Macro- And Micro-Spheres As Carriers In Immunoassays

Chapters in this book

1. Frontmatter I
2. Preface V
3. Contents VII
4. I. General Aspects
5. The Status of Clinical Chemistry 3
6. Ethical Aspects of Clinical Chemistry 9
7. Future of Clinical Chemistry 31
8. Teaching In Clinical Chemistry
9. Introduction to symposium 59
10. Clinical Chemistry in the Medical Curriculum 61
11. Teaching in Clinical Chemistry. The Medical Graduate 71
12. Technician and Technologist Training in Clinical Chemistry 79
13. II. Clinical Aspects
14. Clinical Chemistry and Hemostasis 93
15. Clinical Chemistry In Intensive Care
16. Interdisciplinary Cooperation between Intensive Medicine and Clinical Chemistry 117
17. Biochemistry of the Cardiovascular System in Circulatory Shock 125
18. Metabolism in Shock and Therapeutic Consequences 141
19. Biochemistry of the Lung in Shock - the role of Clinical Chemistry in the Treatment of Respiratory Failure 153
20. Prognostic Value of Enzyme and Acute Phase Protein Determination in Skull Traumatology 165
21. Health Screening
22. Clinical Value of Different Tests in Health Screening 173
23. Long-Term Individual Variation in the Concentration of Blood Constituents 185
24. Contribution of Health-Testing Centers to Reference Values Determination 199
25. Risk Factors in Coronary Heart Disease 211
26. Lipoproteins
27. The Determination of Apoproteins and their Diagnostic Value in Clinical Chemistry 221
28. Apolipoprotein Disorders 229
29. High Density Lipoproteins: Composition, Analysis, and Significance for Risk Screening and Anti-Risk Factors for Atherosclerosis 267
30. Secondary Dyslipoproteinemias 279
31. Clinical Chemistry As A Tool In Nutrition Research
32. Nutrients as Effectors of Enzyme Activity 299
33. Erythrocyte Enzymes as an Indicator for the Assessment of Vitamin and Oligoelement Supply 311
34. Practical Problems for the Clinical Chemist in the Metabolic Ward 323
35. Hospital Malnutrition and the Role of the Clinical Laboratory in the Assessment and Treatment of Nutritional Problems in the Hospital 335
36. Environment As A Source Of Metabolic Changes
37. Environmental Factors in Bladder Cancer in Egypt 345
38. Metabolic Bone Disease due to Environment 359
39. Findings in Biochemical Adaption to Chronical Malnutrition 367
40. Repercussion of Geohelminthiasis in Individual Development and Growth Rate 371
41. Recent Advances In The Clinical Biochemistry Of Cancer
42. A Perspective of Diagnostic Cancer Biochemistry with Special Reference to Enzymes 383
43. Timor Antigens and Other Tumor Markers: Their Effectiveness in Cancer Diagnosis 395
44. Biochemical Procedures and Cancer Monitoring 411
45. Steroid Hormone-Receptor Interactions And Target Cell Response
46. Sex-Hormone Receptors in Normal and Neoplastic Tissue of the Female Reproductive Tract 421
47. Cellular Aspects of Non-Steroidal Antiestrogen Action 433
48. Histochemical Identification Of Steroid Hormone Binding In Neoplasia
49. Quantitation of Fluorescent Steroid Ligand Binding by Photon Counting Techniques 445
50. Evaluation of Biochemical and Staining Properties of Direct and Indirect Histochemical Methods for Detection of Steroid Binding Proteins 459
51. Histochemistry of Steroid Receptors from a Biochemical Viewpoint 467
52. Critical Evaluation of Histochemical "Receptor" Assays 473
53. Estrogen Binding Sites in Sections of the Rat Uterus 481
54. Evaluating the Performance of Steroid Receptor Cytochemistry 487
55. Immunofluorescence Detection of Estrogen Receptors with Monoclonal Antibodies. Clinical Correlations of Steroid Binding by Histochenistry in Breast and Prostate Carcinoma 493
56. Comparison of Localisation of Estrogen receptors in Human Mammary Carcinomas using Anti-Receptor Antibodies and FITC-Conjugated BSA-Estradiol 499
57. The Use of Peroxidase-labelled Hormones in the Study of Steroid Binding in Breast Carcinomas 507
58. Histochemical Detection of Oestrogen Receptors: The Edinburgh Experience 513
59. Is Estrogen Receptor-Conjugate Interaction Relevant for the Histochemical Detection of Intracellular Estrogen- Binding? 519
60. Inborn Errors Of Metabolism - New Biochemical And Diagnostic Aspects
61. Introduction 527
62. Molecular Heterogeneity in Hyperphenylalaninemia and Phenylketonuria 531
63. Gas Chromatography Detection of Organic Acidemias in the General Clinical Chemistry Laboratory 541
64. Biochemical Basis of Inborn Errors of Purine Metabolism 555
65. Diagnostic Procedures in Lysosomal Enzymopathies 575
66. Hyperammonemia in Pediatrics: A Challenge to Clinical Chemists 585
67. Prenatal Diagnosis Of Genetic Disorders
68. Prenatal Diagnosis: Future Trends 595
69. Prenatal Diagnosis: Selected Problems and Quality Assurance 605
70. Prenatal Screening for Hexosaminidase Deficiencies and for Chromosomal Aberrations in Pregnancies at Risk 613
71. Prenatal Diagnosis of Neural Tube Defects 623
72. III. Biochemical Aspects
73. Clinical Biochemistry Of Connective Tissue
74. Biochemical Changes of Proteoglycans in Joint Disease 635
75. Functional Aspects of Proteoglycans in Tissues and Urine 651
76. Clinical Biochemistry of Collagen, Structure and Metabolism 661
77. Clinical Biochemistry of Inflammation and the Role of Connective Tissue 673
78. Connective Tissue Metabolism in Liver Diseases and its Relevance in Clinical-Chemical Diagnosis 687
79. Membrane Proteins
80. Molecular Features of the Cytoskeletal proteins of the Red Cell Membrane 699
81. An Oxidase System in the Plasma Membrane of Phagocytic Leucocytes - Function and Dysfunction 713
82. Membrane Glycoproteins of Leukaemic Cells 719
83. Sialyl transferase Total and Isoenzyme Activity in the Diagnosis of Cancer of the Colon 729
84. Novel Concept on Coupling Mechanism between Na,K-ATPase Antiport Activity and Normal as Malignant Cell Multiplication 737
85. Enzymes of Brush Border Membranes in Health and Disease 751
86. Clinical Chemistry Of Laboratory Animals
87. Animals and Drug Safety Evaluation: A Summary 763
88. Comparative Clinical Chemistry: An Overview in laboratory Animals 767
89. Clinical Chemistry in Toxicological Studies 775
90. IV. Methodological Aspects
91. Clinical Chemistry And Evaluation Of Drug Effect
92. Drug Effect in Clinical Chemistry - Information and Education 787
93. Analytical Interferences: Definition of Protocol 795
94. Effects of Drugs on Neutrophils 803
95. Application of Liver Slices Cultured in Vitro for Hepatotoxicity Studies of Anti-Rheunatic Drugs 817
96. Molecular Basis of Drug-Induced Nephropathies 829
97. Influence of beta-Blocking Agents on Plasma Lipid Concentrations and Lecithin:Cholesterol Acyltransferase (LCAT) Activity 841
98. Laboratory Tests and Drug Effects: Usefulness of a Data Bank 849
99. Data Banks on Drug Effects in Clinical Chemistry 857
100. Systems for Reporting Drug-Diagnostic Test Interactions to Clinicians 865
101. Clinical Toxicology 871
102. Drug Monitoring
103. The Role of the Toxicological Laboratory in Monitoring Drugs and Agricultural Poisons 883
104. Monitoring Therapeutic Drugs in Clinical Chemical Laboratories 897
105. Applications of Toxicological Analyses in the Diagnosis and Management of Poisoning 911
106. Analytical Methodology for Determining Drug Metabolite Profiles 921
107. Extraction Procedures in Drug Monitoring 931
108. Therapeutic Drug Monitoring
109. The Importance of Therapeutic Drug Monitoring 943
110. The Substrate-Labelled Fluorescent Immunoassay for Therapeutic Drug Monitoring 945
111. A New Automated Rate Immunochemistry System For Quantitation Of Specific Proteins, Rheumatoid Factor And Therapeutic Drugs
112. A New Automated Rate Immunochemistry system for the Quantitation of Specific Proteins, rheumatoid Factor Therapeutic Drugs 947
113. Application Of HPLC In Clinical Chemistry
114. Some Routine Applications of the High Performance Liquid Chromatography in Clinical Chemistry 957
115. Application of Derivatization Methods to Fluorimetric Detection 967
116. Liquid-Liquid Extraction Systems for the Isolation of Catecholamines from Serum and Urine for HPLC 977
117. High-Performance Liquid Chromatography as a Reference Method for the Determination of Uric Acid in Human Serum 983
118. Fluorescent High Performance Liquid Chromatography for the Determination of Oxosteroids in Biological Fluids Using Dansylhydrazine 989
119. The Separation of Bilirubin Species in Pathological Sera by HPLC 995
120. Analysis of Porphyrins from Human Materials by High Performance Liquid Chromatography 1001
121. Determination of HbA1c by High Performance Liquid Chromatography 1007
122. Application Of Luminescence In Clinical Chemistry
123. Fundamental Aspects of Luminescent Systems Used in Clinical Chemistry 1013
124. Instrumentation for Luminescent Assays and the Standardization of Reagents 1023
125. The Use of Bacterial Luminescence System for Analytical Applications 1031
126. Demonstration of the Differential Measurement of Phagocyte Oxygenation Activities in One Half Microliter (0.5 μl). of Whole Blood 1041
127. Direct Quantification of Phagocyte Activity in Whole Blood: A Chemilumigenic Probe Approach 1043
128. Bioluminescent Determination of Creatine Kinase Activity in Serum 1059
129. CK Screening for Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy 1067
130. A Simplified Method for the Early Detection of Bacterial Growth in Blood Cultures Using Bioluminescent Measurement of ATP 1073
131. Assay of Picarole Amounts of Pyrurvate Using a Bioluminescence Reagent Specific for NADH 1079
132. Measurements of Glucose and Uric Acid in Biological Fluids by Chemilurainescence 1083
133. Trace Elements
134. Intakes of Trace Elements 1087
135. Sample preparations for analysis of trace metals in biological materials for electrothermal atomic absorption spectrophotometry and its detection limits 1097
136. Harmonisation of Trace Metal Analysis in Clinical Biochemistry: A Case Study 1107
137. Simultaneous Robinson Back Scatter Electron Microscopy and Energy Dispersive X-Ray Analysis for Localized Elemental Determination 1125
138. Ion-Selective Electrodes
139. Use of Neutral Carrier Based Electrodes in Biomedical Systems 1137
140. Ion-Selective Electrodes in Clinical Chemistry. Determination of Sodium and Potassium 1143
141. Current Methods Urinalysis
142. Diagnostic Significance of Urinalysis 1149
143. Standardized Examination of the Urinary Sediment with the MD-KOVA-System 1157
144. Clinical Chemistry Analysis Using Multilayer Film Technology - Kodak Ektachem Products: Principles; Clinical Evaluation And New Developments
145. Principles of Multilayer Film Analysis: Colorimetric Analysis Slides 1161
146. Principles of Multilayer Film Analysis: Potentiometric Analysis Slides 1167
147. Principles of Kodak Multilayer Film Technology: Results of European Multi.-laboratory Evaluations 1173
148. Kodak Ektachem 400 Analyzer 1179
149. Laboratory Evaluation of the Kodak Ektachem 400 System 1185
150. New Developments 1191
151. Clinical Evaluation of the Kodak Ektachem 400 Analyzer 1197
152. Perspectives Of Dry Reagent Chemistry
153. The Future for Small Solid-Phase Analytical Systems 1201
154. The SERALYZER Solid-Phase Blood Chemistry System 1203
155. New Methods And Applications Of Plasma Protein Analysis
156. Enzyme Immunoassays for Trace Protein Measurements 1205
157. Methods and Clinical Significance of Prostatic Acid Phosphatase (PAP) Determined by RIA and ELISA 1211
158. Diagnostic Significance of SP-1-Determinations 1219
159. Separation Techniques Based On Antigen-Antibody Interaction
160. Agarose Isoelectric Focusing Followed by Immunoelectrophoresis: A Convenient Technique for the Study of High Molecular Weight Proteins 1225
161. Affinity Chromatography. An Emerging Technique in the Clinical laboratory 1235
162. Fluoroimmunoassay
163. Clinical Applications of Fluoroimmunoassay: An Evaluation in the Diagnosis of Early Prostate Adenocarcinoma 1241
164. Fluorescence Immunoassay of Cortisol 1251
165. Immunofluorescence
166. Introduction To The Topic And Evaluation Of New Reagents 1261
167. Standardization In Immunofluorescence 1267
168. Autoantibody Testing By Immunofluorescence: Methods, Indications And Interpretations 1275
169. Automation Of Immunoassay Techniques
170. Nephelometry 1283
171. Macro- And Micro-Spheres As Carriers In Immunoassays 1297
172. The Adaption Of New Immunoassay Techniques To Automated Systems 1307
173. Automation Of Immunoassay Techniques: Methods Using Luminescence 1321
174. A Newly Developed Hormonology Assay: A Fully Enzymatic Cycling Technique, Application For Determination Of Estrogens And Androgens
175. Enzymatic Assay Of Estrogens: A Further Development In The Enzymatic Determination Of Androgens And A Report On A Two-Year Experiment In Obstetrics And Gynecology 1329
176. V. Aspects of Laboratory Organization
177. Laboratory Planning And Organisation
178. General Aspects
179. A Clinician's View Of The Laboratory 1337
180. Laboratory Planning And Organization 1343
181. Laboratory Planning And Organization 1349
182. Laboratory Planning And Organization 1353
183. Integrating A Computerized Clinical Laboratory Information System Into A Global Hospital Information System 1357
184. Laboratory Organization And Application Of Electronic Data Processing In A Central Laboratory 1363
185. Work Flow As A Key To Laboratory Organization 1371
186. A Model For A New Evaluation System In Clinical Laboratories 1375
187. Clinical Chemistry In A 2000-Bed-Hospital 1383
188. Establishment Of Department Of Clinical Chemistry, Inselspital, University Of Berne 1969 1389
189. Planning And Organization Of The Central Laboratory, Department Of Clinical Chemistry And Pathobiodhemistry, Medical Faculty, Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule (Kwth), Aachen 1393
190. Planning Of A Laboratory And Organisation The Laboratories In The "New" MTU Berlin 1397
191. Laboratory Planning And Organization - History Of The Central Laboratory Of The New University Hospital In Münster 1403
192. Laboratory Organisation In The Country Hospital Of Salzburg 1409
193. Planning Of The Laboratories Of The New Vienna University Hospital
194. Planning of the Clinical Chemistry Routine Laboratory of the Future University Clinic of Vienna 1415
195. Planning of the Emergency Laboratory of the New University Hospital Vienna 1423
196. Computers In Clinical Chemistry
197. Dynamic Communication of laboratory Computers with Clinical Chemical Analyzers 1431
198. Organization and Installation of the Labor-Computer System MELAS 80 (GFC, Berlin) 1437
199. EDP in a Hematological Laboratory 1443
200. Medical Utilization Of Clinical Chemistry Information
201. Information Theory Applied to the Utilization of Laboratory Data 1449
202. How Can Appropriate Transfer of laboratory Information be assured? 1465
203. Concepts for the Standardization of Profile Testing 1479
204. Quality Control, Experiences And New Aspects
205. Introductory Remarks 1487
206. Calibration Materials and Control Materials 1493
207. The Pole of Reference Methods in Clinical Chemistry 1503
208. Models for Statistical Quality Control 1513
209. Industrial Research and Development in the Field of Quality Assurance 1541
210. Authors' Index 1551
211. Subject Index 1555
212. Backmatter 1576