Sarcoidosis and its Relationship to Vitamin D

Chapters in this book

1. Frontmatter I
2. Foreword V
3. Contents VII
4. List of Participants XIX
5. Vitamin D-Chemistry
6. 19-Hydroxy-IOS (19)-Dihydrovitamin D3 and 25-Hydroxy-24-norvitamin D3 : Analogs with Anti-Metabolite Activity and Related Studies 1
7. Synthesis and Separation of C-24 Epimers of some 24-Hydroxylated Vitamin D₃ Analogs 5
8. The 'Overirradiation Products' of Previtamin D and Tachysterol: Toxisterols 15
9. Conformational Analysis of Vitamin D and its Analogs by Ultraviolet, Circular Dichroic, ¹H and ¹³C NMR Spectroscopy 19
10. I,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D₃ from Solanum Glaucophyllum 29
11. Synthesis and Conformational Analysis of Vitamin D Metabolites and Analogs 33
12. A Stereoselective Synthesis of la, 24R, 25-Trihydroxycholecalciferol, a Metabolite of Vitamin D₃ 47
13. Crystal Structures and Empirical Force-Field Calculations of Some Steroids of the Vitamin D Series 57
14. Approaches to the Synthesis of Vitamin D Metabolites and Analogs 61
15. Conformational Analysis of Vitamin D: NMR and Force Field Calculations 71
16. Vitamin D-Like Action of a Steroid from Trisetum Flavescens 85
17. Vitamin D-Metabolism and Regulation
18. Vitamin D₃ Metabolism in Immature Japanese Quail: Effects of Ovarian Hormones 89
19. Relationship of Intestinal Calcium and Phosphorus Absorption to Vitamin D Metabolism During Reproductive Activity of Birds 93
20. On transcalciferin, the serum binding protein for 25-hydroxycholecalciferol 97
21. Ultrastructural Alterations Produced by Vitamin D and its Metabolites on the Chick Parathyroid Gland 101
22. Reduction of Parathyroid Hormone Secretion by 24, 25-Dihydroxy- Cholecalciferol (24, 25-DHCC) 105
23. The Influence of Ca²⁺ Ions on the Metabolism of 25-Hydrcacy Cholecalciferol 109
24. 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D₃: Its Further Metabolism and the Regulation of its Biogenesis 113
25. Disappearance from Plasma of Injected ³H-1,25- (OH)₂-D₃ in Healthy Humans 123
26. Regulation of the Metabolism of 25(OH)D₃: l,25(OH)₂D₃-Parathyroid Interactions 125
27. Conversion of 7-Dehydrocholesterol to Vitamin D₃ in Vivo: Isolation and Identification of Previtamin D₃ from Skin 135
28. Assessment of the Effects of 1,25-Dihydroxycholecalciferol (1,25-DHCC) on Parathyroid Secretion Rate in Calves 139
29. Biological Activity of la,24-Dihydroxyvitamin D₃; A New Synthetic Analog of the Hormonal Form of Vitamin D 143
30. Metabolism of 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D₃: Side Chain Oxidation in Vivo 147
31. Calcium and Parathyroid Status in Normal Man Following Administration of 1,25-Dihydroxy-Vitamin D₃ 151
32. Comparative Aspects of the Biochemistry of the Regulation of Vitamin D Metabolism 155
33. Aspects of the Control of Vitamin D Metabolism in Man 165
34. Metabolism of 25-Hydroxycholecalciferol by Various Lines of Serially Cultured Kidney Cells 175
35. Metabolism of 25-hydroxyvitamin D₃ and Iα-hydroxyvitamin D₃ in experimental rats with chronic renal failure 179
36. Modulation of 25-Hydroxyvitamin D₃ Metabolism by Iα,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D₃ 183
37. Circulating Iα,25-(OH)₂D During Physiological States of Calcium 187
38. Effect of Glucocorticoids on Vitamin D-Metabolism 191
39. The Effects of Hypophysectomy on 25- Hydroxyvitamin D₃ Metabolism in the Rat 197
40. Regulation of the Metabolism of Vitamin D₃ and 25-Hydroxyvitamin D₃ 201
41. The Effect of Anticonvulsants on Rat Liver Calciferol 25-hydroxylase 211
42. Sex Hormonal Control of the Renal Vitamin D Hydroxylases 215
43. The Subcellular Localization of 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D₃ in the Parathyroid Glands of Chickens 219
44. Vitamin D-Intestinal Action
45. The Dissociation of 1,25(OH)₂D₃-induced CaBP Production and Alkaline Phosphatase Activity from Calcium Transport by Actinomycin D and Cycloheximide 223
46. Regulation of the Messenger RNA for Calcium Binding Protein by 1,25- Dihydroxycholecalciferol 227
47. Cyclic AMP Regulation of the Iα,25-(OH)₂D₃-Mediated Intestinal Calcium Absorptive Mechanism 231
48. A Modified Procedure for the Isolation of Chick Intestinal Calcium Binding Protein 241
49. Chemical Studies on Bovine Intestinal Calcium Binding Protein and Related Peptides Minor A and Minor B 245
50. The Effect of Vitamin D Activity on Rat Renal and Intestinal Calcium Binding Proteins 253
51. Mechanism of Action of 1α,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D₃ at the Intestine and Parathyroids 257
52. 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D₂: Characterization, Receptor Affinity and Biological Activity in the Chick 261
53. Recent studies on 1,25-(OH)₂D₃ Action in the Intestine 265
54. The Role of Phosphate in the Intestinal Response to Vitamin D 277
55. Distribution of Alkaline Phosphatase and Ca-ATPase in Intestinal Epithelial Cell Plasma Membranes: Differential Response to 1,25-(OH)₂D₃ 281
56. The Relation between the Induction of Alkaline Phosphatase and 1,25-Dihydroxycholecalciferol Receptor in Chick Embryonic Duodenum 285
57. Effects of Dietary Calcium and Phosphorus on the Steady State Levels of some Components of the Vitamin D Endocrine System 289
58. Binding Components for Vitamin D₃ Metabolites in Rat Intestine 299
59. Light and Electron Microscopic Immunoperoxidase Localization of Chick Intestinal Vitamin D-Induced Calcium-Binding Protein 303
60. The Effect of DDT on Vitamin D Metabolism and Calcium Binding Activity in the Chick 313
61. Cytoplasmic Binding and Nuclear Uptake of Cholecalciferol Metabolites Inside Rat Duodenal Mucosa Cells 315
62. Are the Cytosolic Binding Proteins for 25-Hydroxycholecalciferol Artifacts? 319
63. Effects of Iα,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D₃ on Active Intestinal Inorganic Phosphate Absorption 321
64. Temporal Patterns of Response of the Intestinal Calcium Absorptive System and Related Parameters to 1,25-Dihydroxycholecalciferol 331
65. Properties of Calcium and Magnesium Stimulated ATP'ase from Human Placenta 341
66. The Effect of 1,25(OH)₂D₃ on Calcium Accumulation, Calcium Transport and Calcium Binding Protein in the Presence and Absence of Cycloheximide 345
67. Vitamin D-Skeletal Action
68. Effects of Vitamin D and its Metabolites on Bone 349
69. Bone Cells as well as Bone Remodelling Surfaces in Renal Bone Disorders and Their Changes after Therapy — A Quantitative Analysis 359
70. Localization of ³H-la,25-Dihydroxycholecalciferol in Rat Bone and Cartilage 369
71. Vitamin D Dependent Bone Disease: Long-Term Responses to Vitamin D Analogs and Effect on Tetracycline Based Bone Dynamics 373
72. The Dose-response Relationship of Tetracycline to the Detectability of Labeled Osteons by Fluorescence Microscopy 377
73. Ultrastructural Studies of Bone - Influence of Vitamin D, PTH and Uremia on Bone Cell Ultrastructure and Bone Cell/Bone Matrix Interaction 381
74. Multiple Isotope Indicator Studies of Bone Volume Changes in Rachitic and D Treated Rats 391
75. Evaluation of a New Method for Studying Resorption by Isolated Bone Cells 395
76. The effect of la-hydroxycholecalciferol on calcium balance and bone histology in a randomized trial 399
77. The Effect of Vitamin D Steroles on Bone Histology in Incipient Renal Failure 407
78. Action of Vitamin D Metabolites and Analogues, Parathyroid Hormone, Calcitonin and Steroid Sex Hormones on Bone in Tissue Culture 411
79. Acid Phosphatase in Bone Cells from Vitamin D Deficient Rats 415
80. Vitamin D — Renal Action
81. The Effect of Vitamin D and its Metabolites on the Renal Handling of Phosphate 419
82. Renal Handling of Calcium in Rats: Influence of Parathyroid Hormone and 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D₃ 433
83. Adaptive Mechanisms to Phosphate Depletion: The Role of Vitamin D 437
84. The Effect of Different Solanum Malacoxylon Extracts on Urinary Calcium Excretion in Vitamin D Deficient Rats 441
85. Quantitative Effect and Pathogenic Mechanism of la-Hydroxy- Cholecalciferol on the Renal Handling of Phosphate 443
86. Failure of Intravenous Calcium to Restore PTH-Induced Phosphaturia in Pseudohypoparathyroidism Type II. A Case Report 447
87. Effects of Vitamin D on Renal Tubular Calcium Transport 451
88. Vitamin D-Metabolite Assays
89. Assay of Vitamin D₃ (Cholecalciferol) in Plasma Using Gas Chromatography/ Selected Ion Monitoring (GC/SIM) 455
90. Development of a Radioimmunoassay for Vitamin D 459
91. Radioimmunoassay of Human Serum DBP, and Competitive Binding Protein Radioassay of 24,25-(OH)₂D 463
92. Radioligand Receptor Assay for 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D: Biochemical, Physiologic and Clinical Applications 473
93. Evolution of vitamin D serum transport proteins 483
94. Application of High Pressure Liquid Chromatography for Assay of Vitamin D Metabolites 491
95. Intestinal Cytosol Binders for 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 : Use in a Competitive Binding Protein Assay 501
96. Some Problems Associated with the Assay of 25-Hydroxycholecalciferol in Human Serum 511
97. Influence of Extraction on Saturation Analysis of 25-Hydroxy- Vitamin D (25-OH-D) without prior Chromatography 515
98. An Assay for 24, 25 and 25, 26 Dihydroxycholecalciferols in sera 519
99. A "25-Hydroxycholecalciferol-Like Compound" in Milk as Determined by Specific Competitive Binding Radioassays 523
100. Specific binding of 25-Hydroxycholecalciferol in Human Mammary cancer 527
101. Bone Organ Culture Bioassay for Determination of 1,25-(0H)₂D 531
102. The Measurement of 24, 25-Dihydroxycholecalciferol in Human Serum 541
103. Plasma 25 (OH) Vitamin D levels in Normal Subjects throughout the year and in Patients with Related Diseases 545
104. Vitamin D-Nutritional Aspects
105. Cholecalciferol Production 549
106. Biological Activity Evaluation of Chemically Synthesized Vitamin D Metabolites and Analogs 553
107. Dose-Response of 1,25-Dihydroxycholecalciferol on Serum Calcium and Phosphorus, Urine Electrolytes and Hydroxyproline Excretion in Dairy Cattle 565
108. Biochemical Response to 1,25 (OH)2 Vitamin D Supplementation in Premature Infants: A Prospective Study 569
109. Effects of Vitamin D on Tissue Exchangeable Zinc 573
110. Parturient Paresis Prophylaxis with 25-Hydroxycholecalciferol 577
111. Serum and Renal Histologic Changes in the Rat Following Adminstation of Toxic Amounts of 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D₃ 587
112. Elevated 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D Levels in Plasma of Dairy Cows in Response to Parturient Hypocalcemia 591
113. Environmental and Nutritional Influences on Plasma 25-Hydroxyvitamin D Concentration and Calcium Metabolism in Man 595
114. Individual Differences in Susceptibility to Vitamin D-Induced Cardiovascular and Renal Damage: Need to Identify and Characterize its Toxic Metabolites 607
115. Calcium Absorption and Calcium Balances in Man During Vitamin D Intake 611
116. Potency of Natural and Artificial Ultra-Violet Irradiation as Determinants of Plasma 25-Hydroxyvitamin D in Man 615
117. Biological Activity of 24R,25 and 24S,25-Dihydroxycholecalciferol (24R, 25 and 24S,25<OH)2D3) on Duodenal Calcium-Binding Protein (dCaBP) and Bone Calcium Mobilization in Rats 619
118. I.25-Dihydroxyvitamin D₃ and Jejunal Absorption of Calcium and Phosphate in Normal Subjects 623
119. Vitamin D-Osteoporosis
120. Vitamin D and Osteoporosis 627
121. Long-Term Treatment of Osteoporotic Patients with 1α-OH-D₃ and Calcium 635
122. Evidence for Bihormonal Deficiency State (Estrogen and 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D) in Patients with Postmenopausal Osteoporosis 639
123. Vitamin D-Renal Osteodystrophy
124. 25 Hydroxyvitamin D in Renal Osteodystrophy: Results of a six-center Trial. Preliminary report 649
125. Clincal Efficacy of 1,25-Dihydroxy-Vitamin D3 in Renal Osteodystrophy 657
126. Comparison of l a Hydroxyvitamin D₃ and 25 Hydroxyvitamin D₃ in the Treatment of Renal Osteodystrophy. Greater Effect of 25 Hydroxyvitamin D₃ in Mineralizing Bone 667
127. Vitamin D, Osteomalacia, and Chronic Renal Failure 671
128. Effects of 25 Hydroxycholecalciferol on Calcium Metabolism in Uremia 675
129. The Effect of High Doses 5,6-Trans-25-Hydroxycholecalciferol on Calcium Metabolism in Relative Vitamin D Resistancy (Hypoparathyroidism and Chronic Renal Failure) 679
130. Treatment of Renal Osteodystrophy in Children on Hemodialysis with Dihydrotachysterol (DHT) 681
131. Growth and Bone Lesions in Experimental Uremia 685
132. 1α-OH-D₃ Induced Changes in Bone Related Parameters in Patients with Terminal Renal Failure before and after Kidney Transplantation 689
133. Vitamin D-Other Clinical Topics
134. The Effect of 1α Hydroxycholecalciferol on Secondary Hyperparathyroidism of Chronic Renal Failure 693
135. 1α-Hydroxycholecalciferol and Phosphate Dialysis in Haemodialysis Osteodystrophy 697
136. Clinical Efficacy of 5,6-Trans-25-OHCC in Chronic Renal Failure 701
137. The Treatment of Renal Osteopathy with 5,6-Trans-25-OHCC. A Report of Experience made during a 32 months Therapy 715
138. Vitamin D-Renal Osteodystrophy
139. An Histologic Comparison of l,25(OH)2 Vitamin D Treatment with Calcium Supplementation in Renal Osteodystrophy 719
140. Impaired l,25(OH)2D3 Production in Uremia in the Absence of Hyperphosphatemia or Kidney Damage 723
141. Vitamin D-Other Clinical Topics
142. Neonatal Hypocalcemia 727
143. Hepatic Bioactivation of Vitamin D and Clinical Implications 737
144. Sarcoidosis and its Relationship to Vitamin D 747
145. Adult Vitamin-D Resistant Osteomalacia by Non Production of 25 OH-D 751
146. Intestinal Absorption of Radiophosphate after Physiological Doses of 25(OH)D₃ in Normals, Liver Cirrhosis and Chronic Renal Failure Patients 755
147. Effects of Solanum Malacoxylon (SM) in Hypoparathyroidism 759
148. Plasma Levels and Intestinal Absorption of 25-Hydroxyvitamin D after small Intestinal Resection 763
149. Effect of Phenobarbital on Hepatic Vitamin D-25-Hydroxylase and Mixed Function Oxydases Activities in Vitro 767
150. Vitamin D Resistant Rickets — Pathophysiology of the Various Syndromes 771
151. The Effect of Phenobarbital (PB) Treatment on the Biliary Excretion of Cholecalciferol (D₃) and 25-Hydroxy-Cholecalciferol (25-OHD₃) in the D-Repleted Rat 781
152. Effects of Metabolites and Analogues of Vitamin D₃ in Hereditary Pseudo-Vitamin D Deficiency of Pigs 785
153. Improvement of Fractional Intestinal ₄₇Ca Absorption by 1,25-Dihydroxycholecalciferol in Patients on long-term Prednisone Treatment 789
154. Biological Effects of 24,25-Dihydroxycholecalciferol in Man 793
155. A Possible Mechanism for the Increased Urinary Calcium Excretion Induced by 1α Hydroxycholecalciferol Treatment to Hypoparathyroid Patients 797
156. 25-Hydroxycholecalciferol Metabolism in Hepatobiliary Diseases 801
157. Prophylactic Vitamin D Supplementation in Chronic Anticonvulsant Therapy 805
158. The Treatment of Hypoparathyroidism with 25(OH)D₃: Practical Conclusions and Metabolic Implications 809
159. Plasma 250HD, Bone Mass Densitometry and ⁴⁷Ca Intestinal Absorption Deficiency in Chronic Alcoholism 819
160. Juvenile Rickets not Related to Vitamin D Deficiency 823
161. 1,25-Dihydroxycholecalciferol: Oral Administration and Sterol Levels in the Long-Term Management of Idiopathic Hypoparathyroidism in Children 827
162. Malabsorption of Vitamin D in Patients and Rat with Liver Cirrhosis 831
163. Anticonvulsant Osteomalacia — An Overview 835
164. 25-Hydroxyvitamin D Values in Chronic Liver Diseases and Response to Treatment with Parenteral Vitamin D 839
165. 25-hydroxylation in chronic alcoholic liver disease 843
166. Circulating 25-Hydroxyvitamin D Following Jejunal-Ileal Bypass 847
167. Adult-Presenting Primary Hypophosphataemic Osteomalacia; Effects of Treatment with 1,25-Dihydroxycholecalciferol 851
168. Influence of Vitamin D₃ on Calcium Metabolism of the Newborn Infant 855
169. Skeletal Mass and Serum Levels of 25-Hydroxyvitamin D in Postgastrectomy Patients 859
170. Addendum
171. Tumor Induced 1α,-25 Dihydroxycholecalciferol (1α,25-(OH)₂D₃) Deficiency: A Cause of Oncogenic Osteomalacia 863
172. The Subcellular Distribution of ⁴⁵Ca⁺⁺-Effect of Warfarin/Antimycin A and Lanthanum 865
173. Vitamin D and Pseudohypoparathyroidism 867
174. Calcitonin load in patients with absorptive hypercalciuria 877
175. Metabolism of 25-Hydroxyvitamin D₃ (25-(OH)D₃) in Primary Chick Kidney Cell Culture 879
176. Bone Mineralisation and Plasma 25-OH Vitamin D in Chronic Renal Failure 883
177. Histomorphometric Analysis of Trabecular Bone in Renal Dialysis Patients Treated with 25-Hydroxyvitamin D₃: Preliminary Report 885
178. Vitamin D Metabolites and Bone Mineralization In Man 897
179. The Effect of la-OH-D₃ Treatment on the Structure and Function of Chick Intestine Brush Border Membrane 913
180. Solid-State Conformations of Vitamin D Molecules 927
181. Fanconi Syndrome and its Relationship to Vitamin D 937
182. Author Index 951
183. Subject Index 959
184. Backmatter 974