Analysis of an engineered plasma kallikrein inhibitor and its effect on contact activation
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A. Allart Stoop
Abstract
Engineering of protein-protein interactions is used to enhance the affinity or specificity of proteins, such as antibodies or protease inhibitors, for their targets. However, fully diversifying all residues in a protein-protein interface is often unfeasible. Therefore, we limited our phage library for the serine protease inhibitor ecotin by restricting it to only tetranomial diversity and then targeted all 20 amino acid residues involved in protein recognition. This resulted in a high-affinity and highly specific plasma kallikrein inhibitor, ecotin-Pkal. To validate this approach we dissected the energetic contributions of each wild type (wt) or mutated surface loop to the binding of either plasma kallikrein (PKal) or membrane-type serine protease 1. The analysis demonstrated that a mutation in one loop has opposing effects depending on the sequence of surrounding loops. This finding stresses the cooperative nature of loop-loop interactions and justifies targeting multiple loops with a limited diversity. In contrast to ecotin wt, the specific loop combination of ecotin-Pkal discriminates the subtle structural differences between the active enzymes, PKal and Factor XIIa, and their respective zymogen forms. We used ecotin-Pkal to specifically inhibit contact activation of human plasma at the level mediated by plasma kallikrein.
©2010 by Walter de Gruyter Berlin New York
Articles in the same Issue
- Guest Editorial
- The 3rd International Symposium on Kallikreins and Kallikrein-Related Peptidases
- HIGHLIGHT: 3RD INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON KALLIKREINS AND KALLIKREIN-RELATED PEPTIDASES
- Kallikrein-related peptidases: proteolysis and signaling in cancer, the new frontier
- Functional intersection of the kallikrein-related peptidases (KLKs) and thrombostasis axis
- Kallikrein-related peptidases: bridges between immune functions and extracellular matrix degradation
- Prostate-specific antigen: an overlooked candidate for the targeted treatment and selective imaging of prostate cancer
- Tissue kallikrein in cardiovascular, cerebrovascular and renal diseases and skin wound healing
- Natural and engineered kallikrein inhibitors: an emerging pharmacopoeia
- Klk8, a multifunctional protease in the brain and skin: analysis of knockout mice
- Functional proteomics of kallikrein-related peptidases in ovarian cancer ascites fluid
- Polyclonal antibodies against kallikrein-related peptidase 4 (KLK4): immunohistochemical assessment of KLK4 expression in healthy tissues and prostate cancer
- Immunohistochemical analysis of kallikrein-related peptidases in the normal kidney and renal tumors: potential clinical implications
- Dysregulation of kallikrein-related peptidases in renal cell carcinoma: potential targets of miRNAs
- Analysis of an engineered plasma kallikrein inhibitor and its effect on contact activation
- Increased blood pressure and water intake in transgenic mice expressing rat tonin in the brain
- A structural network associated with the kallikrein-kinin and renin-angiotensin systems
- Analyzing the protease web in skin: meprin metalloproteases are activated specifically by KLK4, 5 and 8 vice versa leading to processing of proKLK7 thereby triggering its activation
- Expression of PSA-RP2, an alternatively spliced variant from the PSA gene, is increased in prostate cancer tissues but the protein is not secreted from prostate cancer cells
- KLK5 gene expression is severely upregulated in androgen-independent prostate cancer cells after treatment with the chemotherapeutic agents docetaxel and mitoxantrone
- Identification of IGFBP-3 fragments generated by KLK2 and prevention of fragmentation by KLK2-inhibiting peptides
Articles in the same Issue
- Guest Editorial
- The 3rd International Symposium on Kallikreins and Kallikrein-Related Peptidases
- HIGHLIGHT: 3RD INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON KALLIKREINS AND KALLIKREIN-RELATED PEPTIDASES
- Kallikrein-related peptidases: proteolysis and signaling in cancer, the new frontier
- Functional intersection of the kallikrein-related peptidases (KLKs) and thrombostasis axis
- Kallikrein-related peptidases: bridges between immune functions and extracellular matrix degradation
- Prostate-specific antigen: an overlooked candidate for the targeted treatment and selective imaging of prostate cancer
- Tissue kallikrein in cardiovascular, cerebrovascular and renal diseases and skin wound healing
- Natural and engineered kallikrein inhibitors: an emerging pharmacopoeia
- Klk8, a multifunctional protease in the brain and skin: analysis of knockout mice
- Functional proteomics of kallikrein-related peptidases in ovarian cancer ascites fluid
- Polyclonal antibodies against kallikrein-related peptidase 4 (KLK4): immunohistochemical assessment of KLK4 expression in healthy tissues and prostate cancer
- Immunohistochemical analysis of kallikrein-related peptidases in the normal kidney and renal tumors: potential clinical implications
- Dysregulation of kallikrein-related peptidases in renal cell carcinoma: potential targets of miRNAs
- Analysis of an engineered plasma kallikrein inhibitor and its effect on contact activation
- Increased blood pressure and water intake in transgenic mice expressing rat tonin in the brain
- A structural network associated with the kallikrein-kinin and renin-angiotensin systems
- Analyzing the protease web in skin: meprin metalloproteases are activated specifically by KLK4, 5 and 8 vice versa leading to processing of proKLK7 thereby triggering its activation
- Expression of PSA-RP2, an alternatively spliced variant from the PSA gene, is increased in prostate cancer tissues but the protein is not secreted from prostate cancer cells
- KLK5 gene expression is severely upregulated in androgen-independent prostate cancer cells after treatment with the chemotherapeutic agents docetaxel and mitoxantrone
- Identification of IGFBP-3 fragments generated by KLK2 and prevention of fragmentation by KLK2-inhibiting peptides
