THE HEBREW TAW AND ITS EQUIVALENTS

Chapters in this book

1. Frontmatter i
2. PREFACE v
3. CONTENTS vii
4. CHRONOLOGICAL LIST OF ANCIENT SOURCES xiv
5. TABLE OF ARCHEOLOGICAL AND HISTORICAL PERIODS IN PALESTINE xxiii
6. TABLE OF MONTHS IN THE ROMAN, EGYPTIAN, MACEDONIAN, AND HEBREW CALENDARS xxviii
7. NOTE ON MEASURES OF LENGTH AND STATEMENTS OF DIRECTION xxx
8. LIST OF BISHOPS OF THE JERUSALEM CHURCH WITH EXPLANATORY COMMENTS xxxii
9. THE JUDEO-CHRISTIANS xxxvii
10. OUTLINE OF FESTIVALS OF THE EARLY CHURCH xlii
11. LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS l
12. THE LIFE OF JOHN THE BAPTIST
13. 1. A View of Ain Karim and the Church of St. John the Baptist– 16. The Church of the Finding of the Head of John the Baptist at Samaria-Sebaste 1
14. THE LIFE OF JESUS
15. BETHLEHEM
16. 17. The Terraced Slopes of Bethlehem–39. Floor Mosaic in the Roof Chapel at the Field of the Shepherds near Bethlehem 22
17. NAZARETH
18. 40. Nazareth–57. On the Road from Nazareth Looking Toward the Traditional Village of Cana in Galilee 43
19. SAMARIA
20. 58. The Landscape of Samaria– 68. The Unfinished Greek Orthodox Basilica over Jacob’s Well 65
21. GALILEE
22. 69. The Southern End of the Sea of Galilee– 81. The Modern Church of the Multiplication of the Loaves and Fishes 76
23. 82. Plan of the Chapel and the Monastery of the Beatitudes at Tabgha– 106. Memorial of the Miracle of the Swine at Kursi 92
24. DECAPOLIS
25. 107. Plan of Jerash–119. Floor Mosaic in the Synagogue under the Synagogue Church at Jerash 117
26. CAESAREA
27. 120. General Plan of Caesarea– 133. Byzantine Church Mosaics at Caesarea 128
28. JERICHO
29. 134. Aerial View of Jericho– 142. Traditional Site of the Inn of the Good Samaritan 145
30. THE MOUNT OF OLIVES
31. 143. Map of the Mount of Olives–158. Plan by Arculf of the Church of the Holy Ascension 154
32. 159. The Mosque of the Ascension on the Mount of Olives–172. In the Garden of Gethsemane 170
33. JERUSALEM
34. 173. Plan of Jerusalem in the Time of Jesus– 191. The Triple Gate 183
35. 192. Excavated Area South of the Temple Mount– 205. Plan of the Church on Mount Sion According to Arculf 208
36. 206. Door of the Syrian Orthodox Church of St. Mark– 220. A Game Board on a Paving Stone 236
37. 221. Cistern under the Stone Pavement– 232. Bell Tower at the Church of the Holy Sepulcher 258
38. 233. The Church of the Holy Sepulcher from the Tower of the Lutheran Church– 243. St. Stephen's Gate 280
39. EMMAUS
40. 244. Aerial View of el-Qubeibeh, A Possible Site of Emmaus– 247. The Baptistery at ‘Amwas 287
41. TOMBS
42. DEVELOPMENT OF EARLY TOMBS
43. Shaft Tombs, 248–250 292
44. Chamber Tombs, 251–252 293
45. Chamber Tombs with Ledges, 253–254 295
46. Chamber Tombs with Kokim, 255 296
47. Chamber Tombs with Arcosolia, 256 299
48. Chamber Tombs with Sunk Graves, 257–258 299
49. DECORATED HELLENISTIC-PERIOD TOMBS AT MARISSA
50. 259. Plan of the Uppermost City at Tell Sandahannah– 263. Portion of the Animal Frieze in Tomb 1 at Marissa 301
51. HELLENISTIC AND ROMAN TOMBS IN THE KIDRON VALLEY
52. 264. Plan of the Tomb of James and the Tomb of Zechariah– 270. The Pediment of the Tomb of Jehoshaphat 305
53. THE SANHEDRIYYA TOMBS
54. 271. Plan and Sections of Tomb xiv of the Sanhedriyya Tombs– 272. Entrance to Tomb xiv of the Sanhedriyya Tombs 311
55. THE HERODIAN FAMILY TOMB
56. 273. Plan and Sections of the Herodian Family Tomb–274. Rolling Stone in the Herodian Family Tomb 313
57. THE TOMB OF QUEEN HELENA OF ADIABENE
58. 275. Restoration in Perspective of the Tomb of Queen Helena of Adiabene– 281. Rolling Stone at the Entrance of the Tomb of Queen Helena of Adiabene 314
59. CATACOMBS
60. BETH SHE’ARIM
61. 282. General View of Beth She’arim–287. Epitaph of Marinos and His Wife in Catacomb No. 13 319
62. ROME
63. 288. An Aramaic Inscription from the Jewish Catacomb in Monteverde– 295. Another Painting in the Jewish Catacomb in the Villa Torlonia 325
64. SARCOPHAGI
65. 296. Sarcophagi in the Herodian Family Tomb–301. A Lead Coffin from Beth She’arim 331
66. OSSUARIES
67. 302. Ossuary from Tomb 14 at Tell en-Nasbeh–303. Ossuary Inscriptions from a Tomb in the Kidron Valley 335
68. THE CROSS
69. HISTORY OF THE CROSS MARK
70. 304. Painted Pebbles with Cross Marks from Tell Abu Matar 339
71. THE CROSS MARKAS A CHARACTER OF THE SEMITIC ALPHABET
72. 305. Sandstone Statue from Serabit el-Khadem with proto-Sinaitic Inscription– 306. The Inscription of Yehimilk, King of Byblos 339
73. THE HEBREW TAW AND ITS EQUIVALENTS 343
74. THE SIGN OF PROTECTION AND DELIVERANCE 343
75. THE PHYLACTERIES AND THE SIGN OF THE NAME OF GOD 345
76. THE SIGN OF THE ANOINTED ONE
77. 307. Column xxxv of the Isaiah Scroll from Cave 1 at Qumran 346
78. THE CROSS MARK IN JEWISH CHRISTIANITY 348
79. THE CROSS AS REPRESENTATION OF THE STAUROS 350
80. THE CROSS IN THE HELLENISTIC CHURCH 351
81. THE FORMS OF THE CROSS 352
82. ABBREVIATIONS AND MONOGRAMS 352
83. THE CROSS MARK IN RELATION TO FUNERAR Y CUSTOMS, JEWISH AND CHRISTIAN 355
84. ILLUSTRATIONS OF THE CROSS MARK 356
85. THE TEL ARAD JAR
86. 308. Jar from Tel Arad with Hebrew Inscription and Taw Mark 356
87. THE NICANOR OSSUARY
88. 309. Inscription and Cross Mark on the Nicanor Ossuary–310. Cross Mark on the Lid of the Nicanor Ossuary 357
89. THE OSSUARIES ON THE MOUNT OF OFFENCE
90. 311. Inscription with the Name of Judah and Cross Mark on an Ossuary from the Mount of Offence– 314. Inscription with the Name of Alexander on an Ossuary from near Silwan 359
91. THE TALPIOTH OSSUARIES
92. 315. Plan of the Tomb at Talpioth– 318. Cross Mark on Ossuary No. 8 from Talpioth 363
93. THE DOMINUS FLEVIT OSSUARIES
94. 319. Plan and Sections of a Portion of the Cemetery at Dominus Flevit– 326. Photograph and Drawing of Marks on Ossuary No. 18 from Dominus Flevit 366
95. HERCULANEUM
96. 327. Wall Mark at Herculaneum–328. Stand at Herculaneum 374
97. VATICAN
98. 329. Graffiti in the Vatican Excavations 375
99. CROSS MARKS IN THE CATACOMBS
100. 330. A Painted Inscription in the Jewish Catacomb in the Villa Torlonia–335. Trisomus Inscription in the Catacomb of Priscilla 377
101. THE CROSS MARK IN MANUSCRIPTS
102. 336. A Page in Papyrus Bodmer 11 (P66)– 338. A Page in the Gospel of Truth (CodexJung) 381
103. THE ANKH-CROSS
104. 339. Slate Dish Embodying the Sign of the Ankh–344. Painting in a Tomb Chapel at the Oasis of Khargeh 382
105. INDEX OF SCRIPTURAL REFERENCES 391
106. INDEX 395