11. Universalist approaches

Chapters in this book

1. Prelim pages i
2. Table of contents v
3. Preface xi
4. List of abbreviations used xv
5. Maps xvii
6. I. General aspects
7. 1. The study of pidgin and creole languages 3
8. 2. The socio-historical background of creoles 15
9. 3. Pidgins 25
10. 4. Mixed languages and language intertwining 41
11. 5. Variation 53
12. 6. Decolonization, language planning and education 65
13. 7. Creole literature 75
14. II. Theories of genesis
15. 8. Theories focusing on the European input 87
16. 9. Theories focusing on the non-European input 99
17. 10.Gradualist and developmental hypotheses 111
18. 11. Universalist approaches 121
19. III. Sketches of individual languages
20. 12. Eskimo pidgin 137
21. 13. Haitian 153
22. 14. Saramaccan 165
23. 15. Shaba Swahili 179
24. 16. Fa d’Ambu 191
25. 17. Papiamento 205
26. 18. Sranan 219
27. 19. Berbice Dutch 233
28. IV. Grammatical features
29. 20. TMA particules and auxiliaries 247
30. 21. Noun phrases 259
31. 22. Reflexives 271
32. 23. Serial verbs 289
33. 24. Fronting 303
34. V. Conclusions and annotated language list
35. 25. Conclusions 319
36. 26. An annotated list of creoles, pidgins, and mixed languages 331
37. Bibliography 375
38. Subject index 397
39. Index of languages 403
40. Index of place names 407
41. Author Index 409