MMaaler, Josua,(Maler,Mahler,Lat.Pictorius),b. June 15, 1529, Zurich, Switzerland, d. June 6,1599, Glattfelden, Zurich, Switzerland; earlyGerman lexicographer.M. attended school in Zurich and Lausanne,went to Paris (P.fiRamus) and Oxford (P.Martyr) in 1551 and, returning from England,visited the Netherlands and Freiburg im Breis-gau, Germany (H. Glareanus). From 1552 on,he was a Protestant minister at different Swisslocalities, e.g., in Winterthur (1582) and Glatt-felden (1598).At the instance of his learned friends C.fiGessner and J.fiFrisius, M. composed thefirst extended “modern” independent alphabet-ical German-Latin dictionary,Die TeütschSpraach. Dictionarium Germanicolatinum No-vum(Zurich, 1561), a reversed version of theGrosser Fries(Zürich, 1556) and typographi-cally an imitation of R.fiEstienne sDiction-naire franÅois-latin(Paris, 1549). M. s work,with a famouspraefatioby Gessner on the Teu-tonic languages, marks the culmination of theefforts by the Froschauer printing office toachieve a lexicographical description of com-mon vernacular usage in the Helvetic region.Although its vocabulary is limited (with Frisius lexicon as its main source), it contains a mass oftranslated phrases and sentences, adequate ma-terials for studies of historical syntax and trans-lation technique. Its rather regional characterseems to have hindered a second edition.(1561):Die Teütsch Spraach. Dictionarium Germanico-latinum Novum[...].Hoc est, Linguae Teutonicae,superioris praesertim, Thesaurus, Tiguri (repr. withan introd. by G.A.R de Smet, Hildesheim & NewYork, 1971).Baechtold, J. (1884): “M., J.”, in:ADB, XX, 137–38. Id. (1899):Kleine Schriften, T. Vetter ed., Frauen-feld, 78–102.Grubmüller, K. (1990): “Die dt. Lexi-kographie von den Anfängen bis zum Beginn des17. Jahrhunderts”, in: Hausmann, F.-J., et al., eds.,Wçrterbücher: Ein intern. Handbuch zur Lexikogra-phie, Berlin & New York, 2037–49.Korhonen,J.(1998): “Zur lexikographischen Erfassung von Phrase-men und Sprichwçrtern in J.M.s Wçrterbuch (1561)”,in: Ernst, P. & Patocka, F., eds.,Dt. Sprache in Raumund Zeit: FS für Peter Wiesinger zum 60. Geburtstag,Wien, 569–84.Müller, P. (2001):Dt. Lexikographiedes 16. Jahrhunderts: Konzeptionen und Funktionenfrühneuzeitlicher Wçrterbucher, Tübingen.Smet,G.A.R. de (1971): “Einführung”, in: J.M.,DieTeütsch Spraach[...], repr. of 1971 (above).Gilbert A. R. de Smet†,revised Dieter CherubimMachek, Vμclav, >b. Nov. 8, 1894, Úhlejov, nowCzech Republic, d. May 26, 1965, Brno, nowCzech Republic; Indo-Europeanist and Bohem-icist.M. studied Latin and Slavic languages atCharles University, Prague, and Indo-Europeanlinguistics under J.fiZubaty ́and O. Hujer,later also under A.fiMeillet and J.fiVen-dryes in Paris. In 1921, he obtained his doctor-ate, in 1931, hishabilitace, and from 1936 to1965, he was professor of Indo-European lin-guistics at Charles University.The domain of his early works was compa-rative Indo-European linguistics, especially therelationship between Slavic and other Indo-European languages (1934, 1937b, 1939). Inhis etymological and lexicological works, M.applied theWçrter und Sachenprinciple, whichcombines knowledge of words with knowledgeofobjects towhich these words refer (1938). Hismonograph on Czech and Slovak plant names(1954b) is a model illustration of this approach,combining linguistic data with botanical andcultural knowledge. However, his major interestwas in Slavic etymology (cf. 1924/25, 1936,1947) and he compiled a comparative etymo-logical dictionary of Czech and Slovak (1957b)and another one of Czech alone (1968), whichbecame his life work.(1924/25): “Slov. *j|gzla”,Slavia3, 593–97. (1927a):“Kalina”,NRˇ11, 15–17. (1927b): “Nejstarsˇí skupinaslovansky ́ch jmen s prˇíponou -tel”,LF54, 233–38.(1930):Studie o tvorˇení vy ́razu ̊expresivních, Praha.(1932): “Vy ́voj neˇktery ́ch sloves ze skupiny tep, teptivcˇesˇtineˇ”,LF59, 390–95. (1934):Recherches dans ledomaine du lexique balto-sl., Brno. (1935): “Zur Ver-tretung der idg. Palatale”,IF53, 89–96. (1936): “TrˇijmØnarostlin”,LF63,129–33.(1937a):“Zoborutvorˇe-ní slov”, ib. 64, 38–43. (1937b): “Ario-slavica”,KZ64,261–66. (1938): “Ze slovansky ́ch slov a veˇcí”,LF65,314–19. (1938/39): “Untersuchungen zum Problem desanlautendench- im Sl.”,Slavia7, 161–219. (1939):“Germano-sl. Wortstudien”,CˇMF26, 161–67.(1940): “Kladnμ slova ze zμporny ́ch”,NRˇ24, 225–29. (1941): “Neˇkolik slov s pocˇμtecˇním ch-”, ib. 25,198–208. (1942): “Neˇkolik sloves”,LF69, 33–43 and245–59. (1947): “O slovanskØm odru ”,Slavia18, 72–86. (1954a): “O potrˇebeˇa problØmech slovanskØhoetymologickØho slovníku”,Slavia22, 314–21.(1954b):Cˇeskμ a slovenskμ jmØna rostlin, Praha(21957). (1957a): “Graeco-slavica”, in: Kronasser, H.,ed.,Mne ̄me ̄s charin: Gedenkschrift Paul Kretschmer,2. Mai 1866–9. März 1956, II, Wien & Wiesbaden,119–26. (1957b):Etymologicky ́slovník jazyka cˇeskØhoa slovenskØho, Praha. (1963a): “Vy ́voj praslovanskØslovní zμsoby”,CˇslPrˇednμsˇky5, 99–104. (1963b): “Kotμzce tzv. prμzdny ́ch prˇedpon: imperativy a futura spo- u Slovanu ̊”,SlavP4, 437–42. (1963c): “Zur Frageder sl.-keltischen sprachlichen Beziehungen”,StLehr-Sp, 109–20. (1968):Etymologicky ́slovník jazyka cˇeskØ-ho, Praha (21971).
