CHAPTER 3 The Legend of Phineas Gage: The Beginnings of Neuropsychology

Chapters in this book

1. Frontmatter i
2. Contents v
3. CHAPTER 1 In the Beginning: The Greeks, Galen and the Influence of the East 1
4. CHAPTER 2 Evolving Science: Ideas about the Mind from Descartes to Darwin 8
5. CHAPTER 3 The Legend of Phineas Gage: The Beginnings of Neuropsychology 15
6. CHAPTER 4 Psychophysics and Early Psychology Measuring Mental Abilities 21
7. CHAPTER 5 The Unconscious Mind: Freud and Psychoanalysis 28
8. CHAPTER 6 Nativist Beliefs: Early IQ Testing and the Emergence of Eugenics 35
9. CHAPTER 7 The Behaviourist Challenge: Stimulus-Response Learning and the Challenge to Nativism 42
10. CHAPTER 8 Psychology at Work: Early Applied Psychology, the Hawthorne Studies and the Human Relations Model 48
11. CHAPTER 9 Testing Times: The Start of the Psychometric Industry and Approaches to Personality Testing 54
12. CHAPTER 10 Understanding Social Life: Allport and Wundt, the Fathers of Social Psychology 61
13. CHAPTER 11 The Gestalt School: Seeing the Whole as Different from the Sum of its Parts 67
14. CHAPTER 12 Two Post-Freudians: Carl Jung and the Collective Unconscious and Adler’s Individual Psychology 74
15. CHAPTER 13 Behaviourism Takes Hold: Little Albert, Operant Conditioning and Skinner’s Brave New World 81
16. CHAPTER 14 The Developing Mind: Piaget, Gesell and Vygotsky’s Perspectives on Child-rearing 87
17. CHAPTER 15 The Missing Link: Explaining Motivation Through Needs and Drives, and the Challenge from Maslow 94
18. CHAPTER 16 The Humanist Movement: Emphasising the Whole Person 100
19. CHAPTER 17 Psychology Goes to War: A Turning Point – Applied Psychology and Military Research 106
20. CHAPTER 18 Explaining Nazism:s Psychoanalytic and Biological Explanations for Aggression 113
21. CHAPTER 19 Conformity and Acquiescence: Asch and Milgram on Obedience 119
22. CHAPTER 20 The Return of the Mind: Miller, Bruner and Neisser – Champions of the Cognitive Approach 125
23. CHAPTER 21 Emotion and Stress: Fight or Flight, Stress and Psychoimmunology 132
24. CHAPTER 22 Developing Relationships: Imprinting, Relationship Formation and the Maternal Deprivation Debate 138
25. CHAPTER 23 Social Learning: Group Conflict, Norms and Leadership Styles 145
26. CHAPTER 24 Changing Attitudes: Cognitive Dissonance, Attitude Measurement and Theories of Prejudice 152
27. CHAPTER 25 Psychology in the Cold War: The Minnesota Starvation Studies and the CIA Mind-control Experiments 159
28. CHAPTER 26 Challenging Psychiatric Orthodoxy: Criticisms of the Medical Model and the Anti-psychiatry Movement 166
29. CHAPTER 27 Social Psychology in America: Personal Space, Measuring Attraction, Bystander Intervention and an Individualistic Approach 173
30. CHAPTER 28 Social Psychology in Europe The Impact of Group Membership on Understanding and Behaviour, and the Shared Construction of Meaning 180
31. CHAPTER 29 Global Psychology: From Japan and China to Russia, India and South America 187
32. CHAPTER 30 Culture and Self: Frantz Fanon and Colonial Perspectives on Identity 194
33. CHAPTER 31 The Growth of Neuropsychology: Neurotransmitters, Drugs, Sleep Deprivation, and the Surgical Identification of Brain Structures 201
34. CHAPTER 32 Enter the Computer: Information-Processing Models of Cognition, Attention and Memory 207
35. CHAPTER 33 Understanding Perception: Theories of How We Make Sense of What We Perceive 214
36. CHAPTER 34 Control and Agency: Learned Helplessness, Locus of Control and Attribution Theory 220
37. CHAPTER 35 The Social Child: Re-evaluating Piagetian Theory and the Socially Aware Child 227
38. CHAPTER 36 The Nature/Nurture Debate Continues: Types of Intelligence Testing and its Controversies 233
39. CHAPTER 37 From Helplessness to Optimism: Seligman and the Establishment of Positive Psychology 240
40. CHAPTER 38 Making Decisions: Everyday Judgements and the Use of Heuristics – Kahneman’s System 1 and System 2 Thinking 246
41. CHAPTER 39 Nodes, Networks and Neuroplasticity: The Classic Taxi Driver Study, Recovery from Stroke, Neural Networks and Social Emotions 252
42. CHAPTER 40 A Methodological Revolution: Deconstructionism and Decolonisation, Challenges to Orthodox Research Methodology and WEIRD Sampling 259
43. Index 266