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Nazi Persecution of the Jews and Emigration

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1 Germany - Great Britain - France
This chapter is in the book 1 Germany - Great Britain - France
HERBERT A. STRAUSS Nazi Persecution of the Jews and Emigration"" Demographic Aspects of German-Jewish Emigration American folklore and most American immigration research institutions and archives perceive post-1880 immigrants as young adult workers or as families with a respectable number of children passing through Ellis Island on the way to an ethnic ghetto, a steel mill, the railroads or a sweatshop, to become the subject, in the 1970s, of the new American labour history, recently attuned to its ethnic components.1 German-Jewish realities did not correspond to this classic image. In num-bers and social type, the Jewish immigrant from Germany resembled more the 300,000 French Huguenots expelled from France in the wake of the revoca-tion of the Edict of Nantes in 1685, or the 150,000Jews estimated to have lived in Castile prior to 1492. Basically urban, an ageing and over-aged group, concentrated in commerce and selected professions, their occupational struc-ture reflected choices made long before the emigration crisis had brought home that industrial concentration and large-scale merchandising and sales organisations were relegating their small-scale entrepreneurial or crafts' skills to a backwater. The major obstacle to Jewish mass emigration lay probably as much in the occupational and age structure of the Jewish community, as it derived from Jewish perceptions of themselves in their relationship to German society and politics, or in restrictionism in immigration countries. The total number of all persons leaving Germany on account of "racial" persecution cannot be established. Up to 867,000 Jewish and "non-Aryan" Germans were affected by Nazi decrees barring officials, students, university teachers, pastors, actors, writers, journalists or political activists from exercis-* Abridged from: "Jewish Emigration from Germany. Nazi Policies and Jewish Responses (I)," Year Book, Leo Baeck Institute 25, 1980, pp. 313-361; pp. 325-351. 1 For a concise statement of the new orientation of American labour history towards ethnicity see H. G. Gutman, "Work, Culture and Society in Industrializing America, 1815-1919," Ameri-can Historical Review 78, 1973, no. 3, pp. 531-587.

HERBERT A. STRAUSS Nazi Persecution of the Jews and Emigration"" Demographic Aspects of German-Jewish Emigration American folklore and most American immigration research institutions and archives perceive post-1880 immigrants as young adult workers or as families with a respectable number of children passing through Ellis Island on the way to an ethnic ghetto, a steel mill, the railroads or a sweatshop, to become the subject, in the 1970s, of the new American labour history, recently attuned to its ethnic components.1 German-Jewish realities did not correspond to this classic image. In num-bers and social type, the Jewish immigrant from Germany resembled more the 300,000 French Huguenots expelled from France in the wake of the revoca-tion of the Edict of Nantes in 1685, or the 150,000Jews estimated to have lived in Castile prior to 1492. Basically urban, an ageing and over-aged group, concentrated in commerce and selected professions, their occupational struc-ture reflected choices made long before the emigration crisis had brought home that industrial concentration and large-scale merchandising and sales organisations were relegating their small-scale entrepreneurial or crafts' skills to a backwater. The major obstacle to Jewish mass emigration lay probably as much in the occupational and age structure of the Jewish community, as it derived from Jewish perceptions of themselves in their relationship to German society and politics, or in restrictionism in immigration countries. The total number of all persons leaving Germany on account of "racial" persecution cannot be established. Up to 867,000 Jewish and "non-Aryan" Germans were affected by Nazi decrees barring officials, students, university teachers, pastors, actors, writers, journalists or political activists from exercis-* Abridged from: "Jewish Emigration from Germany. Nazi Policies and Jewish Responses (I)," Year Book, Leo Baeck Institute 25, 1980, pp. 313-361; pp. 325-351. 1 For a concise statement of the new orientation of American labour history towards ethnicity see H. G. Gutman, "Work, Culture and Society in Industrializing America, 1815-1919," Ameri-can Historical Review 78, 1973, no. 3, pp. 531-587.

Chapters in this book

  1. I-IV I
  2. Foreword V
  3. Contents X
  4. Introduction: Possibilities and Limits of Comparison 1
  5. Part I Germany
  6. Germany - Continuities, Ambiguities, and Political Style 11
  7. Anti-Semitism and the "Great Depression", 1873-1896 19
  8. Anti-Semitism and Minority Policy 29
  9. Structure and Functions of German Anti-Semitism 1878-1914 41
  10. The Social and Political Function of Late 19th Century Anti-Semitism: The Case of the Small Handicraft Masters 62
  11. The Jewish Arrival at Higher Education 80
  12. Roman Catholics, the Centre Party and Anti-Semitism in Imperial Germany 107
  13. Antisemitism by Other Means? The Rural Cooperative Movement in Late Nineteenth-Century Germany 128
  14. Political Transformations During the War and their Effect on the Jewish Question' 150
  15. Hostages of "World Jewry": On the Origin of the Idea of Genocide in German History 165
  16. Völkisch Origins of Early Nazism: Anti-Semitism in Culture and Politics 174
  17. Anti-Semitism in Weimar Society 196
  18. The Jews in Weimar Germany: The Impact of Anti-Semitism on Universities, Political Parties and Government Services 206
  19. Voter Perceptions of Nazi Propaganda: The Issue of Modernization 227
  20. Nazi Persecution of the Jews and Emigration 236
  21. German Popular Opinion and the "Jewish Question", 1939-1943: Some further Reflections 269
  22. The Persecution of the Jews: Its Place in German History 280
  23. Part II Great Britain
  24. Great Britain - The Minor Key 289
  25. Anti-Semitism with the Boots Off 294
  26. Anti-Semitism in British Society, 1876-1939 326
  27. Aspects of the Working Class Response to the Jews in Britain 350
  28. The Anti-Jewish Riots of August 1911 in South Wales 365
  29. The English Dilemma: Political Custom and Latent Prejudice 376
  30. Political Anti-Semitism in England 1918-1939 385
  31. Attack and Counter-Attack 425
  32. The Balance Sheet: Summary and Evaluation 435
  33. Part III France
  34. France: - Intertwined Traditions 455
  35. The Roots of Popular Anti-Semitism in the Third Republic 464
  36. Chronology of the Dreyfus Case 486
  37. The Politics of Shopkeeper Protest 496
  38. Boulangism and the Dreyfus Affair 1886-1900 514
  39. Antisemitism in France at the Time of the Dreyfus Affair 541
  40. The French Extreme Right and the Concept of Pre-Fascism 593
  41. The Roots of Vichy Antisemitism 599
  42. Origins of the "Jewish Problem" in the Later Third Republic 631
  43. Public Opinion, 1940-42 644
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https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110855616.236

Chapters in this book

  1. I-IV I
  2. Foreword V
  3. Contents X
  4. Introduction: Possibilities and Limits of Comparison 1
  5. Part I Germany
  6. Germany - Continuities, Ambiguities, and Political Style 11
  7. Anti-Semitism and the "Great Depression", 1873-1896 19
  8. Anti-Semitism and Minority Policy 29
  9. Structure and Functions of German Anti-Semitism 1878-1914 41
  10. The Social and Political Function of Late 19th Century Anti-Semitism: The Case of the Small Handicraft Masters 62
  11. The Jewish Arrival at Higher Education 80
  12. Roman Catholics, the Centre Party and Anti-Semitism in Imperial Germany 107
  13. Antisemitism by Other Means? The Rural Cooperative Movement in Late Nineteenth-Century Germany 128
  14. Political Transformations During the War and their Effect on the Jewish Question' 150
  15. Hostages of "World Jewry": On the Origin of the Idea of Genocide in German History 165
  16. Völkisch Origins of Early Nazism: Anti-Semitism in Culture and Politics 174
  17. Anti-Semitism in Weimar Society 196
  18. The Jews in Weimar Germany: The Impact of Anti-Semitism on Universities, Political Parties and Government Services 206
  19. Voter Perceptions of Nazi Propaganda: The Issue of Modernization 227
  20. Nazi Persecution of the Jews and Emigration 236
  21. German Popular Opinion and the "Jewish Question", 1939-1943: Some further Reflections 269
  22. The Persecution of the Jews: Its Place in German History 280
  23. Part II Great Britain
  24. Great Britain - The Minor Key 289
  25. Anti-Semitism with the Boots Off 294
  26. Anti-Semitism in British Society, 1876-1939 326
  27. Aspects of the Working Class Response to the Jews in Britain 350
  28. The Anti-Jewish Riots of August 1911 in South Wales 365
  29. The English Dilemma: Political Custom and Latent Prejudice 376
  30. Political Anti-Semitism in England 1918-1939 385
  31. Attack and Counter-Attack 425
  32. The Balance Sheet: Summary and Evaluation 435
  33. Part III France
  34. France: - Intertwined Traditions 455
  35. The Roots of Popular Anti-Semitism in the Third Republic 464
  36. Chronology of the Dreyfus Case 486
  37. The Politics of Shopkeeper Protest 496
  38. Boulangism and the Dreyfus Affair 1886-1900 514
  39. Antisemitism in France at the Time of the Dreyfus Affair 541
  40. The French Extreme Right and the Concept of Pre-Fascism 593
  41. The Roots of Vichy Antisemitism 599
  42. Origins of the "Jewish Problem" in the Later Third Republic 631
  43. Public Opinion, 1940-42 644
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