Earlywood and latewood elastic properties in loblolly pine
-
Abstract
The elastic properties of earlywood and latewood and their variability were measured in 388 specimens from six loblolly pine trees in a commercial plantation. Properties measured included longitudinal modulus of elasticity, shear modulus, specific gravity, microfibril angle and presence of compression wood. Novel testing procedures were developed to measure properties from specimens of 1 mm×1 mm×30 mm from earlywood or latewood. The elastic properties varied substantially circumferentially around a given ring and this variation was nearly as large as the variation across rings. The elastic properties varied by ring and height, but while the modulus of elasticity increased with height, the shear modulus decreased with height. A strong correlation was found between modulus of elasticity and shear modulus, but only at low heights and inner rings. Specific gravity and microfibril angle were the strongest predictors of elastic properties and explained 75% of the variation in modulus of elasticity for latewood. Despite being the best predictors in this study, these parameters accounted for less than half of the variability of earlywood modulus of elasticity, earlywood shear modulus and latewood shear modulus.
References
Biblis, E.J. (1969) Transitional variation and relationships among properties within loblolly pine growth rings. Wood Sci. Technol.3:14–24.10.1007/BF00349981Search in Google Scholar
Booker, R.E., Harrington, J., Shiokura, T. (1998) Variation of Young's modulus with microfibril angle, density and spiral grain. In: Microfibril Angle in Wood. Ed. Butterfield, B.G. University of Canterbury Press, Christchurch, New Zealand. pp. 296–311.Search in Google Scholar
Brodt, M., Cook, L.S., Lakes, R.S. (1995) Apparatus for measuring viscoelastic properties over ten decades: refinements. Rev. Sci. Instrum.66:5292–5297.10.1063/1.1146101Search in Google Scholar
Cave, I.D. (1997) X-Ray measurement of microfibril angle. Part 1: The condition for reflection. Wood Sci. Technol.31:143–152.Search in Google Scholar
Chen, C.P., Lakes, R.S. (1989) Apparatus for determining viscoelastic properties of materials over ten decades of frequency and time. J. Rheol.33:1231–1249.10.1122/1.550071Search in Google Scholar
Gibson, L., Ashby, M. Cellular Solids, 2nd ed. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, 1997.10.1017/CBO9781139878326Search in Google Scholar
Goggans, J.F. (1964) Correlation and heritability of certain wood properties in loblolly pine. TAPPI J. 47:318–322.Search in Google Scholar
Groom, L., Mott, L., Shaler, S. (2002a) Mechanical properties of individual southern pine fibers. Part I. Determination and variability of stress–strain curves with respect to tree height and juvenility. Wood Fiber Sci.34:14–27.Search in Google Scholar
Groom, L., Shaler, S., Mott, L. (2002b) Mechanical properties of individual southern pine fibers. Part III. Global relationships between fiber properties and fiber location within an individual tree. Wood Fiber Sci.34:238–250.Search in Google Scholar
Hodge, G.R., Purnell, R.C. (1993) Genetic parameter estimates for wood density, transition age, and radial growth in slash pine. Can. J. For. Res.23:1881–1891.10.1139/x93-238Search in Google Scholar
Jakob, H.F., Fratzl, P., Schegg, S.E. (1994) Size and arrangement of elementary cellulose fibrils in wood cells: a small-angle X-ray scattering study of Picea abies. J. Struct. Biol.113:13–22.10.1006/jsbi.1994.1028Search in Google Scholar
Kretschmann, D.E., Alden, H.A., Verrill, S. (1998) Variations of microfibril angle in loblolly pine: Comparison of iodine crystallization and X-ray diffraction techniques. In: Microfibril Angle in Wood. Ed. Butterfield, B.G. University of Canterbury Press, Christchurch, New Zealand. pp. 157–176.Search in Google Scholar
Larson, P. (1969) Wood formation and the concept of wood quality. School of Forestry Bulletin No. 74. Yale University, New Haven.Search in Google Scholar
Lichtenegger, H., Reiterer, A., Tschegg, S., Fratzl, P. (1998) Determination of spiral angles of elementary fibrils in the wood cell wall: Comparison of small-angle X-ray scatter and wide-angle X-ray diffraction. In: Microfibril Angle in Wood. Ed. Butterfield, B.G. University of Canterbury Press, Christchurch, New Zealand. pp. 140–156.Search in Google Scholar
McMillan, C.W. (1968) Morphological characteristics of loblolly pine wood as related to specific gravity, growth rate and distance from pith. Wood Sci. Technol.2:166–176.10.1007/BF00350906Search in Google Scholar
Megraw, R.A. Wood Quality Factors in Loblolly Pine. TAPPI Press, Atlanta, GA, 1985.Search in Google Scholar
Megraw, R., Bremer, D., Leaf, G., Roers, J. (1999) Stiffness in loblolly pine as a function of ring position and height, and its relationship to microfibril angle and specific gravity. In: Proceedings of the Third Workshop: Connection Between Silvaculture and Wood Quality Through Modelling Approaches and Simulation Software. Ed. Nepveu, G. INRA, Nancy, France. pp. 341–349.Search in Google Scholar
Meylan, B.A. (1967) Measurement of microfibril angle by X-ray diffraction. For. Prod. J.17:51–58.Search in Google Scholar
Mott, L., Groom, L., Shaler, S. (2002) Mechanical properties of individual southern pine fibers. Part II. Comparison of earlywood latewood fibers with respect to tree height and juvenility. Wood Fiber Sci.34:221–237.Search in Google Scholar
Paul, B.H. (1958) Specific gravity changes in southern pines. Southern Lumberman197:122–124.Search in Google Scholar
Pew, J.C., Knechtges, R.G. (1939). Cross-sectional dimensions of fibers in relation to paper making properties of loblolly pine. Pap. Trade J.109:46–48.Search in Google Scholar
Pillow M.Y. (1941) A new method of detecting compression wood. J. For.39:385–387.Search in Google Scholar
Timoshenko, S.P., Goodier, J.N. Theory of Elasticity, 3rd ed. McGraw-Hill, New York, 1970.10.1115/1.3408648Search in Google Scholar
Timell, T.E. (1986) Detection. In: Compression Wood in Gymnosperms, Vol. I. Springer-Verlag, Berlin.10.1007/978-3-642-61616-7Search in Google Scholar
Verrill, S.P., Kretschmann, D.E., Herian, V.L. (2001) JMFA-A graphically interactive Java program that fits microfibril angle X-ray diffraction data. Research Note FPL-RN-0283. US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory, Madison, WI.Search in Google Scholar
Ying, L., Kretschmann, D.E., Bendtsen, B.A. (1994) Longitudinal shrinkage in fast-growth loblolly pine plantation wood. For. Prod. J.44:58–62.Search in Google Scholar
©2005 by Walter de Gruyter Berlin New York
Articles in the same Issue
- The prediction of pulp yield using selected fiber properties
- Surface lignin and extractives on hardwood RDH kraft pulp chemically characterized by ToF-SIMS
- NMR studies on Fraser fir Abies fraseri (Pursh) Poir. lignins
- Acid hydrolysis kinetics and identification of erythro and threo α-ethyl ether derivatives of non-phenolic arylglycerol-β-syringyl ether lignin model compounds
- Stabilization of cellulose solutions in N-methylmorpholine-N-oxide (Lyocell dopes) by addition of an N-oxide as sacrificial substrate
- Mechanism of decomposition of peracetic acid by manganese ions and diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (DTPA)
- The effect of chlorophorin and its derivative on melanin biosynthesis
- Long-term development of VOC emissions from OSB after hot-pressing
- Assessment of continuous distribution of wood properties from a low number of samples: Application to the variability of modulus of elasticity between trees and within a tree
- Earlywood and latewood elastic properties in loblolly pine
- Combined shear and compression analysis using a modified Iosipescu shear test device. Experimental studies on dry wood
- An approach to viscoelastic behaviour analysis of wood-based panels by an inverse method of characterisation
- The mechanosorptive effect in Pinus radiata D. Don.
- Advances in understanding bioactivity of chitosan and chitosan oligomers against selected wood-inhabiting fungi
- Comparison of quantitative real-time PCR, chitin and ergosterol assays for monitoring colonization of Trametes versicolor in birch wood
- Rate and extent of adsorption of ACQ preservative components in wood
- Prediction of long-term leaching potential of preservative-treated wood by diffusion modeling
Articles in the same Issue
- The prediction of pulp yield using selected fiber properties
- Surface lignin and extractives on hardwood RDH kraft pulp chemically characterized by ToF-SIMS
- NMR studies on Fraser fir Abies fraseri (Pursh) Poir. lignins
- Acid hydrolysis kinetics and identification of erythro and threo α-ethyl ether derivatives of non-phenolic arylglycerol-β-syringyl ether lignin model compounds
- Stabilization of cellulose solutions in N-methylmorpholine-N-oxide (Lyocell dopes) by addition of an N-oxide as sacrificial substrate
- Mechanism of decomposition of peracetic acid by manganese ions and diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (DTPA)
- The effect of chlorophorin and its derivative on melanin biosynthesis
- Long-term development of VOC emissions from OSB after hot-pressing
- Assessment of continuous distribution of wood properties from a low number of samples: Application to the variability of modulus of elasticity between trees and within a tree
- Earlywood and latewood elastic properties in loblolly pine
- Combined shear and compression analysis using a modified Iosipescu shear test device. Experimental studies on dry wood
- An approach to viscoelastic behaviour analysis of wood-based panels by an inverse method of characterisation
- The mechanosorptive effect in Pinus radiata D. Don.
- Advances in understanding bioactivity of chitosan and chitosan oligomers against selected wood-inhabiting fungi
- Comparison of quantitative real-time PCR, chitin and ergosterol assays for monitoring colonization of Trametes versicolor in birch wood
- Rate and extent of adsorption of ACQ preservative components in wood
- Prediction of long-term leaching potential of preservative-treated wood by diffusion modeling
