Constructed Reality
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Ludger Jansen
Abstract
A popular argument goes thus: This is a construction, hence it is not real. Adding an appropriate adjective (social, mental, human, …) in front of “construction” or cognate terms like “(legal) fiction” yields a whole family of related arguments, all of which, or so I will argue, are fallacious. Contrary to popular opinion, these arguments fail both on the epistemic and the ontic sense of construction. Ontic constructions exist at least at one point in time, while epistemic constructions may well correspond to reality. The motivation behind these fallacious arguments can often be found in a misconceived conception of ontology and reality. A full theory of reality must take constructed entities into account because important domains of reality (mental life, social reality, technical artefacts, art and fiction) essentially depend on mental or social constructions.
Abstract
A popular argument goes thus: This is a construction, hence it is not real. Adding an appropriate adjective (social, mental, human, …) in front of “construction” or cognate terms like “(legal) fiction” yields a whole family of related arguments, all of which, or so I will argue, are fallacious. Contrary to popular opinion, these arguments fail both on the epistemic and the ontic sense of construction. Ontic constructions exist at least at one point in time, while epistemic constructions may well correspond to reality. The motivation behind these fallacious arguments can often be found in a misconceived conception of ontology and reality. A full theory of reality must take constructed entities into account because important domains of reality (mental life, social reality, technical artefacts, art and fiction) essentially depend on mental or social constructions.
Kapitel in diesem Buch
- Frontmatter i
- Preface v
- Table of Contents vii
-
1. Constructivism and Beyond
- Are Philosophers′ Actions Realist or Constructivist? 3
- On the Non-Dualizing Rhetoric. Some Preliminary Remarks 17
- Ist der Konstruktivismus selbstwidersprüchlich? 31
- Die Wahrheitsspieler. Strategische Kommunikation als Spiel 45
- Who Wants to Be a Non-Dualist and Why? 59
- Jean Piaget und die Erfindung von Radikalem Konstruktivismus und Kybernetik Zweiter Ordnung 73
- Two Ways of Exploring the World 83
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2. Epistemology/Epistemological Relativism
- The Truth of Social Constructivism 103
- The Objectivity of Epistemic Values and the Argument from Immersion 117
- Epistemological Realism, Representation, and Intentionality 129
- Angelina’s Truth: Genetic Knowledge, Preventive Medicine, and the Reality of the Possible 137
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3. Realism versus Relativism
- Neither Realism nor Anti-Realism: How to approach the Anthropocene? 153
- Ein Bild – ohne Betrachter – hielt uns gefangen. Wittgensteins ambivalenter Abschied vom Realismus 167
- Relativisms and Their Opposites 187
- When Paul Met Ludwig: Wittgensteinian Comments on Boghossian’s Antirelativism 203
- Fighting Relativism: Wittgenstein and Kuhn 215
- Wissenschaftstheoretische Überlegungen jenseits von Realismus, Relativismus und Konstruktivismus 233
- Realism without Foundation 241
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4. Ontology/Ontological Relativism
- Constructed Reality 255
- Ontological Relativism as Transcendental Nominalism 269
- Realism about Identity and Individuality of Conscious Beings 279
- What is the Thing Whose Measure is Money? 293
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5. Values and Value Relativism
- Relativism about Morality 301
- Slavery and Justice: Williams and Wiggins 313
- A Plurality of True Moralities? Tracing ‘Truth’ in Moral Relativism 327
- Zum Wert von Vertrauen 339
- Die Erfindung der Sein-Sollen-Dichotomie 353
- Wird die Moral von uns geschaffen? 365
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6. Wittgenstein
- The Sociology of the Supernatural: Wittgenstein’s Lecture on Ethics 381
- Can We Piece Together a Coherent Account of the “Person” from the Writings of Wittgenstein? 397
- Wittgensteins Philosophieren zwischen Kodex und Strategie: Logik, Schach und Farbausdrücke 409
- Wittgenstein, Kierkegaard and the Significance of Silence 425
- Zweifeln können und zweifeln wollen: Über Gewissheit §217–231 435
- Rules and Privacy: Remarks on Philosophical Investigations §202 449
- Index of names 459
- Index of subjects 465
Kapitel in diesem Buch
- Frontmatter i
- Preface v
- Table of Contents vii
-
1. Constructivism and Beyond
- Are Philosophers′ Actions Realist or Constructivist? 3
- On the Non-Dualizing Rhetoric. Some Preliminary Remarks 17
- Ist der Konstruktivismus selbstwidersprüchlich? 31
- Die Wahrheitsspieler. Strategische Kommunikation als Spiel 45
- Who Wants to Be a Non-Dualist and Why? 59
- Jean Piaget und die Erfindung von Radikalem Konstruktivismus und Kybernetik Zweiter Ordnung 73
- Two Ways of Exploring the World 83
-
2. Epistemology/Epistemological Relativism
- The Truth of Social Constructivism 103
- The Objectivity of Epistemic Values and the Argument from Immersion 117
- Epistemological Realism, Representation, and Intentionality 129
- Angelina’s Truth: Genetic Knowledge, Preventive Medicine, and the Reality of the Possible 137
-
3. Realism versus Relativism
- Neither Realism nor Anti-Realism: How to approach the Anthropocene? 153
- Ein Bild – ohne Betrachter – hielt uns gefangen. Wittgensteins ambivalenter Abschied vom Realismus 167
- Relativisms and Their Opposites 187
- When Paul Met Ludwig: Wittgensteinian Comments on Boghossian’s Antirelativism 203
- Fighting Relativism: Wittgenstein and Kuhn 215
- Wissenschaftstheoretische Überlegungen jenseits von Realismus, Relativismus und Konstruktivismus 233
- Realism without Foundation 241
-
4. Ontology/Ontological Relativism
- Constructed Reality 255
- Ontological Relativism as Transcendental Nominalism 269
- Realism about Identity and Individuality of Conscious Beings 279
- What is the Thing Whose Measure is Money? 293
-
5. Values and Value Relativism
- Relativism about Morality 301
- Slavery and Justice: Williams and Wiggins 313
- A Plurality of True Moralities? Tracing ‘Truth’ in Moral Relativism 327
- Zum Wert von Vertrauen 339
- Die Erfindung der Sein-Sollen-Dichotomie 353
- Wird die Moral von uns geschaffen? 365
-
6. Wittgenstein
- The Sociology of the Supernatural: Wittgenstein’s Lecture on Ethics 381
- Can We Piece Together a Coherent Account of the “Person” from the Writings of Wittgenstein? 397
- Wittgensteins Philosophieren zwischen Kodex und Strategie: Logik, Schach und Farbausdrücke 409
- Wittgenstein, Kierkegaard and the Significance of Silence 425
- Zweifeln können und zweifeln wollen: Über Gewissheit §217–231 435
- Rules and Privacy: Remarks on Philosophical Investigations §202 449
- Index of names 459
- Index of subjects 465