OPC UA client-server connection over an ISO 11783 vehicle network
-
Samuel Brodie
and
Timo Oksanen
Abstract
As long as all of the messages are supported, the OPC UA standard allows for connections over non-IP networks, and for the use of alternate encoding schemes. However, the vast majority of commercial OPC UA solutions are IP-based and UA Binary-based. In this article, the performance of an OPC UA client-server architecture is analysed by sending UA binary-encoded messages over an ISO 11783 (CAN 2.0B) network, without security. It is found that sending and receiving a given readRequest/readResponse pair took an average of 1.3 ms via a local Ethernet network and 49.2 ms via an ISO 11783 network. It is shown that much of the preamble of OPC UA messages is fixed when using the None security policy, and that this information can be omitted from the data transfer to reduce the amount of data transferred.
Zusammenfassung
Solange alle Nachrichten unterstützt werden, erlaubt der OPC UA-Standard Verbindungen über Nicht-IP-Netzwerke und die Verwendung von alternativen Codierungsschemata. Die überwiegende Mehrheit der kommerziellen OPC UA-Lösungen ist jedoch IP- und UA Binary-basiert. In diesem Artikel wird die Leistung einer OPC UA-Client-Server-Architektur analysiert, indem UA Binary-codierte Nachrichten über ein ISO 11783 (CAN 2.0B)-Netzwerk ungesichert gesendet werden. Es wird festgestellt, dass das Senden und Empfangen eines bestimmten readRequest/readResponse-Paares durchschnittlich 1,3 ms über ein lokales Ethernet-Netzwerk und 49,2 ms über ein ISO 11783-Netzwerk dauerte. Es wird gezeigt, dass ein Großteil der Präambel von OPC UA-Nachrichten bei Verwendung der Sicherheitsrichtlinie “None” unverändert bleibt und dass auf diese Informationen bei der Datenübertragung verzichtet werden kann, um die übertragene Datenmenge zu reduzieren.
Funding source: Federal Ministry of Food and Agriculture (BMEL)
Award Identifier / Grant number: 28DE112B18
About the authors
Samuel Brodie is currently a research associate pursuing his Ph.D. at Technical University of Munich (TUM) at the Chair of Agrimechatronics. He received his M.Eng degree in Electrical & Electronic Engineering from The University of Manchester in 2018. He is currently working as part of the DigiMilch Experimental Field project where his research focuses on tractor-implement communications and vehicle networking.
Timo Oksanen received his doctoral degree in Automation and Systems Technology from Helsinki University of Technology (TKK). Since 2019 he has been an associate professor and the head of the Chair of Agrimechatronics at the Technical University of Munich (TUM). His current research focuses on intelligent machines for agriculture, related to the sciences of robotics, automation and control engineering. He is the lead on the G-trac autonomous tractor project and a sector leader for Environment at the Munich Institute of Robotics and Machine Intelligence (MIRM) at TUM. In addition to engineering science contributions, he is also supporting international standardization ambitions in the field of agricultural electronics.
-
Author contributions: All authors have accepted responsibility for the entire content of this manuscript and approved its submission.
-
Conflict of interest statement: Authors state no conflicts of interest.
-
Research funding: The project is supported by funds of the Federal Ministry of Food and Agriculture (BMEL) based on a decision of the Parliament of the Federal Republic of Germany. The Federal Office for Agriculture and Food (BLE) provides coordinating support for digitalisation in agriculture as funding organisation (28DE112B18).
-
Data availability: The datasets generated during and/or analysed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.
References
[1] ISO 11783-10:2015, Tractors and Machinery for Agriculture and Forestry — Serial Control and Communications Data Network — Part 10: Task Controller and Management Information System Data Interchange, ISO, 2015 [Online]. Available at: https://www.iso.org/standard/61581.html.Search in Google Scholar
[2] D. Smart and V. Brill, “Aef – high speed isobus – technology readiness for a next generation network,” in LAND.TECHNIK 2019, 1st ed., vol. 2361, Düsseldorf, VDI, in VDI-Berichte, 2019, pp. 551–557.Search in Google Scholar
[3] D. Smart and V. Brill, “Aef – high speed isobus – technology readiness for a next generation network,” in LAND.TECHNIK 2022, 1 ed., vol. 2395, Düsseldorf, VDI, in VDI-Berichte, 2022, pp. 551–558.10.51202/9783181023952-551Search in Google Scholar
[4] Opc Foundation, OPC Unified Architecture Part 6: Mappings, OPC 10000-6, OPC Foundation, 2022 [Online]. Available at: https://opcfoundation.org/developer-tools/documents/view/163.Search in Google Scholar
[5] Microchip Technology Inc, N713 — controller area network (can) basics, Microchip Technology Inc, Chandler, AZ, 2015 [Online]. Available at: https://www.microchip.com/en-us/application-notes/an713.Search in Google Scholar
[6] ISO 11783-5:2019, Tractors and Machinery for Agriculture and Forestry — Serial Control and Communications Data Network — Part 5: Network Management, ISO, 2019 [Online]. Available at: https://www.iso.org/standard/74366.html.Search in Google Scholar
[7] A. Morato, S. Vitturi, F. Tramarin, and A. Cenedese, “Assessment of different opc ua implementations for industrial iot-based measurement applications,” IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas., vol. 70, pp. 1–11, 2021. https://doi.org/10.1109/tim.2020.3043116.Search in Google Scholar
[8] X. Wang, İ. Mutlu, F. Rani, L. Drowatzky, and L. Urbas, “A comparative study to evaluate the performance of communication protocols for process industry,” in 2022 32nd International Telecommunication Networks and Applications Conference (ITNAC), 2022, pp. 170–177.10.1109/ITNAC55475.2022.9998327Search in Google Scholar
[9] S. Cavalieri and F. Chiacchio, “Analysis of opc ua performances,” Comput. Stand. Interfac., vol. 36, pp. 165–177, 2013. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.csi.2013.06.004.Search in Google Scholar
[10] H. Haskamp, M. Meyer, R. Mollmann, F. Orth, and A. W. Colombo, “Benchmarking of existing opc ua implementations for industrie 4.0-compliant digitalization solutions,” in IEEE 15th International Conference on Industrial Informatics (INDIN), Emden, Germany, IEEE, 2017.10.1109/INDIN.2017.8104838Search in Google Scholar
[11] M. Siponen, I. Seilonen, S. Brodie, and T. Oksanen, “Next generation Task controller for agricultural machinery using opc unified architecture,” Comput. Electron. Agric., vol. 203, p. 107475, 2022. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compag.2022.107475.Search in Google Scholar
[12] T. Oksanen, P. Piirainen, and I. Seilonen, “Remote access of iso 11783 process data by using opc unified architecture technology,” Comput. Electron. Agric., vol. 117, pp. 141–148, 2015. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compag.2015.08.002.Search in Google Scholar
[13] German Federal Office for Information Security, Opc Ua Security Analysis, 2017 [Online]. Available at: https://www.bsi.bund.de/SharedDocs/Downloads/EN/BSI/Publications/Studies/OPCUA/OPCUA.pdf.Search in Google Scholar
[14] German Federal Office for Information Security, Opc Ua Security Analysis, 2022 [Online]. Available at: https://www.bsi.bund.de/SharedDocs/Downloads/EN/BSI/Publications/Studies/OPCUA/OPCUA_2022_EN.pdf.Search in Google Scholar
[15] P. T. Cheremushkin, Sergey, Opc Ua Security Analysis, Kaspersky Lab ICS CERT, 2018 [Online]. Available at: https://ics-cert.kaspersky.com/publications/reports/2018/05/10/opc-ua-security-analysis/.Search in Google Scholar
[16] OPC Foundation, “Review of kaspersky labs report confirms opc foundation’s transparent, open source opc ua implementations strategy improves security,” S. Hoppe, Ed., Scottsdale, AZ, OPC Foundation, 2018. Available at: https://opcfoundation.org/news/press-releases/review-kaspersky-labs-report-confirms-opc-foundations-transparent-open-source-opc-ua-implementations-strategy-improves-security/.Search in Google Scholar
[17] N. Mühlbauer, E. Kirdan, M.-O. Pahl, and G. Carle, “Open-source opc ua security and scalability,” in 2020 25th IEEE International Conference on Emerging Technologies and Factory Automation (ETFA), vol. 1, IEEE, 2020, pp. 262–269.10.1109/ETFA46521.2020.9212091Search in Google Scholar
[18] W. A. Farag, “Cantrack: enhancing automotive can bus security using intuitive encryption algorithms,” in 2017 7th International Conference on Modeling, Simulation, and Applied Optimization (ICMSAO), 2017, pp. 1–5.10.1109/ICMSAO.2017.7934878Search in Google Scholar
[19] K. R. Ludvigsen and S. Nagaraja, “The opportunity to regulate cybersecurity in the Eu (and the world): recommendations for the cybersecurity resilience act,” arXiv preprint arXiv:2205.13196, 2022.Search in Google Scholar
[20] OPC Foundation, OPC Unified Architecture Part 4: Services, OPC 10000-4, Opc Foundation, 2021 [Online]. Available at: https://opcfoundation.org/developer-tools/documents/view/161.Search in Google Scholar
© 2023 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston
Articles in the same Issue
- Frontmatter
- Editorial
- Methods, approaches, and applications in mobile machines
- Methods
- OPC UA client-server connection over an ISO 11783 vehicle network
- Applications
- VR-control for teleoperation of mobile machines – a review on the practical implementation
- Investigating the rendering capability of embedded devices for graphical-user-interfaces in mobile machines
- Synthetic data generation for the continuous development and testing of autonomous construction machinery
- Communication in collaborating construction equipment
- Aligning process quality and efficiency in agricultural soil tillage
Articles in the same Issue
- Frontmatter
- Editorial
- Methods, approaches, and applications in mobile machines
- Methods
- OPC UA client-server connection over an ISO 11783 vehicle network
- Applications
- VR-control for teleoperation of mobile machines – a review on the practical implementation
- Investigating the rendering capability of embedded devices for graphical-user-interfaces in mobile machines
- Synthetic data generation for the continuous development and testing of autonomous construction machinery
- Communication in collaborating construction equipment
- Aligning process quality and efficiency in agricultural soil tillage
