Home Life Sciences NPM1A in plasma is a potential prognostic biomarker in acute myeloid leukemia
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NPM1A in plasma is a potential prognostic biomarker in acute myeloid leukemia

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Published/Copyright: August 21, 2018
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From the journal Open Life Sciences Volume 13 Issue 1

Abstract

Objective

The aim of the study was to investigate whether nucleophosmin type A mutation (NPM1A) in plasma was associated with the prognosis of patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML).

Methods

Plasma NPM1A levels were investigated in 80 AML patients, 22 patients with benign hematopathy and 12 healthy donors by qRT-PCR. Additionally, the relationship between NPM1A levels and clinic characteristics were evaluated by Chi-square test. Kaplan-Meier method was used to analyze overall survival (OS) and relapse-free survival (RFS), and univariate and multivariate analyses were performed with Cox proportional hazard model.

Results

Plasma levels of NPM1A in AML patients were significantly higher than those in benign hematopathy patients and healthy controls, respectively (both P<0.001). Additionally, high NPM1A level was significantly associated with higher WBC and platelet count (both, P<0.05). Moreover, survival analysis revealed that patients with high NPM1A levels had worse OS (P<0.001) and RFS (P<0.001). Multivariate analysis identified NPM1A as an independent prognostic predictor for AML (OS: HR=8.214, 95% CI: 2.974-22.688, P<0.001; RFS: HR=4.640, 95%CI: 1.825-11.795, P=0.001).

Conclusions

Results reveal that NPM1A in plasma could serve as an ideal tool for predicting the prognosis of patients with AML.

Keywords: Acute myeloid leukemia; NPM1A; prognosis; biomarker

1 Introduction

Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a clinically heterogeneous malignant disease resulting from hematopoietic stem cell disorders [1], which is characterized by maturation arrest and accumulation of malignant haemopoietic progenitor cells [2]. To date, morphology, immunology, cytogenetics and molecular biology have provided useful guides for the diagnosis of AML. Moreover, despite recent advancements in the treatment of AML [3], relapse still occurs in approximately 50% of patients and the clinical outcome of AML is unsatisfactory with 5-year overall survival rate less than 40% [4]. Therefore, identifying effective prognostic biomarkers has been one of the most urgent clinical needs for patients with AML.

Nucleophosmin (NPM1), also known as numatrin, B23 or NO38, is an abundant protein mainly localized in nucleoli that affect cell homeostasis [5, 6]. As a ubiquitously expressed nucleolar phosphoprotein, NPM1 shuttles between the nucleolus, the nucleus and the cytoplasm [5]. Moreover, it is involved in the control of ribosome biogenesis and transport [7], as well as participation in maintenance of genomic stability and DNA repair [8, 9]. Relevant studies have revealed that dysregulation of NPM expression or localization may lead to cancer pathologies [10], particularly in AML. Actually, NPM1 is the most frequently mutated gene in AML, and approximately 60 different types of NPM1 mutations exist, with the most common type A mutation (NPM1-mA) occurring in 75–80% of adult AML patients [7, 11]. Clinical evidence has suggested that NPM1 mutants could promote leukemogenesis, indicating NPM1 may serve as a predictor of prognosis for AML patients [12]. However, the majority of studies have focused on the detection of cellular NPM mutation in bone marrow (BM) samples, which is invasive and untraceable.

In the present study, we measured the NPM1A level in plasma of AML patients, and evaluated its clinical significance in AML, as well as its potential value as a predictor for the prognosis of AML.

2 Materials and methods

2.1 Patients and samples

The plasma samples were collected from 80 AML patients, 22 patients with benign hematopathy who were treated in the Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital of Shandong, and 12 healthy donors. All patients were diagnosed through cytomorphology, cytogenetic, and molecular genetic analyses of BM aspirates, and classified according to the revised 2008 World Health Organization (WHO) criteria. Plasma samples were separated from blood by centrifugation (3,000 g for 20 min) and then stored at -80°C for the next analysis. Follow-up data ranged from 1 to 36 months with a median of 12 months. All characteristics of the patients were collected and summarized in Table 1.

Table 1

The relationship between NPM1A copies and the clinicopathological characteristics in AML.

VariablesNNPM1A copiesP value
HighLow
Age0.478
>50452223
≤50351619
Gender0.375
Male482424
Female321418
WBC (×109/L)0.026*
≤10311021
>10492821
Hemoglobin (g/L)0.115
≤81573027
>8123815
FAB classification0.531
M1-M4472225
M5-M7331617
Platelet count (×109/L)0.041*
≤57301020
>57502822
Cytogenetic0.504
Favorable and intermediate411922
Unfavorable391920
FLT3-ITD (n, %)0.471
Present542529
Absent261313

Informed consent

Informed consent has been obtained from all individuals included in this study.

Ethical approval

The research related to human use has been complied with all the relevant national regulations, institutional policies and in accordance the tenets of the Helsinki Declaration, and has been approved by the authors’ institutional review board or equivalent committee.

2.2 Circulating DNA isolation and qRT-PCR

The isolation of circulating DNA from plasma samples was performed with QIAamp DNA Blood Kit (Qiagen, Hilden, Germany) according to the manufacturer’s instructions. Construction of the standard recombinant plasmids for NPM1A with pMD18-T vector (TaKaRa, Tokyo, Japan) was described previously [13]. To verify circulating NPM1A levels, qRT-PCR was performed with Rotor-Gene 6000 Real-Time PCR instrument (Corbett Research, Sydney, Australia). The quantitative PCR primers were as follows: forward 5′-AGGCTATTCAAGATCTCTGTCTGG-3′, and reverse 5′-AAGTTCTCACTCTGCATTATAAAAAGGA-3′. All reactions were repeated in triplicate. The copies of NPM1A of each sample were determined using the standard curve.

2.3 Statistical analysis

Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS 18.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA) and GraphPad Prism 5.0 (GraphPad Software Inc.). Student’s t test was used to analyze the differences between the groups, and the relationship between NPM1A levels and the clinicopathological characteristics was analyzed by Chi-square test. Kaplan-Meier test and Cox regression analysis were applied to analyze NPM1A for the prediction of survival in AML patients. A P<0.05 was considered statistically significant.

3 Results

3.1 NPM1A in AML, benign hematopathy patients and normal controls

To determine the profile of NPM1A in the AML plasma, we assessed the levels of NPM1A in patients with AML and benign hematopathy and normal controls by qRT-PCR. As shown in Figure 1, we identified 43 patients carrying target NPM mut. A from 80 AML patients, and NPM1A copy numbers in AML ranged from 0.35×108 copies/ml to 6.0×108 copies/ml (mean ± SD: 1.62×108 ± 1.93×108 copies/ ml ), which was significantly higher than that in benign hematopathy patients (mean ± SD: 1.78×105 ± 7.85×105 copies/ml ) and normal controls (without NPM1A copies/ ml ) (both, P<0.001). The results indicated that NPM1A were more frequent in the plasma of patients with AML, which may play an oncogenic role in the progression of AML.

Figure 1 NPM1A levels detected by qRT-PCR. NPM1A level in plasma of AML was significantly higher than that in benign hematopathy and normal controls (both, P<0.001).
Figure 1

NPM1A levels detected by qRT-PCR. NPM1A level in plasma of AML was significantly higher than that in benign hematopathy and normal controls (both, P<0.001).

3.2 Relationship between NPM1A and clinical features in AML patients

To investigate the association between NPM1A levels and clinicopathological factors in AML, the samples were primarily divided into two groups (high and low) with the mean level of NPM1A in 80 AML samples. The results showed that high NPM1A level was significantly associated with WBC (P=0.026) and platelet count (P=0.041) (Table 1). Concretely, NPM1A was more frequently found in patients with high WBC (>10, ×109/L) and platelet count (>57, ×109/L). However, there were no remarkable relationships between NPM1A levels and other clinical features, such as age, gender, hemoglobin, FAB classification, cytogenetic and FLT3-ITD level (all, P>0.05).

3.3 High NPM1A levels predicts poor prognosis for AML patients

To further investigate the biological role of NPM1A, we tested the prognostic impact of NPM1A on patient outcome. As shown in Figure 2a, patients with high levels of NPM1A had a poorer overall survival (OS) rate than those with low levels (P<0.001). Univariate and multivariate analyses revealed that NPM1A (HR=8.214, 95%CI: 2.974-22.688, P<0.001), along with WBC (HR=8.293, 95%CI: 2.615-26.302, P=0.049) and platelet count (HR=3.555, 95%CI: 1.244-10.159, P=0.016) could be independent prognostic indicators for OS (Table 2).

Figure 2 Survival analysis. Patients with high NPM1A level had worse OS (a) and RFS (b) compared to those with low NPM1A level in AML (both, P<0.001).
Figure 2

Survival analysis. Patients with high NPM1A level had worse OS (a) and RFS (b) compared to those with low NPM1A level in AML (both, P<0.001).

Table 2

Univariate and multivariate analysis of variables associated with OS in patients with AML.

VariablesUnivariate analysisMultivariate analysis
HR (95% CI)P valueHR (95% CI)P value
NPM1A copies5.355 (2.299-12.473)<0.001*8.214 (2.974-22.688)<0.001*
Age1.384 (0.651-2.945)0.399--
Gender1.296 (0.614-2.733)0.497--
WBC (×109/L)7.825 (2.644-23.159)<0.001*8.293 (2.615-26.302)0.049*
Hemoglobin (g/L)2.249 (0.933-5.420)0.071--
FAB classification1.518 (0.708-3.256)0.283--
Platelet count (×109/L)3.404 (1.270-9.122)0.015*3.555 (1.244-10.159)0.016*
Cytogenetic2.324 (1.083-4.985)0.030*--
FLT3-ITD (n, %)1.228 (0.576-2.615)0.595--

Likewise, patients with high NPM1A levels had significantly shorter relapse free survival (RFS) compared to those with low levels (P<0.001; Figure 2b). Moreover, univariate and multivariate analyses showed that NPM1A (HR=4.640, 95%CI: 1.825-11.795, P=0.001), WBC (HR=7.943, 95%CI: 2.561-24.640, P=0.049) and cytogenetic levels (HR=2.249, 95%CI: 1.017-4.973, P=0.045) were independent prognostic factors for RFS (Table 3). Take together, these results indicated that high NPM1A levels suggested poor prognosis in AML.

Table 3

Univariate and multivariate analysis of variables associated with RFS in patients with AML.

VariablesUnivariate analysisMultivariate analysis
HR (95% CI)P valueHR (95% CI)P value
NPM1A copies4.110 (1.737-9.727)0.001*4.640 (1.825-11.795)0.001*
Age1.448 (0.667-3.140)0.349--
Gender1.397 (0.652-2.996)0.390--
WBC (×109/L)7.837 (2.635-23.315)<0.001*7.943 (2.561-24.640)0.049*
Hemoglobin (g/L)2.138 (0.887-5.156)0.091--
FAB classification1.597 (0.747-3.413)0.283--
Platelet count (×109/L)3.252 (1.214-8.712)0.019*--
Cytogenetic2.365 (1.099-5.089)0.028*2.249 (1.017-4.973)0.045*
FLT3-ITD (n, %)1.262 (0.582-2.736)0.556--

4 Discussion

As a heterogeneous disease with frustrating outcome, prognostic factors of AML have become more and more important for the development of risk-stratified treatment strategies. In the present study, the results showed NPM1A was more frequently detected in plasma of AML patients. In addition, NPM1A could be an independent prognostic factor for patients with AML.

In previous studies, overexpression of NPM has been reported to be in proliferating cells and involved in the tumorigenesis of various tumors, such as thyroid cancer [14], bladder cancer [15] and hepatocellular carcinoma [16]. As the most frequent mutation type, NPM1A with an insertion of TCTG at position 956-959, occurs in approximately 80% of patients with NPM1 mutation [17]. Moreover, Su et al [18] confirmed that patients in morphologic CR had achieved complete loss of NPM1-mutA after chemotherapy. In accordance with previous studies, our results, for the first time, showed that NPM1A of plasma was more frequently found in patients with AML, compared to benign hematopathy patients and healthy volunteers. These data suggested NPM1A is involved in the development of AML, and therefore, we hypothesized NPM1A in plasma might be a predictor of the prognosis of AML.

Until now, the impact of the mutation type, including Fms-related tyrosine kinase 3 internal tandem duplication (FLT3-ITD), CCAAT/enhancer binding protein alpha (C/EBPα) and NPM1, on survival characteristics was widely examined in AML [18, 19]. Because of the higher frequency in AML, as well as the higher stability during follow-up, NPM1 has been regarded as more beneficial for the purpose of residual disease monitoring when compared to FLT3-ITD and C/EBPα [20, 21, 22]. Nevertheless, more remarkably, recent studies of NPM1A for the prognosis of AML still remain controversial. For instance, Koh et al [23] reported patients in non-A types group had worse OS and shorter remission, but Alpermann et al [24] observed better outcome non-A mutations group. Moreover, almost all of the research samples come from the bone marrow, which is immensely traumatic and invasive for AML patients. In the present study, we found that patients with high NPM1A level in plasma had worse OS and DFS, respectively. Moreover, NPM1A in plasma could serve as an independent predictor for the prognosis of AML.

Actually, the dysregulation of NPM1A expression has contributed to tumorigenesis through a variety of mechanisms. It is demonstrated that NPM1 mutation could dysregulate myeloid differentiation by inhibiting caspase 6 and 8 [25]. Zhou et al [26] revealed that NPM1A knockdown enhanced myeloid differentiation by modulating miR-10b. To detect the profile of NPM1A in AML, we analyzed the relationship between NPM1A with clinic parameters. In agreement with the experiments described by Thiede C et al [12] and Quan et al [13], our results showed NPM1A levels in AML patients were associated with high WBC and platelet count. However, the functional mechanisms of NPM1A in AML plasma still need further study.

In summary, our data indicated that NPM1A level was significantly increased in AML plasma, and it could serve as a noninvasive prognostic factor for AML patients.

However, further investigation is still required to confirm the findings before clinical application.

Acknowledgements

This study was supported by the youth research startup fund of Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital (grant no. 201525). The authors would like to thank all the members of Department of Laboratory in Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital.

  1. Conflict of interest: Authors state no conflict of interest.

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Received: 2017-12-19
Accepted: 2018-03-02
Published Online: 2018-08-21

© 2018 Chengming Sun et al., published by De Gruyter

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 License.

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https://doi.org/10.1515/biol-2018-0028
Keywords for this article
Acute myeloid leukemia; NPM1A; prognosis; biomarker
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BY-NC-ND 4.0

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  8. Direct Effects on Seed Germination of 17 Tree Species under Elevated Temperature and CO2 Conditions
  9. Role of water soluble vitamins in the reduction diet of an amateur sportsman
  10. Aberrant DNA methylation involved in obese women with systemic insulin resistance
  11. 16S ribosomal RNA-based gut microbiome composition analysis in infants with breast milk jaundice
  12. Characterization of Haemophilus parasuis Serovar 2 CL120103, a Moderately Virulent Strain in China
  13. MiRNA-145 induces apoptosis in a gallbladder carcinoma cell line by targeting DFF45
  14. Telmisartan induces osteosarcoma cells growth inhibition and apoptosis via suppressing mTOR pathway
  15. Optimizing the Formulation for Ginkgolide B Solid Dispersion
  16. Determination of the In Vitro Gas Production and Potential Feed Value of Olive, Mulberry and Sour Orange Tree Leaves
  17. Factors Influencing the Successful Isolation and Expansion of Aging Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells
  18. The Value of Diffusion-Weighted Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Predicting the Efficacy of Radiation and Chemotherapy in Cervical Cancer
  19. Chemical profile and antioxidant activity of Trollius europaeus under the influence of feeding aphids
  20. SSR Markers Suitable for Marker Assisted Selection in Sunflower for Downy Mildew Resistance
  21. A Fibroblast Growth Factor Antagonist Peptide Inhibits Breast Cancer in BALB/c Mice
  22. Antihyperglycemic and antihyperlipidemic effects of low-molecular-weight carrageenan in rats
  23. Microbial indicators and environmental relationships in the Umhlangane River, Durban, South Africa
  24. TUFT1 promotes osteosarcoma cell proliferation and predicts poor prognosis in osteosarcoma patients
  25. Long non-coding RNA-2271 promotes osteogenic differentiation in human bone marrow stem cells
  26. The prediction of cardiac events in patients with acute ST segment elevation myocardial infarction: A meta–analysis of serum uric acid
  27. Risk expansion of Cr through amphibious clonal plant from polluted aquatic to terrestrial habitats
  28. Overexpression of Zinc Finger Transcription Factor ZAT6 Enhances Salt Tolerance
  29. Sini decoction intervention on atherosclerosis via PPARγ-LXRα-ABCA1 pathway in rabbits
  30. Soluble myeloid triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cell 1 might have more diagnostic value for bacterial ascites than C-reactive protein
  31. A Preliminary Study on the Newly Isolated High Laccase-producing Fungi: Screening, Strain Characteristics and Induction of Laccase Production
  32. Hydrolytic Enzyme Production by Thermophilic Bacteria Isolated from Saudi Hot Springs
  33. Analysis of physiological parameters of Desulfovibrio strains from individuals with colitis
  34. Emodin promotes apoptosis of human endometrial cancer through regulating the MAPK and PI3K/ AKT pathways
  35. Down-regulation of miR-539 indicates poor prognosis in patients with pancreatic cancer
  36. Inhibitory activities of ethanolic extracts of two macrofungi against eggs and miracidia of Fasciola spp.
  37. PAQR6 expression enhancement suggests a worse prognosis in prostate cancer patients
  38. Characterization of a potential ripening regulator, SlNAC3, from Solanum lycopersicum
  39. Expression of Angiopoietin and VEGF in cervical cancer and its clinical significance
  40. Umbilical Cord Tissue Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells Can Differentiate into Skin Cells
  41. Isolation and Characterization of a Phage to Control Vancomycin Resistant Enterococcus faecium
  42. Glycogen Phosphorylase Isoenzyme Bb, Myoglobin and BNP in ANT-Induced Cardiotoxicity
  43. BAG2 overexpression correlates with growth and poor prognosis of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma
  44. Relationship between climate trends and grassland yield across contrasting European locations
  45. Review Articles
  46. Mechanisms of salt tolerance in halophytes: current understanding and recent advances
  47. Salivary protein roles in oral health and as predictors of caries risk
  48. Nanoparticles as carriers of proteins, peptides and other therapeutic molecules
  49. Survival mechanisms to selective pressures and implications
  50. Up-regulation of key glycolysis proteins in cancer development
  51. Communications
  52. In vitro plant regeneration of Zenia insignis Chun
  53. DNA barcoding of online herbal supplements: crowd-sourcing pharmacovigilance in high school
  54. Case Reports
  55. Management of myasthenia gravis during pregnancy: A report of eight cases
  56. Three Cases of Extranodal Rosai-Dorfman Disease and Literature Review
  57. Letters to the Editor
  58. First report of Chlamydia psittaci seroprevalence in black-headed gulls (Larus ridibundus) at Dianchi Lake, China
  59. Special Issue on Agricultural and Biological Sciences - Part II
  60. Chemical composition of essential oil in Mosla chinensis Maxim cv. Jiangxiangru and its inhibitory effect on Staphylococcus aureus biofilm formation
  61. Secondary metabolites of Antarctic fungi antagonistic to aquatic pathogenic bacteria
  62. Study of Seizure-Manifested Hartnup Disorder Case Induced by Novel Mutations in SLC6A19
  63. Transcriptome analysis of Pinus massoniana Lamb. microstrobili during sexual reversal
  64. Mechanism of oxymatrine-induced human esophageal cancer cell apoptosis by the endoplasmic reticulum stress pathway
  65. Methylation pattern polymorphism of cyp19a in Nile tilapia and hybrids
  66. A Method of Biomedical Information Classification based on Particle Swarm Optimization with Inertia Weight and Mutation
  67. A novel TNNI3 gene mutation (c.235C>T/ p.Arg79Cys) found in a thirty-eight-year-old women with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
  68. Remote Sensing-Based Extraction and Analysis of Temporal and Spatial Variations of Winter Wheat Planting Areas in the Henan Province of China
  69. Topical Issue on Precision Medicine
  70. Serum sTREM-1, PCT, CRP, Lac as biomarkers for death risk within 28 days in patients with severe sepsis
  71. IL-17 gene rs3748067 C>T polymorphism and gastric cancer risk: A meta-analysis
  72. Efficacy of Danhong injection on serum concentration of TNF-α, IL-6 and NF-κB in rats with intracerebral hemorrhage
  73. An ensemble method to predict target genes and pathways in uveal melanoma
  74. Evaluation of the quality of CT images acquired with smart metal artifact reduction software
  75. NPM1A in plasma is a potential prognostic biomarker in acute myeloid leukemia
  76. Arterial infusion of rapamycin in the treatment of rabbit hepatocellular carcinoma to improve the effect of TACE
  77. New progress in understanding the cellular mechanisms of anti-arrhythmic drugs
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