II.16. Major Events in the Evolution of Arthropods

Chapters in this book

1. Frontmatter i
2. Contents v
3. Preface vii
4. Contributors ix
5. I. Introduction
6. I.1 What Is Evolution? 3
7. I.2. The History of Evolutionary Thought 10
8. I.3. The Evidence for Evolution 28
9. I.4. From DNA to Phenotypes 40
10. II. Phylogenetics and the History of Life
11. Introduction 47
12. II.1. Interpretation of Phylogenetic Trees 51
13. II.2. Phylogenetic Inference 60
14. II.3. Molecular Clock Dating 67
15. II.4. Historical Biogeography 75
16. II.5. Phylogeography 82
17. II.6. Concepts in Character Macroevolution: Adaptation, Homology, and Evolvability 89
18. II.7. Using Phylogenies to Study Phenotypic Evolution: Comparative Methods and Tests of Adaptation 100
19. II.8. Taxonomy in a Phylogenetic Framework 106
20. II.9. The Fossil Record 112
21. II.10. The Origin of Life 120
22. II.11. Evolution in the Prokaryotic Grade 127
23. II.12. Origin and Diversification of Eukaryotes 136
24. II.13. Major Events in the Evolution of Land Plants 143
25. II.14. Major Events in the Evolution of Fungi 152
26. II.15. Origin and Early Evolution of Animals 159
27. II.16. Major Events in the Evolution of Arthropods 167
28. II.17. Major Features of Tetrapod Evolution 174
29. II.18. Human Evolution 183
30. III. Natural Selection and Adaptation
31. Introduction 189
32. III.1. Natural Selection, Adaptation, and Fitness: Overview 193
33. III.2. Units and Levels of Selection 200
34. III.3. Theory of Selection in Populations 206
35. III.4. Kin Selection and Inclusive Fitness 215
36. III.5. Phenotypic Selection on Quantitative Traits 221
37. III.6. Responses to Selection: Experimental Populations 230
38. III.7. Responses to Selection: Natural Populations 238
39. III.8. Evolutionary Limits and Constraints 247
40. III.9. Evolution of Modifier Genes and Biological Systems 253
41. III.10. Evolution of Reaction Norms 261
42. III.11. Evolution of Life Histories 268
43. III.12. Evolution of Form and Function 276
44. III.13. Biochemical and Physiological Adaptations 282
45. III.14. Evolution of the Ecological Niche 288
46. III.15. Adaptation to the Biotic Environment 298
47. IV. Evolutionary Processes
48. Introduction 305
49. IV.1. Genetic Drift 307
50. IV.2. Mutation 315
51. IV.3. Geographic Variation, Population Structure, and Migration 321
52. IV.4. Recombination and Sex 328
53. IV.5. Genetic Load 334
54. IV.6. Inbreeding 340
55. IV.7. Selfish Genetic Elements and Genetic Conflict 347
56. IV.8. Evolution of Mating Systems: Outcrossing versus Selfing 356
57. V. Genes, Genomes, Phenotypes
58. Introduction 363
59. V.1. Molecular Evolution 367
60. V.2. Genome Evolution 374
61. V.3. Comparative Genomics 380
62. V.4. Evolution of Sex Chromosomes 387
63. V.5. Gene Duplication 397
64. V.6. Evolution of New Genes 406
65. V.7. Evolution of Gene Expression 413
66. V.8. Epigenetics 420
67. V.9. Evolution of Molecular Networks 428
68. V.10. Evolution and Development: Organisms 436
69. V.11. Evolution and Development: Molecules 444
70. V.12. Genetics of Phenotypic Evolution 452
71. V.13. Dissection of Complex Trait Evolution 458
72. V.14. Searching for Adaptation in the Genome 466
73. V.15. Ancient DNA 475
74. VI. Speciation and Macroevolution
75. Introduction 483
76. VI.1. Species and Speciation 489
77. VI.2. Speciation Patterns 496
78. VI.3. Geography, Range Evolution, and Speciation 504
79. VI.4. Speciation and Natural Selection 512
80. VI.5. Speciation and Sexual Selection 520
81. VI.6. Gene Flow, Hybridization, and Speciation 529
82. VI.7. Coevolution and Speciation 535
83. VI.8. Genetics of Speciation 543
84. VI.9. Speciation and Genome Evolution 549
85. VI.10. Adaptive Radiation 559
86. VI.11. Macroevolutionary Rates 567
87. VI.12. Macroevolutionary Trends 573
88. VI.13. Causes and Consequences of Extinction 579
89. VI.14. Species Selection 586
90. VI.15. Key Evolutionary Innovations 592
91. VI.16. Evolution of Communities 599
92. VII. Evolution of Behavior, Society, and Humans
93. Introduction 605
94. VII.1 Genes, Brains, and Behavior 609
95. VII.2. Evolution of Hormones and Behavior 616
96. VII.3. Game Theory and Behavior 624
97. VII.4. Sexual Selection and Its Impact on Mating Systems 632
98. VII.5. Sexual Selection: Male-Male Competition 641
99. VII.6. Sexual Selection: Mate Choice 647
100. VII.7. Evolution of Communication 655
101. VII.8. Evolution of Parental Care 663
102. VII.9. Cooperation and Conflict: Microbes to Humans 671
103. VII.10. Cooperative Breeding 677
104. VII.11. Human Behavioral Ecology 683
105. VII.12. Evolutionary Psychology 690
106. VII.13. Evolution of Eusociality 697
107. VII.14. Cognition: Phylogeny, Adaptation, and By-Products 703
108. VII.15. Evolution of Apparently Nonadaptive Behavior 710
109. VII.16. Aging and Menopause 718
110. VIII. Evolution and Modern Society
111. Introduction 727
112. VIII.1. Evolutionary Medicine 733
113. VIII.2. Evolution of Parasite Virulence 741
114. VIII.3. Evolution of Antibiotic Resistance 747
115. VIII.4. Evolution and Microbial Forensics 754
116. VIII.5. Domestication and the Evolution of Agriculture 760
117. VIII.6. Evolution and Conservation 766
118. VIII.7. Directed Evolution 774
119. VIII.8. Evolution and Computing 780
120. VIII.9. Linguistics and the Evolution of Human Language 786
121. VIII.10. Cultural Evolution 795
122. VIII.11. Evolution and Notions of Human Race 801
123. VIII.12. The Future of Human Evolution 809
124. VIII.13. Evolution and Religion 817
125. VIII.14. Creationism and Intelligent Design 825
126. VIII.15. Evolution and the Media 832
127. Index 837