665Jack, Hulan E(dwin, Sr.) (b St. Lucia, British West Indies, 23 Dec 1906; d New York City, 19 Dec 1986). Harlem politician and public offi cial. After entering Demo cratic pol-itics in the 1930s he was elected in 1940 to rep resent Harlem in the state assembly, from which he resigned when he was elected bor-ough president of Manhattan in 1953. Jack was the fi rst black borough president in New York City and the highest- ranking black elected offi cial in the country during the 1950s. In 1957 he was elected to a second term, to-ward the end of which he was indicted and convicted for accepting an illegal gift valued at $4500. In 1960 he resigned his offi ce in disgrace. His conviction was bitterly criti-cized by many blacks, who accused the city government of racial discrimination. In 1968 he reentered politics, again winning election to the state assembly; he served one term. Jack was indicted for conspiracy and confl ict of interest in 1970 by t he federa l government, which accused him of using improper means to promote certain products at groceries in Harlem; he was later convicted and sentenced to three months in prison. Toward the end of his life he was a po liti cal con sul tant to the conspiracy theorist Lyndon H. LaRouche, Jr.Calvin B. Holder, “Th e Rise and Fall of the West Indian Politician in New York City, 1900– 1988” (New York: Medgar Evers College, Ca rib be an Research Center, 1991)Calvin B. HolderJackson Heights. Neighborhood in north-western Queens, bounded to the north by Astoria Boulevard, to the east by 94th Street and Junction Boulevard, to the south by Roo se velt Avenue, and to the west by the Brooklyn– Queens Expressway. It consisted originally of farmland rising 65 feet (19 me-ters) above the surrounding lowlands in the sparsely populated area of Trains Meadows. Th e land was bought in 1908 by a syndicate of bankers and real estate agents called the Queensboro Rea lt y Compa ny, led by E dwa rd A. MacDougal; Justice P. Henry Dugro was an agent. After the Queensboro Bridge opened in 1909 the area became more attrac-tive to developers, and by the end of 1910 the syndicate had acquired 350 acres (140 hect-ares) of land. It prevailed on the city to close Trains Meadow Road and lay out streets in a regular grid pattern numbered consecutively (First Street became the present 54th Street). Th e neighborhood was named for Jackson JN.Y., 10 July 1919). Physician. After complet-ing his medical training in Germany, he was imprisoned for taking part in the revolution of 1848; on his release he moved to New York City, taught at the College of Physicians and Surgeons, and practiced medicine for 66 years, focusing his eff orts on caring for the poor. He served a term as president of the American Medical Association in 1912 and was twice elected president of the American Pediatric Society. Among his many concerns was teaching hygiene in schools, which he believed would slow the spread of tuberculo-sis among children. He was married to Mary Putnam Jacobi.Rhoda Truax, Th e Doctors Jacobi (Boston: Little, Brown, 1952)James E. MooneyJacobi(née Putnam),Mary Corinna (bNew York City, 31 Aug 1842; d New York City, 10 June 1906). Physician and suff ragist. Th e daughter of the New York City publisher G. P. Putnam, she grew up in the suburbs of New York City, received an MD from the Female Medical College of Pennsylvania in 1864, and became a leading physician. She devoted herself to the welfare of children and to improving the status of women in medi-cine. With her husband, Abraham Jacobi, she was active and infl uential in the suff rage movement. During 1871– 89 she taught at the Women’s Medical College of the New York Infi rmary for Women and Children, and in 1872 she founded the Women’s Medical As-sociation of New York City, serving as its president from 1874 to 1903.Rhoda Truax, Th e Doctors Jacobi (Boston: Little, Brown, 1952)Kathryn Kish SklarJacobi Medical Center. Municipal hospital complex in the Bronx, formerly known as the Bronx Municipal Hospital Center. A teaching affi liate of the Albert Einstein College of Medicine of Yeshiva University, it is com-posed of two hospitals on the same campus, on Pelham Parkway and Eastchester Road. One hospital, opened on 15 September 1954, is named for Nathan B(ristol) Van Etten (1866– 1954), who maintained a family prac-tice in the Bronx for more than 60 years, was president of the American Medical Associa-tion, and later became known for his work with communicable diseases. Th is hospital was originally intended for tuberculosis pa-tients but was later converted to general care. Th e second hospital, opened on 1 November 1955, is named for Abraham Jacobi (1830– 1919), an internationally renowned professor of pediatrics in New York City and a presi-dent of the American Medical Association. Th e facility was primarily the work of Mar-cus Kogel, who, as the city’s commissioner of Avenue (now Northern Boulevard). As part of the Dual Contract, the Interborough Rapid Transit Company (IRT) and the Brooklyn and Manhattan Transit Company (BMT) built what is now the Flushing line, for which Roo se velt Avenue was specially laid out. Th e elevated line opened in May 1917 with four stations in Jack son Heig hts: 74t h Street, 82nd Street, Elmhurst Avenue, and Junction Bou-levard. Th e Queensboro Corporation encour-aged the Fifth Avenue Coach Company to initiate direct ser vice with double- decker buses to Jackson Heights in 1922.Th e fi rst apartment building was erected at 82nd Street and Northern Boulevard in 1911, and by 1912 there were 8 miles (13 kilometers) of paved streets with sidewalks, curbs, and gutters and 5 miles (eight kilometers) of sew-ers. During the next 20 years Queensboro Realty engaged prominent architects to de-sign two- family houses and especially the apartment buildings for which the neighbor-hood became known, many bordering the street on two sides and separated from each other by a communal garden; there was also a golf course and a community center. An innovator in urban housing, the corporation off ered cooperative apartments as early as 1920 and semidetached houses known as garden apartments from 1923; it also prac-ticed exclusionary policies aimed at Jews, Catholics, and African Americans. Th e neigh-borhood had 3600 residents in 1920. Suites of two to seven rooms in apartment build-ings were rented for $90 to $200 a month in 1928. By the beginning of the Depression the entire tract had been built up except the northern section near Astoria Boulevard and the eastern section near Junction Boulevard: these areas as well were gradually developed during the 1930s. Th e population increased during the 1930s from 44,000 to 54,290, in part because of the opening of the Indep en-dent (IND) subway to Roo se velt Avenue on 19 August 1933. A large number of immi-grants settled in Jackson Heights in the 1980s, especia lly from Colombia, China, a nd the Dominican Republic and to a lesser ex-tent from India, Ec ua dor, Korea, Guyana, Peru, Cuba, and Pakistan. Th e neighborhood also became home to the largest Argentinian community in New York City. In 1993 the Landmarks Preservation Commission desig-nated a large portion of the neighborhood a historic district, preserving the historic architecture. After the murder of Julio Ri-vera, a gay man, by skinheads in 1990, the gay residents or ga nized, and since 1993 Jackson Heights has been the site of the Queens Pride parade and festival along 37th Avenue.Vincent Seyfried, Jeff rey A. KroesslerJacobi, Abraham (b Hartum, Westphalia [Germany], 6 May 1830; d Bolton Landing,
