Home Ethnic tourism and Folksongs: A case study among the Blang (Bulang) of Yunnan, China
Article
Licensed
Unlicensed Requires Authentication

Ethnic tourism and Folksongs: A case study among the Blang (Bulang) of Yunnan, China

  • Leonardo D’Amico EMAIL logo
Published/Copyright: June 28, 2023

Abstract

In 2008 “Blang Nationality’s Singing and Instrument Playing” (Bulangzu tanchang) was listed as China’s intangible cultural heritage protection. The creation of ethnic parks, cultural villages, and ecomuseums in Southwest China raises some questions about the ethnic minorities’ traditional cultural/musical heritage and its sustainable development: What is the impact of ethnic tourism development on local minorities and what is the role played by government cultural policy in the preservation and dissemination of Blang musical heritage? How is this ethnic group’s identity represented in staged performances for tourists and in mass media? And what is the agency of Blang culture bearers officially appointed ‘cultural heritage inheritors’ in constructing, defining, and representing their own ethnic/musical identity? This article deals with a research project conducted mainly among the Blang of Manxi village in Xishuangbanna (Sipsongpanna), Yunnan Province, Southwest China, in the Spring of 2017. The purpose of this article is to describe and analyze the current interplay of ethnic tourism, government policy, mass media and culture bearers among an ethnic group considered a “minority among the minorities” in China and the effects of this interplay on the sustainability of traditional musical heritage.


Corresponding author: Leonardo D’Amico, Department of Music, University College Cork, Sunday’s Well Road, Cork T23 X6Y0, Ireland, E-mail:

Appendix

Selected Chinese Character List: Personal Names

He Hua 何华

Yang Liping 杨丽萍

Yang Minkang 杨民康

Selected Chinese Character List: Terms

Bulangzu 布朗族,

Bulangzu tanchang 布朗族弹唱

chuantong 传统

chuantong min’ge 传统民歌

chuantong wenhua 传统文化

dage 大歌

dagu 大鼓

daibiaoxing chuanchengren 代表性传承人

ding qin 盯琴

duige 对歌

guanxi 关系

Jixiang kongque 吉祥孔雀

jiuge 酒歌

kongque wu 孔雀舞

Manba 曼巴

Manya 曼芽

Manxi 曼夕

Menghai 勐海

Mengjinglai 勐景来

minzucun 民族村

yuanshengtai min’ge 原生态民歌,

Yunnan Leigui 云南雷鬼

luohou 落后

min’ge 民歌 / minjian gequ 民间歌曲

minzu 民族

minzu shibie 民族识别

minzu tuanjie 民族团结

nengge shanwu 能歌善舞

Pu 濮 / Pu man 濮满

qingge 情歌

Sangkang 桑康

shaoshu minzu, 少数民族

sheng

suo

tong ma 同玛

wenhua chanye 文化产业

wenhua yichan 文化遗产

wenhua lüyou 文化旅游

xiangjiaogu 象脚鼓

Xiaohua dui 小花队

yi ge dayan 以歌代言

yuansheng 原声

Yunnan Yingxiang 云南映象

zai

zai beng 宰蹦

zhuai

zunzhong 尊重

References

Allen, Aaron S. (2011a): “Ecomusicology: Ecocriticism and Musicology”. Journal of the American Musicological Society 64(2): 391–394.10.1525/jams.2011.64.2.391Search in Google Scholar

Allen, Aaron S. (2011b): “Prospects and Problems for Ecomusicology in Confronting a Crisis of Culture”. Journal of the American Musicological Society 64(2): 414–424.10.1525/jams.2011.64.2.414Search in Google Scholar

Ap, John (2003): “An assessment of theme park development in China”. In: Tourism in China: Geographic, political, and economic Perspectives. Edited by Alan A. Lew and Laurence Yu. Binghampton: Haworth, 195–214.Search in Google Scholar

Appadurai, Arjun (1990): ‘Disjuncture and Difference in the Global Cultural Economy’, Theory, Culture & Society, 7(2-3): 295–310.10.1177/026327690007002017Search in Google Scholar

Blum, Susan D. (2001): Portraits of “Primitives”: Ordering Human Kinds in the Chinese Nation. Oxford: Roman & Littlefield.Search in Google Scholar

Blumenfield, Tami (2018): “Recognition and Misrecognition: The Politics of Intangible Cultural Heritage in Southwest China”. In Chinese Heritage in the Making: Experiences, Negotiations and Contestations, edited by Christina Maags and Marina Svensson. 169–194. Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press.10.2307/j.ctt2204rz8.10Search in Google Scholar

Borrelli, Nunzia/ Rongling Ge. 2019. “An Analysis of Chinese Ecomuseums in Relation to Ecomuseum Theories and Principles”, Organon 51: 123–151.10.4467/00786500.ORG.19.005.11326Search in Google Scholar

Bruckermann, Charlotte (2016): “Trading on Tradition: Tourism, Ritual, and Capitalism in a Chinese Village”. Modern China 42(2): 188–224.10.1177/0097700415578808Search in Google Scholar

Chen, Xuemei (2017): “Analysis on Current Inheritance of Yi Toasting Song Culture and Its Countermeasures A Case Study of the Yi Nationality’ Drinking Song in Wuding”. Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Contemporary Education, Social Sciences and Humanities (ICCESSH 2017). Accessed April 18, 2023. https://www.atlantis-press.com/proceedings/iccessh-17/25878668.10.2991/iccessh-17.2017.137Search in Google Scholar

Chio, Jenny (2014). A Landscape of Travel: The Work of Tourism in Rural Ethnic China. Seattle: University of Washington Press.10.1515/9780295805061Search in Google Scholar

Chow, Chun Shing (2005): “Cultural Diversity and Tourism Development in Yunnan Province, China”. Geography 90(3): 294–303.10.1080/00167487.2005.12094142Search in Google Scholar

Cohen, Erik (1988): “Authenticity and Commoditization in Tourism”. Annals of Tourism Research 15: 371–386.10.1016/0160-7383(88)90028-XSearch in Google Scholar

Cohen, Erik (2001): “Ethnic tourism in Southeast Asia”. In: Tourism, Anthropology and China. Edited by Tan Chee-Beng, Sidney C. H. Cheung, Yang Hui. Bangkok, Thailand: White Lotus Co., 27–54.Search in Google Scholar

Cornet, Candice (2009): “Ethnic Tourism Development: Preliminary Data for the Dong Village of Zhaoxing, China”. Ethnic Minorities and Regional Development in Asia: Reality and Challenges. Edited by Huhua Cao. Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press, 193–204.Search in Google Scholar

D’Amico, Leonardo (2017): Film Review: “Treasure of the Lisu: Ah-Cheng and His Music”. Ethnomusicology Forum, 144–147.10.1080/17411912.2017.1281148Search in Google Scholar

Donaldson, John A. (2007): “Tourism, Development and Poverty Reduction in Guizhou and Yunnan”. The China Quarterly 190: 333–351.10.1017/S0305741007001221Search in Google Scholar

Eberhard, Wolfram (1982): China’s Minorities: Yesterday and Today. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth.Search in Google Scholar

Edensor, Tim (2000): ‘Staging Tourism. Tourists as Performers’, Annals of Tourism Research, 27(2): 322–344.10.1016/S0160-7383(99)00082-1Search in Google Scholar

Edensor, Tim (2001): ‘Performing tourism, staging tourism. (Re)producing tourist space and practice’, Tourist Studies 1(1): 59–81.10.1177/146879760100100104Search in Google Scholar

Eng, Irene (1998): “Historical Contingency and Commercialization in Xishuangbanna, China”. Journal of Economic and Social Geography 89: 446–458.10.1111/1467-9663.00041Search in Google Scholar

Feng, Gaoyingshan (2016): Contemporary Chinese Performance Artist Yang Liping’s Regional Transculturalism. Master Thesis. Northridge: California State University.Search in Google Scholar

Fraser, Richard (2020): “Cultural heritage, ethnic tourism, and minority-state relations amongst the Orochen in north-east China”. International Journal of Heritage Studies, 26(2): 178–200.10.1080/13527258.2019.1620830Search in Google Scholar

Gibson, Chris / John Connell (2005): Music and Tourism: On the Road Again. Clevedon: Channel View Publications.10.21832/9781873150948Search in Google Scholar

Gibbs, Levi S. (2020): “Improvised songs of praise and group sociality in contemporary Chinese banquet culture”, International Communication of Chinese Culture 7: 133–146.10.1007/s40636-020-00181-2Search in Google Scholar

Gladney, Dru C. (1994): “Representing Nationality in China: Refiguring Majority/Minority Identities”. The Journal of Asian Studies 53(1): 92–123.10.2307/2059528Search in Google Scholar

Gorfinkel, Lauren (2017): Chinese Television and National Identity Construction: The Cultural Politics of Music-Entertainment Programmes. London: Routledge.10.4324/9781315768885Search in Google Scholar

Gotham, Kevin Fox (2002): “Marketing Mardi Gras: commodification, spectacle and the political economy of tourism in New Orleans”. Urban Studies 39(10): 1735–1756.10.1080/0042098022000002939Search in Google Scholar

Gottdiener, Mark (1997): The Theming of America. Oxford: Westview Press.Search in Google Scholar

Graburn, Nelson H. (1989): “Tourism: The sacred journey”. In: The Anthropology of Tourism. Edited by Valene L. Smith. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 21–36.Search in Google Scholar

Graburn, Nelson H. (2015): ‘Ethnic Tourism in Rural China: Cultural or Economic ‘Development’?’. In Ethnic and Minority Cultures as Tourist Attractions. Edited by Anya Diekmann and Melanie Kay Smith. Bristol: Channel View Publications, 176–186.10.21832/9781845414849-017Search in Google Scholar

Graburn, Nelson / Lu Jin (2017): “Tourism and Museums in China”, Asian Journal of Tourism Research 2(1): 1–35.10.12982/AJTR.2017.0001Search in Google Scholar

Greenwood, Davydd J. (1977): “Culture by the Pound: An Anthropological Perspective on Tourism as Cultural Commoditization”. In: Hosts and Guests: The Anthropology of Tourism. Edited by Valene L. Smith. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 129–138.Search in Google Scholar

Greenwood, Davydd J. (1982): “Cultural ‘authenticity’”. Cultural Survival Quarterly, 6(3): 27–28.Search in Google Scholar

Hammond, James et al.. (2015): Situational Analysis Report: Xishuangbanna Autonomous Dai Prefecture Yunnan, China. World Agrofor. Cent. Work. Pap. 194: 1–67. Accessed April 29, 2021. http://humidtropics.cgiar.org/wp-content/uploads/downloads/2015/04/Situational-Analysis-Report-Banna.pdf.Search in Google Scholar

Harrell, Stevan (1995): Cultural Encounters on China’s Ethnic Frontiers. Seattle: University of Washington Press.Search in Google Scholar

Hong Yi, Sabrina (2012): “The Suojia Ecomuseum in China: A New Rural Landscape Planning Approach for Ethnic Minority People?”. International Journal of the Inclusive Museum 5(4): 51–69.10.18848/1835-2014/CGP/v05i04/44414Search in Google Scholar

Howard, Keith (2012): Music as Intangible Cultural Heritage: Policy, Ideology, and Practice in the Preservation of East Asian Traditions. Farnham, England: Ashgate.Search in Google Scholar

Huang, Caiwen / Huang, Xinyin (2014): “Religious Culture Exchanges and National Security Among the Bulang Communities across the Sino-Burmese Border”. Journal of Dali University 13(7): 17–24.Search in Google Scholar

Huibin, Xing / Azizan Marzuki / Arman Abdul Razak (2012): “Protective Development of Cultural Heritage Tourism: The Case of Lijiang, China”, Theoretical and Empirical Researches in Urban Management 7(1): 39–54.Search in Google Scholar

Jackson, Julie Anne (2006): “Developing regional tourism in China: The potential for activating business clusters in a socialist market economy”. Tourism Management 27: 695–706.10.1016/j.tourman.2005.02.007Search in Google Scholar

Krüger, Simone and Ruxandra Trandafoiu (2013): The Globalization of Musics in Transit Music Migration and Tourism. New York: Routledge.10.4324/9780203082911Search in Google Scholar

Kuang, Jia / Lan He (2022): ‘From Oblivion to Reappearance: A Multi-Faceted Evaluation of the Sustainability of Folk Music in Yunnan Province of China’, SAGE Open, 25/08/2022, 1–11. https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/21582440221117806 (accessed February 15th, 2023).Search in Google Scholar

IhChina (2021): ‘Representative list of the national intangible cultural heritage of China’. http://www.ihchina.cn/project.html (accessed February 15th, 2023).Search in Google Scholar

Ingram, Chaterine / Jiaping Wu (2017): “Research, Cultural Heritage, and Ethnic Identity: Evaluating the Influence of Kam Big Song Research of the 1950s”. Asian Ethnology 76(1): 65–93.Search in Google Scholar

Lau, Frederick (1998): “Packaging identity through sound: Tourist performances in contemporary China”. Journal of Musicological Research 17(2): 113–134.10.1080/01411899808574743Search in Google Scholar

Li, Daoyong/ Nie, Xizhen / Qiu, Efeng (eds) (1986): Zhong Guo Shao Shu Min Zu Yu Yan Cong Shu: Bulang Yu [Book series of Chinese ethnic minorities’ languages: Bulang language]. Beijing: Ethnic Publishing House.Search in Google Scholar

Li, Hongchun (2016): “Jiǔ gē yánjiū xiànzhuàng bùzú jiǎn shù” (A Brief Introduction to the Current Situation of Jiuge Research). Shaanxi Railway Engineering Vocational and Technical College, Shaanxi.Search in Google Scholar

Li, Jing (2004): Molding Dai-ness on China’s Periphery: Ethnic Tourism and the Politics of Identity Construction in Contemporary Xishuang Banna, PhD Dissertation, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia.Search in Google Scholar

Li, Jing (2013): “The Making of Ethnic Yunnan on the National Mall: Minority Folksong and Dance Performances, Provincial Identity, and ‘The Artifying of Politics’ (Zhengzhi Yishuhua)”. Modern China 39(1): 69–100.10.1177/0097700412445348Search in Google Scholar

Li, Xi Yuan (2015): “Ethnicity or nationality? Minority policy and ethnic conflict in contemporary China”. In: Ethnicity as a Political Resource. Conceptualizations across Disciplines, Regions, and Periods. Edited by the University of Cologne Forum “Ethnicity as a Political Resource”. Bielefeld: Transcript Verlag, 151–168.10.14361/9783839430132-012Search in Google Scholar

Li, Yiping / Tom Hinch (1997): “Ethnic tourism attractions and their prospect for sustainable development at two sites and China and Canada”. Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research 2(1): 5–17.10.1080/10941669808721981Search in Google Scholar

Ma, Zhen (2018): “Sensorial Place-Making in Ethnic Minority Areas: The Consumption of Forest Puer Tea in Contemporary China”. Asia Pacific Journal of Anthropology 19 (4): 316–332.10.1080/14442213.2018.1486453Search in Google Scholar

Ma, Zhen (2021): “Uncertainty, Risk, and Merit-Making Tea Economy and Religious Practices in a Southern Yunnan Bulang Community”. Social Analysis. The International Journal of Anthropology, 65(3): 88–109.10.3167/sa.2021.650305Search in Google Scholar

MacCannell, Dean (1973): “Staged Authenticity: Arrangements Space in Tourist Settings”. The American Journal of Sociology 79(3): 589–603.10.1086/225585Search in Google Scholar

MacCannell, Dean (1984): “Reconstructed ethnicity: tourism and cultural identity in third world community”. Annals of Tourism Research 11: 375–391.10.1016/0160-7383(84)90028-8Search in Google Scholar

MacCannell, Dean (1999): The Tourist: A New Theory of the Leisure Class. Berkeley: University of California.Search in Google Scholar

Mackerras, Colin (1984): “Folksong and Dance of China’s Minority Nationalities: Policy, Tradition, and Professionalization”. Modern China 10(2): 187–226.10.1177/009770048401000202Search in Google Scholar

Mackerras, Colin (2003): China’s Ethnic Minorities and Globalization. London: Routledge Curzon.10.4324/9780203180464Search in Google Scholar

Massing, Katharina (2017): “Safeguarding intangible cultural heritage in an ethnic theme park setting – the case of Binglanggu in Hainan Province, China”, International Journal of Heritage Studies, 24(1): 66–82.10.1080/13527258.2017.1362571Search in Google Scholar

Miller, Lucien (ed.) (1994): South of the Clouds: Tales from Yunnan. Seattle: University of Washington Press.Search in Google Scholar

Morais, Duarte B. / Erwei Dong / Guihua Yang (2006): “The ethnic tourism expansion cycle: The case of Yunnan province, China”. Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research 11(2): 189–204.10.1080/10941660600727616Search in Google Scholar

Moscardo, Gianna / Pearce, Philip L. (1999): “Understanding ethnic tourists”. Annals of Tourism Research, 26(2): 416–434.10.1016/S0160-7383(98)00101-7Search in Google Scholar

Nitzky, William (2012): “Mediating Heritage Preservation and Rural Development: Ecomuseum Development in China”. Urban Anthropology and Studies of Cultural Systems and World Economic Development 41(2/3/4): 367–417.Search in Google Scholar

Nyiri, Pal (2006): Scenic spots: Chinese tourism, the state, and cultural authority. Seattle, WA: University of Washington Press.Search in Google Scholar

Oakes, Tim (1992): “Cultural geography and Chinese ethnic tourism”. Journal of Cultural Geography 12(2): 2–17.10.1080/08873639209478405Search in Google Scholar

Oakes, Tim (1997): “Ethnic tourism in rural Guizhou”. In: Tourism, Ethnicity, and State in Asian and Pacific societies. Edited by Michel Picard and Robert E. Wood. Hawaii: University of Hawaii Press, 35–70.Search in Google Scholar

Oakes, Tim (1998): Tourism and Modernity in China. London: Routledge, 35–70.Search in Google Scholar

Oakes, Tim (1999): “Selling Guizhou: cultural development in an era of marketization”. In: The Political Economy of China’s Provinces, edited by Hans Hendrischke and Feng Chongyi. 27–67. London and New York: Routledge.Search in Google Scholar

Oakes, Tim (2006): “Cultural strategies of development: implications for village governance in China”. The Pacific Review 19(1): 13–37.10.1080/09512740500417616Search in Google Scholar

Picard, Michel (1996): Bali: Cultural Tourism and Touristic Culture. Singapore: Archipelago Press.Search in Google Scholar

Qian, Lijuan (2017): ‘Which Identity Matters? Competing Ethnicities in Chinese TV Music Contests’. The World of Music 6(2): 57–82.Search in Google Scholar

Qiao, Jianzhong (1998): ‘Hanzu chuantong yinyue yanjiu sishi nian’ [Forty years of research on traditional music of the Han]. In Tudi yu ge: chuantong yinyue wenhua ji qi dili lishi beijing yanjiu [Land and song: traditional music culture and its geographical and historical background]. 322–48. Ji’nan: Shandong wenyi chubanshe.Search in Google Scholar

Rees, Helen (1998): ‘“Authenticity” and the foreign audience for traditional music in Southwest China. Journal of Musicological Research 17(2): 135–161.10.1080/01411899808574744Search in Google Scholar

Rees, Helen (2000): Echoes of History. Naxi Music in Modern China. Oxford: Oxford University Press.10.1093/oso/9780195129496.001.0001Search in Google Scholar

Renard, Ronald D. (2015): ‘Mon-Khmer Peoples and Thai Culture’. In Mon-Khmer: People of the Mekong Region, edited by Ronald D. Renard and Anchalee, Singhanetra-R. 1–48. Chiang Mai: Chiang Mai University Press.Search in Google Scholar

Rice, Timothy / Dave Wilson (2022): Gateways to Understanding Music. New York: Routledge.10.4324/9781003269304Search in Google Scholar

Schein, Louisa (1997): “Gender and Internal Orientalism China”. Modern China 23(l): 69–98.10.1177/009770049702300103Search in Google Scholar

Schein, Louisa (1999): “Performing Modernity”. Cultural Anthropology, 14(3): 361–395.10.1525/can.1999.14.3.361Search in Google Scholar

Smith, Valene L. (ed.) (1977) [1989]: Hosts and Guests: The Anthropology of Tourism. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.Search in Google Scholar

Smith, Valene L. (1996): “Indigenous tourism: the four Hs”. In: Tourism and Indigenous Peoples. Edited by Richard Butler and Tom Hinch. Cornwall, UK: T.J. Press Ltd, 283–307.Search in Google Scholar

Sofield, Trevor H.B. / Fung Mei Sarah Li (1998): “Tourism development and cultural policies in China”. Annals of Tourism Research 25(2): 362–392.10.1016/S0160-7383(97)00092-3Search in Google Scholar

Sofield, Trevor H.B. / Fung Mei Sarah Li (2007): “Indigenous minorities of China and effects of tourism”. In Tourism and Indigenous Peoples: Issues and Implications, edited by Richard Butler and Tom Hinch. 265–280. London: Routledge.10.1016/B978-0-7506-6446-2.50029-6Search in Google Scholar

Su, Donghai (2008): “The Concept of the Ecomuseum and its Practice in China”. 60 (1-2): 27–39. MUSEUM International, “Ancient China, new museums”, published by UNESCO. Accessed 03 June 2022. https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000162054.10.1111/j.1468-0033.2008.00634.xSearch in Google Scholar

Su, Junjie (2019): “Understanding the changing Intangible Cultural Heritage in tourism commodification: the music players’ perspective from Lijiang, China”. Journal of Tourism and Cultural Change 17(3): 247–268.10.1080/14766825.2018.1427102Search in Google Scholar

Su, Xiaobo (2011): “Commodification and the selling of ethnic music to tourists”. Geoforum 42: 496–505.10.1016/j.geoforum.2011.03.006Search in Google Scholar

Su, Kaiwen / Jie Ren / Yueting Qin / Yilei Hou / Yali Wen (2020): “Efforts of Indigenous Knowledge in Forest and Wildlife Conservation: A Case Study on Bulang People in Mangba Village in Yunnan Province, China”. Forests, 11, 1178. Accessed 13 April 2023. https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4907/11/11/1178.10.3390/f11111178Search in Google Scholar

Swain, Margaret Byrne (1989): “Developing ethnic tourism in Yunnan, China: Shilin Sani”. Tourism Recreation Research 14(1): 33–9.10.1080/02508281.1989.11014541Search in Google Scholar

Swain, Margaret Byrne (1990): “Commoditizing ethnicity in southwest China”. Cultural Survival Quarterly, 14(1), 26–29.Search in Google Scholar

Taylor, John (2001): “Authenticity and sincerity in tourism”. Annals of Tourism Research, 28(1), 7–26.10.1016/S0160-7383(00)00004-9Search in Google Scholar

Titon, Jeff Todd (2009): “Music and Sustainability: An Ecological Viewpoint”. The World of Music 51(1): 119–137.Search in Google Scholar

Toops (1992): “Tourism in Xinjiang, China”. Journal of Cultural Geography 12: 19–34.10.1080/08873639209478406Search in Google Scholar

Tuohy, Sue (1999): “The Social Life of Genre: The Dynamics of Folksong in China”. Asian Music, 30(2): 39–86.10.2307/834313Search in Google Scholar

Turino, Thomas (2008): Music as Social Life. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Search in Google Scholar

Walle, Alf H. (1996): “Habits of thought and cultural tourism”. Annals of Tourism Research 23: 874–890.10.1016/0160-7383(95)00018-6Search in Google Scholar

Walsh, Eileen Rose / Margaret Byrne Swain (2004): “Creating modernity by touring paradise: domestic ethnic tourism in Yunnan, China”. Tourism Recreation Research 29(2): 59–68.10.1080/02508281.2004.11081444Search in Google Scholar

Wang, Jin (2015): “Analysis of the Inheritance and Development of Original Ecology Music”. Cross-Cultural Communication, 11(3): 106–109.Search in Google Scholar

Wang, Jing (2001): “Culture as leisure and culture as capital”. Positions 9(1): 69–104.10.1215/10679847-9-1-69Search in Google Scholar

Wang, Jing (2003): “Framing policy research on Chinese ‘culture industry’: cultural goods, market–state relations, and the international free trade regime”, Paper presented at the Workshop on Critical Policy Studies, Cambridge, MA, 15–16 November.Search in Google Scholar

Wang, Mengqi (2012): “The Social Life of Scripts: Staging Authenticity in China’s Ethno-Tourism Industry”. Urban Anthropology and Studies of Cultural Systems and World Economic Development, 41(2/3/4): 419–455.Search in Google Scholar

Wang, Sixuan / Aniko Hatoss (2021): “Chronotopes, language practices and language shift: an ethnographic study of the Blang community in China”, International Journal of Multilingualism, https://doi.org/10.1080/14790718.2021.1994979.Search in Google Scholar

Wen, Julie Jie / Clement A. Tisdell (2001): Tourism and China’s Development. Policies, Regional Economic Growth and Ecotourism. Singapore: World Scientific.10.1142/4533Search in Google Scholar

Weng, Lisheng / Bao-Jie He / Lina Liu, Chenxi Li / Xin Zhang (2019): “Sustainability Assessment of Cultural Heritage Tourism: Case Study of Pingyao Ancient City in China”, Sustainability, 11.10.3390/su11051392Search in Google Scholar

Wood, Robert E. (1993): “Tourism, culture and the sociology of development”. In: Tourism in South-East Asia. Edited by Michael Hitchcock, Victor T. King, Michael J. G. Parnwell. London: Routledge, 48–70.Search in Google Scholar

Wood, Robert E. (1998): “Tourist Ethnicity: A Brief Itinerary”, Ethnic and Racial Studies 21: 218–41.10.1080/014198798329991Search in Google Scholar

Xi, Chunai / Li, Qin (2016): “Cultural Security and Adaptation of Cross-border Ethnic Intangible Cultural Heritage. The Case Study of Bulang Nationality’s Singing and Instrument Playing in Xishuangbanna”. Proceedings of the 2016 International Conference on Public Management (ICPM 2016). Accessed April 29, 2021. https://www.atlantis-press.com/proceedings/icpm-16/25857485.10.2991/icpm-16.2016.125Search in Google Scholar

Xi, Chunai, Li Qin / Zhang Yinzhu (2012): ‘Ethnic Cultural Identity Crisis and Its Adaptation—Taking Blang Ethnic Group in Yunnan Province as an Example’. Proceedings of the 2012 International Conference on Public Management (ICPM 2012). Accessed April 29, 2021. https://www.atlantis-press.com/proceedings/icpm-12/2870.10.2991/icpm.2012.3Search in Google Scholar

Xie, Philip Feifan (2003): “The bamboo-beating dance in Hainan, China: authenticity and commodification”. Journal of Sustainable Tourism 11: 5–16.10.1080/09669580308667190Search in Google Scholar

Yang, Fuquan (2016): “Ethnic heritage in Yunnan: contradictions and challenges”. In: Reconsidering Cultural Heritage in East Asia. Edited by Akira Matsuda and Luisa Elena Mengoni. London: Ubiquity Press, 87–102.10.5334/baz.eSearch in Google Scholar

Yang, Minkang (2012): One Dimension and Two Thresholds: Musical Culture History of the Bulang Nationality (Yī wéi liǎng yù: Bùlǎng zú yīnyuè wénhuà zhì). Beijing: CCOM (Central Conservatory of Music).Search in Google Scholar

Yang, Li (2011a): “Ethnic tourism and cultural representation”. Annals of Tourism Research 38(2): 561–585.10.1016/j.annals.2010.10.009Search in Google Scholar

Yang, Li (2011b): “Minorities, tourism and ethnic theme parks: employees’ perspectives from Yunnan, China”. Journal of Cultural Geography 28(2): 311–338.10.1080/08873631.2011.583444Search in Google Scholar

Yang, Li (2011c): “Cultural tourism in an ethnic theme park: tourists’ views”. Journal of Tourism and Cultural Change 9(4): 320–340.10.1080/14766825.2011.628026Search in Google Scholar

Yang, Li / Wall, Geoffrey (2008): “Ethnic Tourism and Entrepreneurship: Xishuangbanna, Yunnan, China”. Tourism Geographies 10(4): 522–544.10.1080/14616680802434130Search in Google Scholar

Yang, Li / Wall, Geoffrey (2009): “Authenticity in ethnic tourism: domestic tourists’ perspectives”. Current Issues in Tourism, 12(3): 235–254.10.1080/13683500802406880Search in Google Scholar

Yang, Li / Wall, Geoffrey / Smith, Stephen L.J. (2006): “Ethnic Tourism Development: Chinese Government Perspectives”. Annals of Tourism Research 35(3): 751–771.10.1016/j.annals.2008.06.005Search in Google Scholar

Yang, Mu (1998): ‘Erotic Musical Activity in Multi-Ethnic China’. Ethnomusicology, 42(2): 199–264.10.2307/3113890Search in Google Scholar

You, Jiaying (2016): “Creative Factors and Ethnic-folk Dance: A Case Study of the Peacock Dance in China (1949-2013)”, PhD dissertation, University of Alberta.Search in Google Scholar

Zemp, Hugo / Vida Malkus (1979): ‘Aspects of ‘Are’ are Musical Theory.’ Ethnomusicology 23(1): 5–48.10.2307/851336Search in Google Scholar

Zhang, Guangrui / Alan A. Lew (2003): “Introduction: China’s tourism boom”. In Tourism in China, edited by Alan A. Lew, Lawrence Yu, John Ap and Guangrui Zhang. 3–12. New York: Routledge.Search in Google Scholar

Zhang, Boyu / Yao, Hui / Schippers, Huib (2015): “The Rise and Implementation of Intangible Cultural Heritage Protection for Music in China”. The World of Music 4(1): 45–59.Search in Google Scholar

Zhang, Shinan / Edward C. M. Lo / Chun-Hung Chu (2018): “Traditional oral health beliefs and practices of Bulang people in Yunnan, China”. Journal of Investigative and Clinical Dentistry 9(1): 1–6.10.1111/jicd.12281Search in Google Scholar

Filmography

D’Amico Leonardo (2023): Bulang Music. From the Mountain to the Stars, Multi Culti.Search in Google Scholar

Wei, Li and Zhang, Xingrong (2001): From China’s Southwest Borders: Minority Dances, Songs, and Instrumental Music of Yunnan, Apsara Media.Search in Google Scholar

Su, Yan Chun (2010): Treasure of the Lisu: Ah-Cheng and his Music, produced by Yan Chun Su.Search in Google Scholar

Received: 2022-01-10
Accepted: 2023-05-17
Published Online: 2023-06-28
Published in Print: 2023-09-26

© 2023 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston

Downloaded on 3.10.2025 from https://www.degruyterbrill.com/document/doi/10.1515/asia-2022-0001/html
Scroll to top button