.004Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

[58] Jun JJ, Steinmetz NA, Siegle JH, Denman DJ, Bauza M, Barbarits B, et al. Fully integrated silicon probes for high-density recording of neural activity. Nature. 2017;551(7679):232–6.10.1038/nature24636Suche in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

Received: 2022-02-23
Revised: 2022-07-19
Accepted: 2022-07-28
Published Online: 2022-09-16

© 2022 Qing Li, published by De Gruyter

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Artikel in diesem Heft

  1. Biomedical Sciences
  2. Effects of direct oral anticoagulants dabigatran and rivaroxaban on the blood coagulation function in rabbits
  3. The mother of all battles: Viruses vs humans. Can humans avoid extinction in 50–100 years?
  4. Knockdown of G1P3 inhibits cell proliferation and enhances the cytotoxicity of dexamethasone in acute lymphoblastic leukemia
  5. LINC00665 regulates hepatocellular carcinoma by modulating mRNA via the m6A enzyme
  6. Association study of CLDN14 variations in patients with kidney stones
  7. Concanavalin A-induced autoimmune hepatitis model in mice: Mechanisms and future outlook
  8. Regulation of miR-30b in cancer development, apoptosis, and drug resistance
  9. Informatic analysis of the pulmonary microecology in non-cystic fibrosis bronchiectasis at three different stages
  10. Swimming attenuates tumor growth in CT-26 tumor-bearing mice and suppresses angiogenesis by mediating the HIF-1α/VEGFA pathway
  11. Characterization of intestinal microbiota and serum metabolites in patients with mild hepatic encephalopathy
  12. Functional conservation and divergence in plant-specific GRF gene family revealed by sequences and expression analysis
  13. Application of the FLP/LoxP-FRT recombination system to switch the eGFP expression in a model prokaryote
  14. Biomedical evaluation of antioxidant properties of lamb meat enriched with iodine and selenium
  15. Intravenous infusion of the exosomes derived from human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells enhance neurological recovery after traumatic brain injury via suppressing the NF-κB pathway
  16. Effect of dietary pattern on pregnant women with gestational diabetes mellitus and its clinical significance
  17. Potential regulatory mechanism of TNF-α/TNFR1/ANXA1 in glioma cells and its role in glioma cell proliferation
  18. Effect of the genetic mutant G71R in uridine diphosphate-glucuronosyltransferase 1A1 on the conjugation of bilirubin
  19. Quercetin inhibits cytotoxicity of PC12 cells induced by amyloid-beta 25–35 via stimulating estrogen receptor α, activating ERK1/2, and inhibiting apoptosis
  20. Nutrition intervention in the management of novel coronavirus pneumonia patients
  21. circ-CFH promotes the development of HCC by regulating cell proliferation, apoptosis, migration, invasion, and glycolysis through the miR-377-3p/RNF38 axis
  22. Bmi-1 directly upregulates glucose transporter 1 in human gastric adenocarcinoma
  23. Lacunar infarction aggravates the cognitive deficit in the elderly with white matter lesion
  24. Hydroxysafflor yellow A improved retinopathy via Nrf2/HO-1 pathway in rats
  25. Comparison of axon extension: PTFE versus PLA formed by a 3D printer
  26. Elevated IL-35 level and iTr35 subset increase the bacterial burden and lung lesions in Mycobacterium tuberculosis-infected mice
  27. A case report of CAT gene and HNF1β gene variations in a patient with early-onset diabetes
  28. Study on the mechanism of inhibiting patulin production by fengycin
  29. SOX4 promotes high-glucose-induced inflammation and angiogenesis of retinal endothelial cells by activating NF-κB signaling pathway
  30. Relationship between blood clots and COVID-19 vaccines: A literature review
  31. Analysis of genetic characteristics of 436 children with dysplasia and detailed analysis of rare karyotype
  32. Bioinformatics network analyses of growth differentiation factor 11
  33. NR4A1 inhibits the epithelial–mesenchymal transition of hepatic stellate cells: Involvement of TGF-β–Smad2/3/4–ZEB signaling
  34. Expression of Zeb1 in the differentiation of mouse embryonic stem cell
  35. Study on the genetic damage caused by cadmium sulfide quantum dots in human lymphocytes
  36. Association between single-nucleotide polymorphisms of NKX2.5 and congenital heart disease in Chinese population: A meta-analysis
  37. Assessment of the anesthetic effect of modified pentothal sodium solution on Sprague-Dawley rats
  38. Genetic susceptibility to high myopia in Han Chinese population
  39. Potential biomarkers and molecular mechanisms in preeclampsia progression
  40. Silencing circular RNA-friend leukemia virus integration 1 restrained malignancy of CC cells and oxaliplatin resistance by disturbing dyskeratosis congenita 1
  41. Endostar plus pembrolizumab combined with a platinum-based dual chemotherapy regime for advanced pulmonary large-cell neuroendocrine carcinoma as a first-line treatment: A case report
  42. The significance of PAK4 in signaling and clinicopathology: A review
  43. Sorafenib inhibits ovarian cancer cell proliferation and mobility and induces radiosensitivity by targeting the tumor cell epithelial–mesenchymal transition
  44. Characterization of rabbit polyclonal antibody against camel recombinant nanobodies
  45. Active legumain promotes invasion and migration of neuroblastoma by regulating epithelial-mesenchymal transition
  46. Effect of cell receptors in the pathogenesis of osteoarthritis: Current insights
  47. MT-12 inhibits the proliferation of bladder cells in vitro and in vivo by enhancing autophagy through mitochondrial dysfunction
  48. Study of hsa_circRNA_000121 and hsa_circRNA_004183 in papillary thyroid microcarcinoma
  49. BuyangHuanwu Decoction attenuates cerebral vasospasm caused by subarachnoid hemorrhage in rats via PI3K/AKT/eNOS axis
  50. Effects of the interaction of Notch and TLR4 pathways on inflammation and heart function in septic heart
  51. Monosodium iodoacetate-induced subchondral bone microstructure and inflammatory changes in an animal model of osteoarthritis
  52. A rare presentation of type II Abernethy malformation and nephrotic syndrome: Case report and review
  53. Rapid death due to pulmonary epithelioid haemangioendothelioma in several weeks: A case report
  54. Hepatoprotective role of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-α in non-cancerous hepatic tissues following transcatheter arterial embolization
  55. Correlation between peripheral blood lymphocyte subpopulations and primary systemic lupus erythematosus
  56. A novel SLC8A1-ALK fusion in lung adenocarcinoma confers sensitivity to alectinib: A case report
  57. β-Hydroxybutyrate upregulates FGF21 expression through inhibition of histone deacetylases in hepatocytes
  58. Identification of metabolic genes for the prediction of prognosis and tumor microenvironment infiltration in early-stage non-small cell lung cancer
  59. BTBD10 inhibits glioma tumorigenesis by downregulating cyclin D1 and p-Akt
  60. Mucormycosis co-infection in COVID-19 patients: An update
  61. Metagenomic next-generation sequencing in diagnosing Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia: A case report
  62. Long non-coding RNA HOXB-AS1 is a prognostic marker and promotes hepatocellular carcinoma cells’ proliferation and invasion
  63. Preparation and evaluation of LA-PEG-SPION, a targeted MRI contrast agent for liver cancer
  64. Proteomic analysis of the liver regulating lipid metabolism in Chaohu ducks using two-dimensional electrophoresis
  65. Nasopharyngeal tuberculosis: A case report
  66. Characterization and evaluation of anti-Salmonella enteritidis activity of indigenous probiotic lactobacilli in mice
  67. Aberrant pulmonary immune response of obese mice to periodontal infection
  68. Bacteriospermia – A formidable player in male subfertility
  69. In silico and in vivo analysis of TIPE1 expression in diffuse large B cell lymphoma
  70. Effects of KCa channels on biological behavior of trophoblasts
  71. Interleukin-17A influences the vulnerability rather than the size of established atherosclerotic plaques in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice
  72. Multiple organ failure and death caused by Staphylococcus aureus hip infection: A case report
  73. Prognostic signature related to the immune environment of oral squamous cell carcinoma
  74. Primary and metastatic squamous cell carcinoma of the thyroid gland: Two case reports
  75. Neuroprotective effects of crocin and crocin-loaded niosomes against the paraquat-induced oxidative brain damage in rats
  76. Role of MMP-2 and CD147 in kidney fibrosis
  77. Geometric basis of action potential of skeletal muscle cells and neurons
  78. Babesia microti-induced fulminant sepsis in an immunocompromised host: A case report and the case-specific literature review
  79. Role of cerebellar cortex in associative learning and memory in guinea pigs
  80. Application of metagenomic next-generation sequencing technique for diagnosing a specific case of necrotizing meningoencephalitis caused by human herpesvirus 2
  81. Case report: Quadruple primary malignant neoplasms including esophageal, ureteral, and lung in an elderly male
  82. Long non-coding RNA NEAT1 promotes angiogenesis in hepatoma carcinoma via the miR-125a-5p/VEGF pathway
  83. Osteogenic differentiation of periodontal membrane stem cells in inflammatory environments
  84. Knockdown of SHMT2 enhances the sensitivity of gastric cancer cells to radiotherapy through the Wnt/β-catenin pathway
  85. Continuous renal replacement therapy combined with double filtration plasmapheresis in the treatment of severe lupus complicated by serious bacterial infections in children: A case report
  86. Simultaneous triple primary malignancies, including bladder cancer, lymphoma, and lung cancer, in an elderly male: A case report
  87. Preclinical immunogenicity assessment of a cell-based inactivated whole-virion H5N1 influenza vaccine
  88. One case of iodine-125 therapy – A new minimally invasive treatment of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma
  89. S1P promotes corneal trigeminal neuron differentiation and corneal nerve repair via upregulating nerve growth factor expression in a mouse model
  90. Early cancer detection by a targeted methylation assay of circulating tumor DNA in plasma
  91. Calcifying nanoparticles initiate the calcification process of mesenchymal stem cells in vitro through the activation of the TGF-β1/Smad signaling pathway and promote the decay of echinococcosis
  92. Evaluation of prognostic markers in patients infected with SARS-CoV-2
  93. N6-Methyladenosine-related alternative splicing events play a role in bladder cancer
  94. Characterization of the structural, oxidative, and immunological features of testis tissue from Zucker diabetic fatty rats
  95. Effects of glucose and osmotic pressure on the proliferation and cell cycle of human chorionic trophoblast cells
  96. Investigation of genotype diversity of 7,804 norovirus sequences in humans and animals of China
  97. Characteristics and karyotype analysis of a patient with turner syndrome complicated with multiple-site tumors: A case report
  98. Aggravated renal fibrosis is positively associated with the activation of HMGB1-TLR2/4 signaling in STZ-induced diabetic mice
  99. Distribution characteristics of SARS-CoV-2 IgM/IgG in false-positive results detected by chemiluminescent immunoassay
  100. SRPX2 attenuated oxygen–glucose deprivation and reperfusion-induced injury in cardiomyocytes via alleviating endoplasmic reticulum stress-induced apoptosis through targeting PI3K/Akt/mTOR axis
  101. Aquaporin-8 overexpression is involved in vascular structure and function changes in placentas of gestational diabetes mellitus patients
  102. Relationship between CRP gene polymorphisms and ischemic stroke risk: A systematic review and meta-analysis
  103. Effects of growth hormone on lipid metabolism and sexual development in pubertal obese male rats
  104. Cloning and identification of the CTLA-4IgV gene and functional application of vaccine in Xinjiang sheep
  105. Antitumor activity of RUNX3: Upregulation of E-cadherin and downregulation of the epithelial–mesenchymal transition in clear-cell renal cell carcinoma
  106. PHF8 promotes osteogenic differentiation of BMSCs in old rat with osteoporosis by regulating Wnt/β-catenin pathway
  107. A review of the current state of the computer-aided diagnosis (CAD) systems for breast cancer diagnosis
  108. Bilateral dacryoadenitis in adult-onset Still’s disease: A case report
  109. A novel association between Bmi-1 protein expression and the SUVmax obtained by 18F-FDG PET/CT in patients with gastric adenocarcinoma
  110. The role of erythrocytes and erythroid progenitor cells in tumors
  111. Relationship between platelet activation markers and spontaneous abortion: A meta-analysis
  112. Abnormal methylation caused by folic acid deficiency in neural tube defects
  113. Silencing TLR4 using an ultrasound-targeted microbubble destruction-based shRNA system reduces ischemia-induced seizures in hyperglycemic rats
  114. Plant Sciences
  115. Seasonal succession of bacterial communities in cultured Caulerpa lentillifera detected by high-throughput sequencing
  116. Cloning and prokaryotic expression of WRKY48 from Caragana intermedia
  117. Novel Brassica hybrids with different resistance to Leptosphaeria maculans reveal unbalanced rDNA signal patterns
  118. Application of exogenous auxin and gibberellin regulates the bolting of lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.)
  119. Phytoremediation of pollutants from wastewater: A concise review
  120. Genome-wide identification and characterization of NBS-encoding genes in the sweet potato wild ancestor Ipomoea trifida (H.B.K.)
  121. Alleviative effects of magnetic Fe3O4 nanoparticles on the physiological toxicity of 3-nitrophenol to rice (Oryza sativa L.) seedlings
  122. Selection and functional identification of Dof genes expressed in response to nitrogen in Populus simonii × Populus nigra
  123. Study on pecan seed germination influenced by seed endocarp
  124. Identification of active compounds in Ophiopogonis Radix from different geographical origins by UPLC-Q/TOF-MS combined with GC-MS approaches
  125. The entire chloroplast genome sequence of Asparagus cochinchinensis and genetic comparison to Asparagus species
  126. Genome-wide identification of MAPK family genes and their response to abiotic stresses in tea plant (Camellia sinensis)
  127. Selection and validation of reference genes for RT-qPCR analysis of different organs at various development stages in Caragana intermedia
  128. Cloning and expression analysis of SERK1 gene in Diospyros lotus
  129. Integrated metabolomic and transcriptomic profiling revealed coping mechanisms of the edible and medicinal homologous plant Plantago asiatica L. cadmium resistance
  130. A missense variant in NCF1 is associated with susceptibility to unexplained recurrent spontaneous abortion
  131. Assessment of drought tolerance indices in faba bean genotypes under different irrigation regimes
  132. The entire chloroplast genome sequence of Asparagus setaceus (Kunth) Jessop: Genome structure, gene composition, and phylogenetic analysis in Asparagaceae
  133. Food Science
  134. Dietary food additive monosodium glutamate with or without high-lipid diet induces spleen anomaly: A mechanistic approach on rat model
  135. Binge eating disorder during COVID-19
  136. Potential of honey against the onset of autoimmune diabetes and its associated nephropathy, pancreatitis, and retinopathy in type 1 diabetic animal model
  137. FTO gene expression in diet-induced obesity is downregulated by Solanum fruit supplementation
  138. Physical activity enhances fecal lactobacilli in rats chronically drinking sweetened cola beverage
  139. Supercritical CO2 extraction, chemical composition, and antioxidant effects of Coreopsis tinctoria Nutt. oleoresin
  140. Functional constituents of plant-based foods boost immunity against acute and chronic disorders
  141. Effect of selenium and methods of protein extraction on the proteomic profile of Saccharomyces yeast
  142. Microbial diversity of milk ghee in southern Gansu and its effect on the formation of ghee flavor compounds
  143. Ecology and Environmental Sciences
  144. Effects of heavy metals on bacterial community surrounding Bijiashan mining area located in northwest China
  145. Microorganism community composition analysis coupling with 15N tracer experiments reveals the nitrification rate and N2O emissions in low pH soils in Southern China
  146. Genetic diversity and population structure of Cinnamomum balansae Lecomte inferred by microsatellites
  147. Preliminary screening of microplastic contamination in different marine fish species of Taif market, Saudi Arabia
  148. Plant volatile organic compounds attractive to Lygus pratensis
  149. Effects of organic materials on soil bacterial community structure in long-term continuous cropping of tomato in greenhouse
  150. Effects of soil treated fungicide fluopimomide on tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) disease control and plant growth
  151. Prevalence of Yersinia pestis among rodents captured in a semi-arid tropical ecosystem of south-western Zimbabwe
  152. Effects of irrigation and nitrogen fertilization on mitigating salt-induced Na+ toxicity and sustaining sea rice growth
  153. Bioengineering and Biotechnology
  154. Poly-l-lysine-caused cell adhesion induces pyroptosis in THP-1 monocytes
  155. Development of alkaline phosphatase-scFv and its use for one-step enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for His-tagged protein detection
  156. Development and validation of a predictive model for immune-related genes in patients with tongue squamous cell carcinoma
  157. Agriculture
  158. Effects of chemical-based fertilizer replacement with biochar-based fertilizer on albic soil nutrient content and maize yield
  159. Genome-wide identification and expression analysis of CPP-like gene family in Triticum aestivum L. under different hormone and stress conditions
  160. Agronomic and economic performance of mung bean (Vigna radiata L.) varieties in response to rates of blended NPS fertilizer in Kindo Koysha district, Southern Ethiopia
  161. Influence of furrow irrigation regime on the yield and water consumption indicators of winter wheat based on a multi-level fuzzy comprehensive evaluation
  162. Discovery of exercise-related genes and pathway analysis based on comparative genomes of Mongolian originated Abaga and Wushen horse
  163. Lessons from integrated seasonal forecast-crop modelling in Africa: A systematic review
  164. Evolution trend of soil fertility in tobacco-planting area of Chenzhou, Hunan Province, China
  165. Animal Sciences
  166. Morphological and molecular characterization of Tatera indica Hardwicke 1807 (Rodentia: Muridae) from Pothwar, Pakistan
  167. Research on meat quality of Qianhua Mutton Merino sheep and Small-tail Han sheep
  168. SI: A Scientific Memoir
  169. Suggestions on leading an academic research laboratory group
  170. My scientific genealogy and the Toronto ACDC Laboratory, 1988–2022
  171. Erratum
  172. Erratum to “Changes of immune cells in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma treated by radiofrequency ablation and hepatectomy, a pilot study”
  173. Erratum to “A two-microRNA signature predicts the progression of male thyroid cancer”
  174. Retraction
  175. Retraction of “Lidocaine has antitumor effect on hepatocellular carcinoma via the circ_DYNC1H1/miR-520a-3p/USP14 axis”
https://doi.org/10.1515/biol-2022-0488
Schlagwörter für diesen Artikel
action potential; skeletal muscle cells; synaptic connection of neurons; space curved manifolds; time curved manifolds
Creative Commons
BY 4.0

Artikel in diesem Heft

  1. Biomedical Sciences
  2. Effects of direct oral anticoagulants dabigatran and rivaroxaban on the blood coagulation function in rabbits
  3. The mother of all battles: Viruses vs humans. Can humans avoid extinction in 50–100 years?
  4. Knockdown of G1P3 inhibits cell proliferation and enhances the cytotoxicity of dexamethasone in acute lymphoblastic leukemia
  5. LINC00665 regulates hepatocellular carcinoma by modulating mRNA via the m6A enzyme
  6. Association study of CLDN14 variations in patients with kidney stones
  7. Concanavalin A-induced autoimmune hepatitis model in mice: Mechanisms and future outlook
  8. Regulation of miR-30b in cancer development, apoptosis, and drug resistance
  9. Informatic analysis of the pulmonary microecology in non-cystic fibrosis bronchiectasis at three different stages
  10. Swimming attenuates tumor growth in CT-26 tumor-bearing mice and suppresses angiogenesis by mediating the HIF-1α/VEGFA pathway
  11. Characterization of intestinal microbiota and serum metabolites in patients with mild hepatic encephalopathy
  12. Functional conservation and divergence in plant-specific GRF gene family revealed by sequences and expression analysis
  13. Application of the FLP/LoxP-FRT recombination system to switch the eGFP expression in a model prokaryote
  14. Biomedical evaluation of antioxidant properties of lamb meat enriched with iodine and selenium
  15. Intravenous infusion of the exosomes derived from human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells enhance neurological recovery after traumatic brain injury via suppressing the NF-κB pathway
  16. Effect of dietary pattern on pregnant women with gestational diabetes mellitus and its clinical significance
  17. Potential regulatory mechanism of TNF-α/TNFR1/ANXA1 in glioma cells and its role in glioma cell proliferation
  18. Effect of the genetic mutant G71R in uridine diphosphate-glucuronosyltransferase 1A1 on the conjugation of bilirubin
  19. Quercetin inhibits cytotoxicity of PC12 cells induced by amyloid-beta 25–35 via stimulating estrogen receptor α, activating ERK1/2, and inhibiting apoptosis
  20. Nutrition intervention in the management of novel coronavirus pneumonia patients
  21. circ-CFH promotes the development of HCC by regulating cell proliferation, apoptosis, migration, invasion, and glycolysis through the miR-377-3p/RNF38 axis
  22. Bmi-1 directly upregulates glucose transporter 1 in human gastric adenocarcinoma
  23. Lacunar infarction aggravates the cognitive deficit in the elderly with white matter lesion
  24. Hydroxysafflor yellow A improved retinopathy via Nrf2/HO-1 pathway in rats
  25. Comparison of axon extension: PTFE versus PLA formed by a 3D printer
  26. Elevated IL-35 level and iTr35 subset increase the bacterial burden and lung lesions in Mycobacterium tuberculosis-infected mice
  27. A case report of CAT gene and HNF1β gene variations in a patient with early-onset diabetes
  28. Study on the mechanism of inhibiting patulin production by fengycin
  29. SOX4 promotes high-glucose-induced inflammation and angiogenesis of retinal endothelial cells by activating NF-κB signaling pathway
  30. Relationship between blood clots and COVID-19 vaccines: A literature review
  31. Analysis of genetic characteristics of 436 children with dysplasia and detailed analysis of rare karyotype
  32. Bioinformatics network analyses of growth differentiation factor 11
  33. NR4A1 inhibits the epithelial–mesenchymal transition of hepatic stellate cells: Involvement of TGF-β–Smad2/3/4–ZEB signaling
  34. Expression of Zeb1 in the differentiation of mouse embryonic stem cell
  35. Study on the genetic damage caused by cadmium sulfide quantum dots in human lymphocytes
  36. Association between single-nucleotide polymorphisms of NKX2.5 and congenital heart disease in Chinese population: A meta-analysis
  37. Assessment of the anesthetic effect of modified pentothal sodium solution on Sprague-Dawley rats
  38. Genetic susceptibility to high myopia in Han Chinese population
  39. Potential biomarkers and molecular mechanisms in preeclampsia progression
  40. Silencing circular RNA-friend leukemia virus integration 1 restrained malignancy of CC cells and oxaliplatin resistance by disturbing dyskeratosis congenita 1
  41. Endostar plus pembrolizumab combined with a platinum-based dual chemotherapy regime for advanced pulmonary large-cell neuroendocrine carcinoma as a first-line treatment: A case report
  42. The significance of PAK4 in signaling and clinicopathology: A review
  43. Sorafenib inhibits ovarian cancer cell proliferation and mobility and induces radiosensitivity by targeting the tumor cell epithelial–mesenchymal transition
  44. Characterization of rabbit polyclonal antibody against camel recombinant nanobodies
  45. Active legumain promotes invasion and migration of neuroblastoma by regulating epithelial-mesenchymal transition
  46. Effect of cell receptors in the pathogenesis of osteoarthritis: Current insights
  47. MT-12 inhibits the proliferation of bladder cells in vitro and in vivo by enhancing autophagy through mitochondrial dysfunction
  48. Study of hsa_circRNA_000121 and hsa_circRNA_004183 in papillary thyroid microcarcinoma
  49. BuyangHuanwu Decoction attenuates cerebral vasospasm caused by subarachnoid hemorrhage in rats via PI3K/AKT/eNOS axis
  50. Effects of the interaction of Notch and TLR4 pathways on inflammation and heart function in septic heart
  51. Monosodium iodoacetate-induced subchondral bone microstructure and inflammatory changes in an animal model of osteoarthritis
  52. A rare presentation of type II Abernethy malformation and nephrotic syndrome: Case report and review
  53. Rapid death due to pulmonary epithelioid haemangioendothelioma in several weeks: A case report
  54. Hepatoprotective role of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-α in non-cancerous hepatic tissues following transcatheter arterial embolization
  55. Correlation between peripheral blood lymphocyte subpopulations and primary systemic lupus erythematosus
  56. A novel SLC8A1-ALK fusion in lung adenocarcinoma confers sensitivity to alectinib: A case report
  57. β-Hydroxybutyrate upregulates FGF21 expression through inhibition of histone deacetylases in hepatocytes
  58. Identification of metabolic genes for the prediction of prognosis and tumor microenvironment infiltration in early-stage non-small cell lung cancer
  59. BTBD10 inhibits glioma tumorigenesis by downregulating cyclin D1 and p-Akt
  60. Mucormycosis co-infection in COVID-19 patients: An update
  61. Metagenomic next-generation sequencing in diagnosing Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia: A case report
  62. Long non-coding RNA HOXB-AS1 is a prognostic marker and promotes hepatocellular carcinoma cells’ proliferation and invasion
  63. Preparation and evaluation of LA-PEG-SPION, a targeted MRI contrast agent for liver cancer
  64. Proteomic analysis of the liver regulating lipid metabolism in Chaohu ducks using two-dimensional electrophoresis
  65. Nasopharyngeal tuberculosis: A case report
  66. Characterization and evaluation of anti-Salmonella enteritidis activity of indigenous probiotic lactobacilli in mice
  67. Aberrant pulmonary immune response of obese mice to periodontal infection
  68. Bacteriospermia – A formidable player in male subfertility
  69. In silico and in vivo analysis of TIPE1 expression in diffuse large B cell lymphoma
  70. Effects of KCa channels on biological behavior of trophoblasts
  71. Interleukin-17A influences the vulnerability rather than the size of established atherosclerotic plaques in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice
  72. Multiple organ failure and death caused by Staphylococcus aureus hip infection: A case report
  73. Prognostic signature related to the immune environment of oral squamous cell carcinoma
  74. Primary and metastatic squamous cell carcinoma of the thyroid gland: Two case reports
  75. Neuroprotective effects of crocin and crocin-loaded niosomes against the paraquat-induced oxidative brain damage in rats
  76. Role of MMP-2 and CD147 in kidney fibrosis
  77. Geometric basis of action potential of skeletal muscle cells and neurons
  78. Babesia microti-induced fulminant sepsis in an immunocompromised host: A case report and the case-specific literature review
  79. Role of cerebellar cortex in associative learning and memory in guinea pigs
  80. Application of metagenomic next-generation sequencing technique for diagnosing a specific case of necrotizing meningoencephalitis caused by human herpesvirus 2
  81. Case report: Quadruple primary malignant neoplasms including esophageal, ureteral, and lung in an elderly male
  82. Long non-coding RNA NEAT1 promotes angiogenesis in hepatoma carcinoma via the miR-125a-5p/VEGF pathway
  83. Osteogenic differentiation of periodontal membrane stem cells in inflammatory environments
  84. Knockdown of SHMT2 enhances the sensitivity of gastric cancer cells to radiotherapy through the Wnt/β-catenin pathway
  85. Continuous renal replacement therapy combined with double filtration plasmapheresis in the treatment of severe lupus complicated by serious bacterial infections in children: A case report
  86. Simultaneous triple primary malignancies, including bladder cancer, lymphoma, and lung cancer, in an elderly male: A case report
  87. Preclinical immunogenicity assessment of a cell-based inactivated whole-virion H5N1 influenza vaccine
  88. One case of iodine-125 therapy – A new minimally invasive treatment of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma
  89. S1P promotes corneal trigeminal neuron differentiation and corneal nerve repair via upregulating nerve growth factor expression in a mouse model
  90. Early cancer detection by a targeted methylation assay of circulating tumor DNA in plasma
  91. Calcifying nanoparticles initiate the calcification process of mesenchymal stem cells in vitro through the activation of the TGF-β1/Smad signaling pathway and promote the decay of echinococcosis
  92. Evaluation of prognostic markers in patients infected with SARS-CoV-2
  93. N6-Methyladenosine-related alternative splicing events play a role in bladder cancer
  94. Characterization of the structural, oxidative, and immunological features of testis tissue from Zucker diabetic fatty rats
  95. Effects of glucose and osmotic pressure on the proliferation and cell cycle of human chorionic trophoblast cells
  96. Investigation of genotype diversity of 7,804 norovirus sequences in humans and animals of China
  97. Characteristics and karyotype analysis of a patient with turner syndrome complicated with multiple-site tumors: A case report
  98. Aggravated renal fibrosis is positively associated with the activation of HMGB1-TLR2/4 signaling in STZ-induced diabetic mice
  99. Distribution characteristics of SARS-CoV-2 IgM/IgG in false-positive results detected by chemiluminescent immunoassay
  100. SRPX2 attenuated oxygen–glucose deprivation and reperfusion-induced injury in cardiomyocytes via alleviating endoplasmic reticulum stress-induced apoptosis through targeting PI3K/Akt/mTOR axis
  101. Aquaporin-8 overexpression is involved in vascular structure and function changes in placentas of gestational diabetes mellitus patients
  102. Relationship between CRP gene polymorphisms and ischemic stroke risk: A systematic review and meta-analysis
  103. Effects of growth hormone on lipid metabolism and sexual development in pubertal obese male rats
  104. Cloning and identification of the CTLA-4IgV gene and functional application of vaccine in Xinjiang sheep
  105. Antitumor activity of RUNX3: Upregulation of E-cadherin and downregulation of the epithelial–mesenchymal transition in clear-cell renal cell carcinoma
  106. PHF8 promotes osteogenic differentiation of BMSCs in old rat with osteoporosis by regulating Wnt/β-catenin pathway
  107. A review of the current state of the computer-aided diagnosis (CAD) systems for breast cancer diagnosis
  108. Bilateral dacryoadenitis in adult-onset Still’s disease: A case report
  109. A novel association between Bmi-1 protein expression and the SUVmax obtained by 18F-FDG PET/CT in patients with gastric adenocarcinoma
  110. The role of erythrocytes and erythroid progenitor cells in tumors
  111. Relationship between platelet activation markers and spontaneous abortion: A meta-analysis
  112. Abnormal methylation caused by folic acid deficiency in neural tube defects
  113. Silencing TLR4 using an ultrasound-targeted microbubble destruction-based shRNA system reduces ischemia-induced seizures in hyperglycemic rats
  114. Plant Sciences
  115. Seasonal succession of bacterial communities in cultured Caulerpa lentillifera detected by high-throughput sequencing
  116. Cloning and prokaryotic expression of WRKY48 from Caragana intermedia
  117. Novel Brassica hybrids with different resistance to Leptosphaeria maculans reveal unbalanced rDNA signal patterns
  118. Application of exogenous auxin and gibberellin regulates the bolting of lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.)
  119. Phytoremediation of pollutants from wastewater: A concise review
  120. Genome-wide identification and characterization of NBS-encoding genes in the sweet potato wild ancestor Ipomoea trifida (H.B.K.)
  121. Alleviative effects of magnetic Fe3O4 nanoparticles on the physiological toxicity of 3-nitrophenol to rice (Oryza sativa L.) seedlings
  122. Selection and functional identification of Dof genes expressed in response to nitrogen in Populus simonii × Populus nigra
  123. Study on pecan seed germination influenced by seed endocarp
  124. Identification of active compounds in Ophiopogonis Radix from different geographical origins by UPLC-Q/TOF-MS combined with GC-MS approaches
  125. The entire chloroplast genome sequence of Asparagus cochinchinensis and genetic comparison to Asparagus species
  126. Genome-wide identification of MAPK family genes and their response to abiotic stresses in tea plant (Camellia sinensis)
  127. Selection and validation of reference genes for RT-qPCR analysis of different organs at various development stages in Caragana intermedia
  128. Cloning and expression analysis of SERK1 gene in Diospyros lotus
  129. Integrated metabolomic and transcriptomic profiling revealed coping mechanisms of the edible and medicinal homologous plant Plantago asiatica L. cadmium resistance
  130. A missense variant in NCF1 is associated with susceptibility to unexplained recurrent spontaneous abortion
  131. Assessment of drought tolerance indices in faba bean genotypes under different irrigation regimes
  132. The entire chloroplast genome sequence of Asparagus setaceus (Kunth) Jessop: Genome structure, gene composition, and phylogenetic analysis in Asparagaceae
  133. Food Science
  134. Dietary food additive monosodium glutamate with or without high-lipid diet induces spleen anomaly: A mechanistic approach on rat model
  135. Binge eating disorder during COVID-19
  136. Potential of honey against the onset of autoimmune diabetes and its associated nephropathy, pancreatitis, and retinopathy in type 1 diabetic animal model
  137. FTO gene expression in diet-induced obesity is downregulated by Solanum fruit supplementation
  138. Physical activity enhances fecal lactobacilli in rats chronically drinking sweetened cola beverage
  139. Supercritical CO2 extraction, chemical composition, and antioxidant effects of Coreopsis tinctoria Nutt. oleoresin
  140. Functional constituents of plant-based foods boost immunity against acute and chronic disorders
  141. Effect of selenium and methods of protein extraction on the proteomic profile of Saccharomyces yeast
  142. Microbial diversity of milk ghee in southern Gansu and its effect on the formation of ghee flavor compounds
  143. Ecology and Environmental Sciences
  144. Effects of heavy metals on bacterial community surrounding Bijiashan mining area located in northwest China
  145. Microorganism community composition analysis coupling with 15N tracer experiments reveals the nitrification rate and N2O emissions in low pH soils in Southern China
  146. Genetic diversity and population structure of Cinnamomum balansae Lecomte inferred by microsatellites
  147. Preliminary screening of microplastic contamination in different marine fish species of Taif market, Saudi Arabia
  148. Plant volatile organic compounds attractive to Lygus pratensis
  149. Effects of organic materials on soil bacterial community structure in long-term continuous cropping of tomato in greenhouse
  150. Effects of soil treated fungicide fluopimomide on tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) disease control and plant growth
  151. Prevalence of Yersinia pestis among rodents captured in a semi-arid tropical ecosystem of south-western Zimbabwe
  152. Effects of irrigation and nitrogen fertilization on mitigating salt-induced Na+ toxicity and sustaining sea rice growth
  153. Bioengineering and Biotechnology
  154. Poly-l-lysine-caused cell adhesion induces pyroptosis in THP-1 monocytes
  155. Development of alkaline phosphatase-scFv and its use for one-step enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for His-tagged protein detection
  156. Development and validation of a predictive model for immune-related genes in patients with tongue squamous cell carcinoma
  157. Agriculture
  158. Effects of chemical-based fertilizer replacement with biochar-based fertilizer on albic soil nutrient content and maize yield
  159. Genome-wide identification and expression analysis of CPP-like gene family in Triticum aestivum L. under different hormone and stress conditions
  160. Agronomic and economic performance of mung bean (Vigna radiata L.) varieties in response to rates of blended NPS fertilizer in Kindo Koysha district, Southern Ethiopia
  161. Influence of furrow irrigation regime on the yield and water consumption indicators of winter wheat based on a multi-level fuzzy comprehensive evaluation
  162. Discovery of exercise-related genes and pathway analysis based on comparative genomes of Mongolian originated Abaga and Wushen horse
  163. Lessons from integrated seasonal forecast-crop modelling in Africa: A systematic review
  164. Evolution trend of soil fertility in tobacco-planting area of Chenzhou, Hunan Province, China
  165. Animal Sciences
  166. Morphological and molecular characterization of Tatera indica Hardwicke 1807 (Rodentia: Muridae) from Pothwar, Pakistan
  167. Research on meat quality of Qianhua Mutton Merino sheep and Small-tail Han sheep
  168. SI: A Scientific Memoir
  169. Suggestions on leading an academic research laboratory group
  170. My scientific genealogy and the Toronto ACDC Laboratory, 1988–2022
  171. Erratum
  172. Erratum to “Changes of immune cells in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma treated by radiofrequency ablation and hepatectomy, a pilot study”
  173. Erratum to “A two-microRNA signature predicts the progression of male thyroid cancer”
  174. Retraction
  175. Retraction of “Lidocaine has antitumor effect on hepatocellular carcinoma via the circ_DYNC1H1/miR-520a-3p/USP14 axis”
Jetzt anmelden und 20% sparen
Institutioneller Zugang
Wie funktioniert Authentifizierung?
Haben Sie eine Idee, wie wir unsere Website verbessern können?
Bitte schreiben Sie uns.
© 2025 De Gruyter Brill
Heruntergeladen am 9.10.2025 von https://www.degruyterbrill.com/document/doi/10.1515/biol-2022-0488/html
Button zum nach oben scrollen